1
|
Song SH, Byun SS. Polygenic risk score for genetic evaluation of prostate cancer risk in Asian populations: A narrative review. Investig Clin Urol 2021; 62:256-266. [PMID: 33943048 PMCID: PMC8100017 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20210124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreasing costs of genetic testing and interest in disease inheritance has changed the landscape of cancer prediction in prostate cancer (PCa), and guidelines now include genetic testing for high-risk groups. Familial and hereditary PCa comprises approximately 20% and 5% of all PCa, respectively. Multifaceted disorders like PCa are caused by a combinatory effect of rare genes of high penetrance and smaller genetic variants of relatively lower effect size. Polygenic risk score (PRS) is a novel tool utilizing PCa-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified from genome-wide association study (GWAS) to generate an additive estimate of an individual's lifetime genetic risk for cancer. However, most PRS are developed based on GWAS collected from mainly European populations and do not address ethnic differences in PCa genetics. This review highlights the attempts to generate a PRS tailored to Asian males including data from Korea, China, and Japan, and discuss the clinical implications for prediction of early onset and aggressive PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Song
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seok Soo Byun
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Medical Device Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Protein Expression Analysis of an In Vitro Murine Model of Prostate Cancer Progression: Towards Identification of High-Potential Therapeutic Targets. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030083. [PMID: 32784957 PMCID: PMC7565308 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men worldwide. The poor prognosis of PC is largely due to late diagnosis of the disease when it has progressed to advanced stages marked by androgen-independence. We interrogated proteomic signatures that embody the transition of PC from an androgen-dependent (AD) to an androgen-independent (AI) state. Methods: We have previously established AD and AI murine PC cell lines, PLum-AD and PLum-AI, respectively, which recapitulate primary and progressive PC at phenotypic and subcellular levels. We statistically surveyed global protein expression profiles in these cell lines. Differential profiles were functionally interrogated by pathways and protein–protein interaction network analyses. Results: Protein expression pattern analysis revealed a total of 683 proteins, among which 99 were significantly differentially altered in PLum-AI cells as compared to PLum-AD cells (45 increased and 54 decreased). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the two different cell lines clearly separated apart, indicating a significant proteome expression difference between them. Four of the proteins (vimentin, catalase, EpCAM, and caspase 3) that were differentially expressed in PLum-AI cells compared to PLum-AD cells were subjected to biochemical validation by Western blotting. Biological process gene ontology (GO) analysis of the differentially expressed proteins demonstrated enrichment of biological functions and pathways in PLum-AI cells that are central to PI3 kinase and androgen receptor pathways. Besides, other relevant biological processes that are enriched in PLum-AI cells included cell adhesion and cell migration processes, cell and DNA damage, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. Conclusions: Our protein expression analysis of a murine in vitro model of PC progression identified differential protein spots that denote this progression and that comprise high-potential targets for early treatment of PC with a personalized patient-specific approach. Efforts are underway to functionally assess the potential roles of these proteins as therapeutic targets for PC progression.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tolba MF, Omar HA, Hersi F, Nunes ACF, Noreddin AM. The impact of Catechol-O-methyl transferase knockdown on the cell proliferation of hormone-responsive cancers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 488:79-88. [PMID: 30904591 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen (E2) plays a central role in the development and progression of hormone-responsive cancers. Estrogen metabolites exhibit either stimulatory or inhibitory roles on breast and prostate cells. The catechol metabolite 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) enhances cell proliferation, while 2-methoxyestradiol (2 ME) possesses anticancer activity. The major metabolizing enzyme responsible for detoxifying the deleterious metabolite 4-OHE2 and forming the anticancer metabolite 2 ME is Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT). The current work investigated the relationship between the expression level of COMT and the cell proliferation of hormone-responsive cancers. The results showed that COMT silencing enhanced the cell proliferation of ER-α positive cancer cells MCF-7 and PC-3 but not the cells that lack ER-α expression as MDA-MB231 and DU-145. The data generated from our study provides a better understanding of the effect of COMT on critical signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC) including ER-α, p21cip1, p27kip1, NF-κB (P65) and CYP19A1. These findings suggest that COMT enzyme plays a tumor suppressor role in hormone receptor-positive tumors which opens the door for future studies to validate COMT expression as a novel biomarker for the prediction of cancer aggressiveness and treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Hany A Omar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511 Egypt; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Fatima Hersi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ane C F Nunes
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ayman M Noreddin
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sak K. The Val158Met polymorphism in COMT gene and cancer risk: role of endogenous and exogenous catechols. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 49:56-83. [PMID: 27826992 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1258075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT, is an important phase II enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a methyl-group from S-adenosylmethionine to a catechol-containing substrate molecule. A genetic variant Val158Met in the COMT gene leads to a several-fold decrease in the enzymatic activity giving rise to the accumulation of potentially carcinogenic endogenous catechol estrogens and their reactive intermediates and increasing thus the risk of tumorigenesis. However, numerous association studies between the COMT genotype and susceptibility to various malignancies have shown inconsistent and controversial findings indicating that additional gene-gene and gene-environment interactions might be crucial in modulating the physiological role of the COMT. In this review article, the important contribution of dietary catechol-containing flavonoids to modification of the relationships between the COMT genotype and cancer risk is discussed. Whereas, the diverse anticancer activities of common phytochemicals, such as green tea polyphenols, quercetin, fisetin or luteolin, can be markedly changed (both decreased or increased) by the COMT-mediated O-methylation of these exogenous substrates, flavonoids can also behave as potent inhibitors of the COMT enzyme slowing detoxification of endogenous catechol estrogens. Such a many-featured functioning of the COMT and its complex regulation by several different genetic and environmental factors, including plant-based food ingredients, emphasizes the necessity to further stratify the association studies between the COMT genotype and tumor risk by consumption of catechol-containing dietary flavonoids. Currently, it can be only speculated that some of the possible associations might be masked by the regular intake of specific food polyphenols, taking effect in certain communities or populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sak
- a Department of Hematology and Oncology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu , Tartu , Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zou LW, Xu XJ, Liu T, Wang HY, Fan WJ, Wang XH, Zhang ZX, Zhai JX. No Association Between COMT Val158Met Polymorphism and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:78-84. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li-wei Zou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiao-juan Xu
- Department of Health Informatics, School of Health Administration, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Han-yong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wen-jing Fan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xing-hua Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhao-xiang Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jin-xia Zhai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Zhang Z, Wu J, Xu Y, Cheng R, Li L. Lack of Association between COMT Val158Met Polymorphism and Prostate Cancer Susceptibility. Urol Int 2013; 91:213-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000345633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Xiao L, Tong M, Jin Y, Huang W, Li Z. The l58Val/Met polymorphism of catechol-O-methyl transferase gene and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1835-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
8
|
Kurosaki T, Suzuki M, Enomoto Y, Arai T, Sawabe M, Hosoi T, Homma Y, Kitamura T. Polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2B6 and prostate cancer risk: a significant association in a Japanese population. Int J Urol 2009; 16:364-8. [PMID: 19425200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2009.02263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore whether Lys262Arg polymorphism of the Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) gene could act as a genetic marker for prostate cancer risk among Japanese men. METHODS A total of 350 patients with sporadic prostate cancer and 328 controls were examined. A single nucleotide polymorphism with non-synonymous amino acid change located at Lys262Arg of the CYP2B6 gene was genotyped using a TaqMan assay. RESULTS The frequency of the Arg/Arg genotype among prostate cancer patients was significantly higher than that among the controls (P = 0.027). The frequency of the G allele of the Lys262Arg polymorphism was also significantly higher in prostate cancer patients than in the controls (30.4% vs 24.8%, P = 0.025). Patients with the Lys/Arg plus Arg/Arg genotypes carried a low Gleason score more frequently than those with the Lys/Lys genotype (P = 0.042). The frequency of the G allele of the Lys262Arg polymorphism was significantly higher in the low Gleason score group than that in the high Gleason score group (34.3% vs 26.8%, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS Lys262Arg polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene may be a genetic marker for evaluating the risk of sporadic prostate cancer in native Japanese men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kurosaki
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu M, Kurosaki T, Suzuki M, Enomoto Y, Nishimatsu H, Arai T, Sawabe M, Hosoi T, Homma Y, Kitamura T. Significance of common variants on human chromosome 8q24 in relation to the risk of prostate cancer in native Japanese men. BMC Genet 2009; 10:37. [PMID: 19602258 PMCID: PMC2719668 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Common variants on human chromosome 8q24, rs1447295 (C/A) and rs6983267 (T/G), have been recently linked to the prevalence of prostate cancer in European and American populations. Here, we evaluated whether the single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1447295 and rs6983267 were associated with the risk of sporadic prostate cancer as well as latent prostate cancer in a native Japanese population. Results We analyzed genomic DNA samples from 391 sporadic prostate cancer patients, 323 controls who had died from causes unrelated to cancer and 112 Japanese men who were diagnosed as having latent prostate cancer based on autopsy results. The polymorphisms were determined by allelic discrimination using a fluorescent-based TaqMan assay. The A allele of rs1447295 was significantly associated with the risk of sporadic prostate cancer (p = 0.04; age-adjusted OR, 1.34), while the G allele of rs6983267 showed a trend towards being a high-risk allele (p = 0.06; age-adjusted OR, 1.27). No significant difference between these two polymorphisms and the risk of latent prostate cancer was observed in the present Japanese population. Conclusion Known variants on human chromosome 8q24 may be risk factors for sporadic prostate cancer in native Japanese men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite clinical and experimental evidence that show androgens are important in prostate carcinogenesis, epidemiologic studies of serum androgens have been inconclusive. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature and provide insights and direction for epidemiologic research on androgens and prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS To date, data on serum androgens in prostate cancer remain inconclusive. Large studies on variants in some androgen-metabolizing genes [SRD5A2, CYP17A1, and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)17B1] do not show a convincing links to prostate cancer, though there are insufficient data to draw conclusions on other genes related to androgen metabolism, including UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT), sulfotransferases (SULT), CYP3A, and estrogen-related genes. There is some evidence, although controversial, suggesting that select variants may confer risk to certain subtypes of prostate cancer. The most notable finding in 2007 is the highly reproducible link between the chromosome 8q24 risk region and prostate cancer susceptibility. SUMMARY Besides the link between the 8q24 region and prostate cancer risk, population studies do not convincingly show that polymorphisms in androgen metabolism genes are associated with prostate cancer risk. Large epidemiologic studies with comprehensive gene coverage and reliable exposure data are needed to clarify further the role of androgens and their related genes in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa W Chu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|