Choroidal neovascularaization secondary to Klebsiella pneumoniae endogenous abscess and endophthalmitis

INVOLUTION OF NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AFTER ENDOPHTHALMITIS

PURPOSE

To report patients who demonstrated an alteration in the clinical and optical coherence tomography features of neovascular age-related macular degeneration after resolution of endophthalmitis.

METHODS

Retrospective case series of the subsequent changes in the macula and need for anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration who developed endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection.

RESULTS

The study included seven eyes of seven patients with follow-up ranging between 3 months and 11 years. The vitreous cultures (n = 7) before intravitreal antibiotic injection were the following: culture-negative (4) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (3). Initial treatment included vitreous tap and injection (4) and pars plana vitrectomy (3). In 5/7 eyes, the optical coherence tomography showed resolution of subretinal fluid and serous pigment epithelial detachment, and there was no additional anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment administered.

CONCLUSION

After successful treatment of endophthalmitis in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration, there was relative involution of the maculopathy and reduced anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment burden in this series.

Systematic review of 342 cases of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis

We review a total of 342 cases of endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis reported between 1986 and 2012. Predisposing conditions were present in 60%, most commonly diabetes, intravenous drug use, and malignancy. The most common sources of infection were liver, lung, endocardium, urinary tract, and meninges. Systemic features such as fever were present in 74%, hypopyon in 35%, and an absent fundal view in 40%. Diagnostic delay occurred in 26%. Blood cultures were positive in 56%, and at least one intraocular sample was positive in 58% (comprising 26% anterior chamber samples, 59% vitreous taps, and 41% vitrectomy specimens). Worldwide, Gram negative infections (55%) were more frequent than Gram positive (45%) infections, particularly in Asia. Over the last decade, 11% of eyes were treated with systemic antibiotics alone, 10% intravitreal antibiotics alone, 36% systemic plus intravitreal antibiotics, and 20% systemic plus intravitreal antibiotics plus pars plana vitrectomy. The most commonly used intravitreal antibiotics were vancomycin (for Gram positive infection) and ceftazidime (Gram negative). The median final visual acuity was 20/100, with 44% worse than 20/200. Among all cases, 24% required evisceration or enucleation, and mortality was 4%. Both intravitreal dexamethasone and vitrectomy were each associated with a significantly greater chance of retaining 20/200 or better and significantly fewer eviscerations or enucleations-these warrant further study. For most patients, treatment should include a thorough systemic evaluation and prompt intravitreal and systemic antibiotics.

Prognostic factors and outcomes in endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis

PURPOSE

To determine risk factors for poor visual acuity outcomes in patients with endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis.

DESIGN

Retrospective case-control study.

METHODS

We reviewed all consecutive patients diagnosed with endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis over 20 years. Data collected included patients' demographics, clinical findings, investigations, and therapeutic intervention. Main outcome measures were visual acuity (VA) at 3 months postinfection and/or evisceration. Poor vision was defined as VA worse than 4/200.

RESULTS

Seventy-one eyes of 61 patients were studied. Mean age was 55.7 (standard deviation [SD] ± 13.1) years. Majority were male (49/61, 80.3%), Chinese (51/61, 83.6%), and had hepatobiliary sepsis (47/61, 77.5%). Mean time to ocular symptoms was 4.4 (± 3.0) days. Fifty-four of 71 eyes (80.2%) had poor vision and 19/71 eyes (26.8%) required evisceration. The most significant risk factor was hypopyon (41/71 eyes, 57.7%) on multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR], 52.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7-1000; P = .01). Unilateral involvement (OR, 10.4; 95% CI, 1.2-90.2; P = .01) and patients that were managed before year 2000 (before routine screening was implemented) (OR, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.5-17.9; P = .037) were significant risk factors for evisceration on multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

Patients presenting with hypopyon and unilateral involvement have a poorer prognosis.