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Li Y, Wang R, Feng Q, Zhang S, Wang C, Song X. Long-term retainment of a foreign body in the esophagus in an adult: a case report. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231152392. [PMID: 36794554 PMCID: PMC9936534 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231152392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of a foreign body (FB) is a common emergency encountered in otorhinolaryngology. In most cases, FBs pass through the digestive tract spontaneously without any serious consequences, but some of them require nonsurgical interventions, and more severe cases require surgical interventions. The types of FBs ingested may differ in different countries and regions. In adults, bones, fish bones, and dental prostheses are most commonly found in the esophagus, and most of the FBs are retained in the esophagus less than 1 month. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an unusual FB (a beer bottle cap) that was stuck in the upper esophagus for longer than 4 months. The main complaints of the patient were a sore throat and FB sensation, and an FB was diagnosed by a chest radiograph and computed tomography of the esophagus. He then had rigid endoscopic removal of the FB performed under anesthesia with propofol sedation. During a 3-month follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and no esophageal stricture was observed. Impaction of FBs in the gastrointestinal tract can lead to severe adverse events. Therefore, early detection and timely management of FBs are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Yong Li, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hebei General Hospital, No. 348 Zhongshan Road, Xinhua District, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province 050051, China.
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2
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Chirica M, Bonavina L. Esophageal emergencies. Minerva Surg 2023; 78:52-67. [PMID: 36511315 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5691.22.09781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The esophagus is a deeply located organ which traverses the neck, the thorax, and the abdomen and is surrounded at each level by vital organs. Because of its positioning injuries to the esophagus are rare. Their common denominator is the risk of the organ perforation leading to spillage of digestive contents in surrounding spaces, severe sepsis and eventually death. Most frequent esophageal emergencies are related to the ingestion of foreign bodies or caustic agents, to iatrogenic or spontaneous esophageal perforation and external esophageal trauma. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are the keys of successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Chirica
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France -
| | - Luigi Bonavina
- Medical School, Division of General Surgery, IRCCS San Donato Polyclinic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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3
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Wu L, Lei G, Liu Y, Wei Z, Yin Y, Li Y, Wang G. Retrospective Analysis of Esophageal Foreign Body Ingestion: Differences Among Weekday, Weekends, and Holidays. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:2499-2506. [PMID: 34163269 PMCID: PMC8214566 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s314069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Current data on the occurrence of EFBs in relation to different time periods are scant. The purpose of this study was to compare the occurrence, type and location of EFBs in people who presented at our center on weekdays, weekends and holidays. Patients and Methods A retrospective analysis of patients (n=1353) received rigid esophagoscopy for foreign body extraction under general anesthesia from January 2018 to 2020 December. Results The occurrence of EFB ingestion was significantly higher (p<0.05) on holidays (2.75/day) than on weekdays (0.91/day) and weekends (1.46/day). Patients were much older on holidays, with a mean age of 58.18 ± 17.34 years, than patients on weekdays (54.71 ± 16.71 years) and weekends (55.05 ± 17.36 years). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that EFB ingestion is most likely to occur on weekends and holidays, and elderly patients should be advised to chewing slowly and eating non-nuclear jujube, especially during holidays, to minimize their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyu Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Operating Room, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanru Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Becq A, Camus M, Dray X. Foreign body ingestion: dos and don'ts. Frontline Gastroenterol 2020; 12:664-670. [PMID: 34917324 PMCID: PMC8640419 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2020-101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Becq
- Endoscopy Department, Hôpital Saint Antoine, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, Île-de-France, France,Paris On-call Endoscopy Team, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Marine Camus
- Endoscopy Department, Hôpital Saint Antoine, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, Île-de-France, France,Paris On-call Endoscopy Team, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Xavier Dray
- Endoscopy Department, Hôpital Saint Antoine, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, Île-de-France, France,Paris On-call Endoscopy Team, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
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Feng S, Peng H, Xie H, Bai Y, Yin J. Management of Sharp-Pointed Esophageal Foreign-Body Impaction With Rigid Endoscopy: A Retrospective Study of 130 Adult Patients. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2020; 99:251-258. [PMID: 31996037 DOI: 10.1177/0145561319901033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To propose a management algorithm for adult patients with sharp-pointed esophageal foreign-body impaction (EFBI) who have rigid endoscopy (RE) indications and to conduct a retrospective analysis of their data. METHODS All adult patients who received RE at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology in Beijing Shijitan Hospital between January 2017 and May 2019 were enrolled. The demographics, clinical characteristics, and management data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 130 patients were identified, 56.9% were female with median age 60 years. More than half (56.9%) of patients had foreign-body (FB) ingestion on holidays. The most frequent FBs were jujube pits (66.9%) and bones (23.8%). There is a significant female predominance in ingestion of jujube pits (65.5%, P = .005). The most common symptoms were odynophagia (49.2%) and sore throat (47.7%). The majority (96.8%) of FB founded were lodged at upper esophagus. In all, 74 patients were categorized as having mild complications and 54 having significant complications. Time interval from ingestion to presentation longer than 15 hours was an independent risk factor for significant complications, while esophagogram with barium as a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS Long-time interval from ingestion to presentation will lead to high risk of significant complications. Computed tomography should be a prioritized imaging method for all patients suspected with EFBI, and multidisciplinary collaboration is recommended. Besides, mass education on eating habits is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunbo Bai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshu Yin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Chirica M, Kelly MD, Siboni S, Aiolfi A, Riva CG, Asti E, Ferrari D, Leppäniemi A, Ten Broek RPG, Brichon PY, Kluger Y, Fraga GP, Frey G, Andreollo NA, Coccolini F, Frattini C, Moore EE, Chiara O, Di Saverio S, Sartelli M, Weber D, Ansaloni L, Biffl W, Corte H, Wani I, Baiocchi G, Cattan P, Catena F, Bonavina L. Esophageal emergencies: WSES guidelines. World J Emerg Surg 2019; 14:26. [PMID: 31164915 PMCID: PMC6544956 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-019-0245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The esophagus traverses three body compartments (neck, thorax, and abdomen) and is surrounded at each level by vital organs. Injuries to the esophagus may be classified as foreign body ingestion, caustic ingestion, esophageal perforation, and esophageal trauma. These lesions can be life-threatening either by digestive contamination of surrounding structures in case of esophageal wall breach or concomitant damage of surrounding organs. Early diagnosis and timely therapeutic intervention are the keys of successful management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Chirica
- 1Department of Digestive Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Michael D Kelly
- Department of General Surgery, Albury Hospital, Albury, NSW 2640 Australia
| | - Stefano Siboni
- 3Division of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Aiolfi
- 3Division of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Galdino Riva
- 3Division of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Asti
- 3Division of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Ferrari
- 3Division of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Ari Leppäniemi
- Department of Emergency Surgery, University Hospital Meilahti Abdominal Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard P G Ten Broek
- 5Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Yves Brichon
- 6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Yoram Kluger
- 7Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gustavo Pereira Fraga
- 8Division of Trauma Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Gil Frey
- 6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
| | - Nelson Adami Andreollo
- 8Division of Trauma Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Federico Coccolini
- 9General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Bufalini Hospital Cesena, Cesena, Italy
| | | | | | - Osvaldo Chiara
- 12General Surgery and Trauma Team, University of Milano, ASST Niguarda Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- 13Cambridge Colorectal Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Dieter Weber
- 15Trauma and General Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- 9General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Bufalini Hospital Cesena, Cesena, Italy
| | - Walter Biffl
- 16Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Helene Corte
- 17Department of Surgery, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Imtaz Wani
- 18Department of Surgery, Sheri-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Pierre Cattan
- 17Department of Surgery, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Fausto Catena
- 20Emergency Surgery Department, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonavina
- 3Division of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
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7
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Aiolfi A, Ferrari D, Riva CG, Toti F, Bonitta G, Bonavina L. Esophageal foreign bodies in adults: systematic review of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 53:1171-1178. [PMID: 30394140 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1526317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Esophageal Foreign Body (FB) impaction represents a major challenge for healthcare providers. Aim of this systematic review was to analyse the current literature evidence on prevalence, presentation, treatment, and outcomes of impacted esophageal FB. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature search was conducted between 2000 and 30th June 2018 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS Sixty-one studies matched the inclusion criteria. The total number of included patients was 13,092. The cervical esophagus was the most frequent impaction site (67%) and sharp-pointed objects were the most common FB (38.1%). Retrosternal pain (78%), dysphagia (48%), and odynophagia (43.4%) were the most common symptoms. A flexible or rigid endoscopic approach was adopted in 65.1% and 16.8% of patients, respectively. Overall, 17.8% of patients had a complication related to the impacted esophageal FB or to the endoscopic manoeuvers. A surgical approach was required in 3.4% of patients. The overall mortality was 0.85%. CONCLUSIONS Surgery is the upfront treatment in patients with esophageal perforation or endoscopically irretrievable esophageal FB. A minimally invasive approach can be adopted in selected patients. Effective prevention of FB impaction should focus on accurate diagnostic work-up to search for an underlying motility disorder after a first episode of esophageal impaction, even if transient and self-resolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aiolfi
- a Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Division of General Surgery IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Davide Ferrari
- a Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Division of General Surgery IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Carlo Galdino Riva
- a Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Division of General Surgery IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Francesco Toti
- a Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Division of General Surgery IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Gianluca Bonitta
- a Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Division of General Surgery IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Luigi Bonavina
- a Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Division of General Surgery IRCCS Policlinico San Donato , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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8
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Govindarajan KK. Esophageal perforation in children: etiology and management, with special reference to endoscopic esophageal perforation. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2018; 61:175-179. [PMID: 29963100 PMCID: PMC6021361 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2018.61.6.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Perforation of the esophagus is an uncommon problem with significant morbidity and mortality. In children undergoing endoscopy, the risk of perforation is higher when interventional endoscopy is performed. The clinical features depend upon the site of esophageal perforation. Opinions vary regarding the optimal treatment protocol, and the role of conservative management in this context is not well established. Esophageal perforation that occurs as a consequence of endoscopy in children requires careful evaluation and management, as outlined in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Govindarajan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Pondicherry, India
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9
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Watanabe K, Yamauchi D, Takanashi Y, Hidaka H, Katori Y. Novel application of a rigid curved larygno-pharyngoscope for examination and treatment of hypopharyngeal lesions. Auris Nasus Larynx 2018; 45:367-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Analysis of the management and risk factors for complications of esophageal foreign body impaction of jujube pits in adults. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne 2018; 13:250-256. [PMID: 30002759 PMCID: PMC6041575 DOI: 10.5114/wiitm.2018.73132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Foreign body impaction is a common emergency in the field of otolaryngology. The prevalence of a jujube pit as an esophageal foreign body has increased in the Jiaodong Peninsula. However, reports on this are scarce. Aim To investigate the methods for diagnosing and treating esophageal foreign body impaction of a jujube pit and to determine the risk factors for complications. Material and methods We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with esophageal impaction of a jujube pit. Demographic, clinical, radiological, and endoscopic data were collected and analyzed. Results Neither plain radiography nor esophagogram provided enough information on the surrounding issues and complications. The rate of secondary radiological examination was 51.61% for the patients who did not undergo prior computed tomography. The success rate of rigid esophagoscopy was 95.45%; 18 of these patients (27.27%) had previously undergone flexible esophagoscopy without foreign body removal. Logistic regression showed that the time from ingestion to presentation and the jujube pit size were independent risk factors for complications. Conclusions Computed tomography without contrast material is the preferred diagnostic method for adults with esophageal jujube pit impaction, and rigid esophagoscopy can be used for therapy even though the first flexible esophagoscopy failed. Large diameter of the jujube pit constituting the esophageal foreign body (≥ 25 mm) and long duration between pit ingestion and presentation (> 12 h) were associated with increased complications in the patients in this study.
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11
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Zhang X, Jiang Y, Fu T, Zhang X, Li N, Tu C. Esophageal foreign bodies in adults with different durations of time from ingestion to effective treatment. J Int Med Res 2017; 45:1386-1393. [PMID: 28606025 PMCID: PMC5625532 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517706827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to identify the differences in clinical characteristics, operative methods, complications, and postoperative hospitalization stays for adults with esophageal foreign bodies with different durations of time from ingestion to effective treatment. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 221 patients with a diagnosis of a foreign body in the esophagus, confirmed by rigid esophagoscopy, flexible esophagoscopy, or surgery. The differences between the two groups (Group A, ≤24 hours from ingestion to effective treatment; Group B, >24 hours from ingestion to effective treatment) were analyzed. Results Sharp foreign bodies comprised the majority of objects in the two groups, including jujube pits, bones (excluding fish bones), fish bones, dentures, and seafood shells. Foreign bodies located in the upper esophagus were more commonly observed in Group A than B. Significant differences were observed in the complication rate and length of postoperative hospitalization stays. Adults with esophageal foreign bodies had a high complication rate. Conclusions Rigid esophagoscopy can be used to remove sharp and bulky foreign bodies if more effective methods are unavailable. Effective treatment within 24 hours resulted in fewer complications and shorter postoperative hospitalization stays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Fu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Na Li, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road No. 16, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, PR China.
| | - Chunmei Tu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, First People’s Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
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12
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Kim JE, Ryoo SM, Kim YJ, Lee JS, Ahn S, Seo DW, Sohn CH, Ryu JM, Kim WY. [Incidence and Clinical Features of Esophageal Perforation Caused by Ingested Foreign Body]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2017; 66:255-60. [PMID: 26586347 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2015.66.5.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Esophageal perforation is a rare but often a life-threatening condition. However, the incidence and clinical features of esophageal perforation caused by ingested foreign body are unknown. This study investigated the incidence of esophageal perforation caused by ingested foreign body and evaluated the clinical features and outcome of patients with esophageal perforation. METHODS Among a total of 196 adult patients with confirmed esophageal foreign body and complained of at least one of the related symptoms at the emergency department between January 2000 and July 2008, 18 patients with esophageal perforation due to esophageal foreign body ingestion were included in the study. Data were collected by retrospectively reviewing the electric medical records. RESULTS The incidence of esophageal foreign body and esophageal perforation in adults was 19.4% (196/1,009) and 1.8% (18/1,009), respectively. Chest pain was the most common symptom and fishbone was the most common foreign body causing esophageal perforation. Mediastinitis or mediastinal abscess occurred in 13 patients (13/18, 72.2%). About half (8/18) of the patients were admitted to the intensive care unit but there was no in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of esophageal perforation in patients with foreign body ingestion was low but it increased up to 9.2% in patients with esophageal foreign body. However, prognosis was favorable with timely proper treatment. Chest pain can be an ominous sign indicating the presence of esophageal perforation in patients with esophageal foreign body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Mok Ryoo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Jung Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Seung Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Woo Seo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Hwan Sohn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Min Ryu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Young Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Peters NJ, Mahajan JK, Bawa M, Chabbra A, Garg R, Rao KLN. Esophageal perforations due to foreign body impaction in children. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:1260-3. [PMID: 25783392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The treatment of perforating esophageal foreign body impaction (FBI) is complex and unclear. We present the outcome of surgical treatment of esophageal perforations due to FBI in children along with a management algorithm. METHODS During a period of 7 years, 7 cases of esophageal perforations due to foreign body (FB) ingestion were referred to our unit. We analyzed the FB types, lodging duration and location, complications, and the surgical approaches. RESULTS There were 4 male and 3 female patients. Mean age was 28 months (5 months-6 years). Six patients had metal FBs of variable shapes and 1 had glass marble. Three patients had witnessed history of FB ingestion. Duration of ingestion was variable and unknown in half of the patients. The site of impaction was cervical (1) and thoracic (5) esophagus. One patient had a marble as FB in the superior mediastinum. One patient manifested with features of perforation after removal of the impacted FB and 5 patients presented with perforations. Two patients presented with subcutaneous emphysema. One patient had trachea-esophageal fistula (TEF) after disc battery ingestion. Rigid esophagoscopy failed in 4 out of 6 patients. Five patients underwent thoracotomy, and repair with a pleural patch reinforcement. One patient had lateral esophagotomy in the cervical esophagus for removal of the impacted FB. Mediastinal FB was removed without opening the esophagus. All the patients were discharged uneventfully. CONCLUSIONS Esophageal perforation following FBI is rare and requires prompt treatment. Surgical treatment tailored to the needs of individual patients is associated with a successful outcome and decreased morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin James Peters
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India 160012
| | - J K Mahajan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India 160012.
| | - Monika Bawa
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India 160012
| | - Ashish Chabbra
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India 160012
| | - Ravi Garg
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India 160012
| | - K L N Rao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh India 160012
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14
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Mondin RM, Fandiño M, Carpes LF, Tang J, Ogilvie LN, Kozak FK. Esophageal wishbone extraction: not for the chicken-hearted. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2014; 124:79-82. [PMID: 24986710 DOI: 10.1177/0003489414541422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ingestion of foreign bodies in the pediatric population is common and in the majority of cases involves spontaneous passage through the esophagus; however, they can become lodged in spaces of anatomical narrowing. Sharp foreign bodies are of particular concern due to a higher chance of perforation and other complications. The goal of this case report is to describe the safe removal of a chicken wishbone and 3 alternate options in the event that the initial choice was unsuccessful. METHODS We report the case of a 2-year-old boy who presented to our pediatric tertiary center after unsuccessful endoscopic removal of a chicken wishbone from the esophagus. RESULTS Radiologically, the wishbone was oriented with the tines pointing up. Endoscopic examination revealed the tips of both tines to be embedded deeply into the lateral walls of the esophageal mucosa. Esophagoscopy and protecting the sharp points of the wishbone were used to successfully extract the intact wishbone. CONCLUSION Previous techniques have involved cutting the bone; however, in this case, tension was so high that it was felt that cutting the bone would result in perforation. Proper management of such cases requires planning and often multiple strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Mondin
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marcela Fandiño
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Luthiana F Carpes
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Judy Tang
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren N Ogilvie
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frederick K Kozak
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Jacob M, Nashelsky MB, Dailey MO. Accidental Ingestion of a Grill Brush Wire Resulting in Death. Acad Forensic Pathol 2014. [DOI: 10.23907/2014.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accidental ingestion of a foreign body is a rare occurrence in the unimpaired adult. The usual patient is aware of the ingestion event and seeks medical attention if needed. We report a case of accidental, unrecognized, fatal ingestion of a foreign body discovered during a postmortem examination. In situ examination revealed a small perforation of the terminal ileum by a perforating metal wire. Fibrinopurulent peritonitis was the immediate cause of death. The foreign body was later found to closely resemble the wire bristles of a barbeque grill brush that family members brought to a family/clinician/pathologist conference. There are few previous case reports of ingestion of a grill brush wire, all of which were nonfatal. Health care workers, including pathologists, should be aware of this potential ingestible foreign body given the widespread use of barbeque grills in food preparation. Additionally, manufacturers and users of grill brushes should be well aware of this ingestion hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Jacob
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics - Department of Pathology, Iowa City, IA
| | - Marcus B. Nashelsky
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics - Department of Pathology, Iowa City, IA
| | - Morris O. Dailey
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics - Department of Pathology, Iowa City, IA
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16
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Lin HC, Chen CJ, Lin HH, Huang JT, Chen MJ. Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Foreign Bodies in the Elderly. INT J GERONTOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijge.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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17
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Jayachandra S, Eslick GD. A systematic review of paediatric foreign body ingestion: presentation, complications, and management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:311-7. [PMID: 23261258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foreign body ingestion is a common problem among paediatric populations. A variety of foreign bodies are ingested, some of which are particularly harmful and life threatening such as button batteries, magnets and bones. Common household items such as small toys, marbles, batteries and erasers are often ingested. The aim of this systematic review is to study the problem of foreign body ingestion among paediatric populations in terms of commonly ingested objects, and attempt to identify the link between location of impaction, associated symptoms, complications, spontaneous passage, methods and timing of removal. METHODS A literature search of multiple databases including PubMed, Embase, Current Contents Connect and Medline were conducted for studies on foreign body ingestions. Based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 studies were selected. A qualitative review of these studies was then performed to identify commonly ingested foreign bodies, symptoms, signs and complications of foreign body ingestion, rates of spontaneous passage and methods of retrieval of the ingested objects. RESULTS Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body. A variety of gastrointestinal symptoms such vomiting and drooling as well as respiratory symptoms such as coughing and stridor are associated with foreign body ingestion. The oesophagus, in particular the upper third, is the common site of foreign body obstruction. Objects in the stomach and intestine were spontaneously passed more frequently than at any other sites in the gastrointestinal system. Complications such as bowel perforations, infection and death are more commonly associated with ingestion of objects such as batteries and sharp objects such as bones and needles. Ingested objects are most commonly removed by endoscopic means. CONCLUSION Foreign body ingestion is a common paediatric problem. Batteries and sharp objects should be removed immediately to avoid complications while others can be observed for spontaneous passage. Endoscopy has a high success rate in removing ingested foreign bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Jayachandra
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Centre, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Abstract
A foreign body (Latin: corpus alienum) is any object originating outside the body. Of all specialties, otolaryngology covers the greatest number of natural body orifices, making foreign bodies a common diagnosis. Foreign bodies of the ear canal and nose often occur in children and are easily accessible during physical examination. Foreign bodies of the oral cavity and oropharynx are also easily removed. Esophageal and tracheobronchial foreign bodies are common in children and the elderly. A number of rigid and flexible endoscopic techniques are available for foreign body removal. In Germany, flexible endoscopy is six times more common than rigid endoscopy. Both methods are highly effective, and each has its advantages in certain situations. Rigid endoscopy is still a key in otolaryngology and can be used in case of failure of flexible techniques. It is therefore important for otolaryngologists to be proficient in both techniques.
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19
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Williams P, Jameson S, Bishop P, Sawaya D, Nowicki M. Esophageal foreign bodies and eosinophilic esophagitis--the need for esophageal mucosal biopsy: a 12-year survey across pediatric subspecialties. Surg Endosc 2013; 27:2216-20. [PMID: 23355153 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal foreign body impaction (EFBI) is a common problem requiring urgent endoscopy. EFBI may be the first sign of underlying esophageal pathology, yet mucosal biopsies are rarely performed. METHODS We report a retrospective analysis of 572 children requiring removal of an EFBI over a 12-year period by pediatric otolaryngologists (ENT), surgeons (PS), and gastroenterologists (PGI). The method of removal [direct laryngoscopy (DL), rigid endoscopy (RE), flexible endoscopy (FE)], type of foreign body (inanimate or food), whether mucosal biopsies were performed, and histologic findings of biopsy samples were recorded for each patient. RESULTS Foreign body removal was most commonly performed by PGI (298 [52 %]); the remaining were equally distributed between ENT (136 [24 %]) and PS (138 [24 %]). The method of foreign body removal used by ENT was RE (89 %), DL (8 %), and FE (3 %). Pediatric surgery preferred FE (62 %), followed by RE (27 %) and DL (11 %). Pediatric gastroenterology used FE exclusively. Esophageal biopsies were never performed by ENT or PS; PGI performed esophageal biopsies more commonly in children with meat bolus impactions (50 %) than in children with inanimate foreign bodies (12 %). Mucosal pathology was more common in children with meat bolus impaction (100 %) than in children with inanimate foreign bodies (45 %). CONCLUSIONS Esophageal mucosal biopsy should be considered for all children with EFBI not attributed to stricture, particularly those with meat bolus impaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Williams
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of Mississippi Health Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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20
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Chen T, Wu HF, Shi Q, Zhou PH, Chen SY, Xu MD, Zhong YS, Yao LQ. Endoscopic management of impacted esophageal foreign bodies. Dis Esophagus 2012; 26:799-806. [PMID: 22973974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2012.01401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are many reports on the endoscopic management of ingested foreign bodies in the upper gastrointestinal tract, however, little is known about the management of a specific subset of esophageal foreign bodies - impacted esophageal foreign bodies (IEFBs), especially perforating esophageal foreign bodies (PEFBs). The aim of this retrospective study on 78 cases was to report experience and outcome in the endoscopic management of the IEFBs in Chinese patients. From January 2006 to July 2011, a total of 750 patients with suspected upper gastrointestinal foreign bodies were admitted to the endoscopy center. Among these 750 patients, 78 cases that met the defined criteria of IEFBs were retrospectively enrolled in the present study, including 12 cases (12/78, 15.4%) with PEFBs. The major types of IEFBs were poultry bones (35.9%) and fish bones (17.9%). Most of the IEFBs (80.8%) were located in the upper esophagus, as were two thirds (66.7%) of the PEFBs. Foreign-body retrieval forceps were the most frequently used accessory devices. Extraction of IEFBs failed in eight patients (10.3%) during the endoscopic procedure. The difficult points in endoscopic management were PEFBs, IEFBs with sharp points, and those with impaction for more than 24 hours. IEFBs should be treated as early as possible, and their endoscopic management is safe and effective. Endoscopic management is the first choice for PEFBs when the duration of impaction is less than 24 hours and there are no abscesses outside of the esophageal tract as determined by a computed tomography scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chen
- Endoscopy Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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McNeill MB, Sperry SLW, Crockett SD, Miller CB, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES. Epidemiology and management of oesophageal coin impaction in children. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:482-6. [PMID: 22321620 PMCID: PMC3338868 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The epidemiology of oesophageal coin impaction in children is poorly understood. We aimed to assess characteristics of patients with coin impaction and identify predictors of type of coin impacted and management strategies. METHODS Cases of coin impaction from 2002 to 2009 were identified by querying a tertiary care centre's billing, clinical, and endoscopy databases for the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision code "935.1 - foreign body in the oesophagus." Charts were reviewed to confirm case status and to extract pertinent data. RESULTS Of 113 patients with oesophageal coin impaction (55% male; 45% Caucasian; mean age 2.9 years), 65 (58%) swallowed a penny, 85 (80%) had the impaction in the proximal oesophagus, and 103 (91%) required a procedure. Thirty-five (34%) patients had an upper endoscopy performed by a gastroenterologist and 68 (66%) had a laryngoscopy or oesophagoscopy performed by an otolaryngologist. Only 2 minor complications were noted. There was no significant relationship between the coin type and location of impaction, but 99% of cases performed by otolaryngologists were for proximally impacted coins, compared to 49% for gastroenterologists (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Oesophageal coin impaction disproportionately affected young children and extraction was frequently required. Whilst pennies were the most commonly impacted coin, there were no clear predictors on impaction based on coin type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. McNeill
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sarah L. W. Sperry
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Seth D. Crockett
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - C. Brock Miller
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Evan S. Dellon
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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22
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Watanabe K, Amano M, Nakanome A, Saito D, Hashimoto S. The Prolonged Presence of a Fish Bone in the Neck. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 227:49-52. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.227.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Sendai Medical Center
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sendai Social Insurance Hospital
| | - Masanori Amano
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Sendai Medical Center
| | - Ayako Nakanome
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Sendai Medical Center
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Sendai Medical Center
| | - Sho Hashimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Sendai Medical Center
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23
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Sperry SL, Crockett SD, Miller CB, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES. Esophageal foreign-body impactions: epidemiology, time trends, and the impact of the increasing prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74:985-91. [PMID: 21889135 PMCID: PMC3951006 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiology of esophageal foreign-body impaction (EFBI) is poorly described, and the impact of the increasing prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) on this is unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess the characteristics of patients with EFBI, to determine whether EFBI cases increased in proportion to EoE cases, and to identify predictors of EFBI. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Tertiary care center. PATIENTS Cases of EFBI from 2002 to 2009 were identified by querying billing, clinical, and endoscopy databases for the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification code 935.1, "foreign body in the esophagus." Charts were reviewed to confirm EFBI and to extract pertinent data. Cases of EoE were defined per guidelines. RESULTS Of 548 patients with EFBI (59% male, 68% white, bimodal age distribution), 482 (88%) required a procedure, 347 (63%) had food impactions, and 51 (9%) had EoE. EFBIs increased over the study time frame, and the number of EGDs performed for EFBI nearly quadrupled. Increasing diagnosis of EoE did not fully account for this trend, but only 27% of patients who underwent EGD had esophageal biopsies. Of patients who underwent biopsy, 46% had EoE. EoE was the strongest predictor of multiple EFBIs (odds ratio 3.5; 95% CI, 1.8-7.0). LIMITATIONS Retrospective, single-center study. CONCLUSIONS The number of EGDs performed for EFBI has increased dramatically at our center, but increasing EoE prevalence only partially explains this trend. Because only a minority of EFBI patients underwent biopsies and because nearly half of those who did undergo biopsy had EoE, the incidence of EoE may be substantially underestimated. Physician education is needed to increase the proportion of subjects with EFBI who undergo biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L.W. Sperry
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seth D. Crockett
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C. Brock Miller
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Evan S. Dellon
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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