1
|
Borase H, Shukla D. The Interplay of Genital Herpes with Cellular Processes: A Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Perspective. Viruses 2023; 15:2195. [PMID: 38005873 PMCID: PMC10675801 DOI: 10.3390/v15112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes, primarily caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), remains a pressing global health concern. Its remarkable ability to intertwine with cellular processes, from harnessing host machinery for replication to subverting antiviral defenses like autophagy and programmed cell death, exemplifies the intricate interplay at the heart of its pathogenesis. While the biomedical community has extensively researched antiviral interventions, the efficiency of these strategies in managing HSV-2 remains suboptimal. Recognizing this, attention has shifted toward leveraging host cellular components to regulate HSV-2 replication and influence the cell cycle. Furthermore, innovative interventional strategies-including drug repurposing, microbivacs, connecting the host microbiome, and exploiting natural secondary metabolites-are emerging as potential game changers. This review summarizes the key steps in HSV-2 pathogenesis and newly discovered cellular interactions, presenting the latest developments in the field, highlighting existing challenges, and offering a fresh perspective on HSV-2's pathogenesis and the potential avenues for its treatment by targeting cellular proteins and pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Borase
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu Y, Li K, Xue R, Liu S, Liu X, Wu K. A20 functions as a negative regulator of the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2023; 228:109392. [PMID: 36717050 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A20, also called TNFAIP3, is a crucial regulator of inflammation in various diseases but has not evidenced its function in the cornea. We aimed to evaluate the existence and the functions of A20 in human corneal epithelial (HCE-T) cells. After being treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in different concentrations or at separate times, cells were collected to analyze A20 expressions. We then constructed the A20 knockdown system by siRNA and the A20 overexpressing system by lentivirus transduction. Systems were further exposed to medium with or without LPS for indicated times. Next, we evaluated the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) by qRT-PCR and ELISA. Also, the translocation of P65 and the phosphorylation of P65, P38 and JNK were observed in two systems. In addition, we used the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) antagonist TPCA-1 for the pretreatment in cells and then detected the A20 expressions. We found a low basal expression of A20 in HCE-T cells, and the expressions could be dose-dependently induced by LPS, peaking at 4 h in protein level after stimulation. Both the A20 knockdown and A20 overexpressing systems were confirmed to be effective. After the LPS treatment, productions of IL-6 and IL-8 were enhanced in the A20 knockdown system and reduced in the A20 overexpressing system. A20 reduced the translocation of P65 into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of P65, P38 and JNK. Furthermore, TPCA-1 pretreatment reduced the expression of A20 in cells. We concluded that A20 is a potent regulator for corneal epithelium's reaction to inflammation, and it thus is expected to be a potential therapy target for ocular surface diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kunke Li
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ran Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Sihao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Kaili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lipopolysaccharide enhances HSV-1 replication and inflammatory factor release in the ARPE-19 cells. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
4
|
Lin TL, Cheng C, Zeng WT, Duan F, Pei YH, Liu XP, Shang F, Wu KL. Anti-viral activity of Staphylococcus aureus lysates against herpes simplex virus type-I infection: an in vitro and in vivo study. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1463-1472. [PMID: 34667721 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aures) lysates (SALs) on herpes simplex virus type-I (HSV1) infection in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and in a mouse model of HSV1 keratitis. METHODS HCE, Vero, HeLa, and BV2 cells were infected with HSV1 [HSV1 f strain, HSV1f; HSV-1-H129 with green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in, HSV1g]. Pre- or post-infection, SAL at various concentrations was added to the culture medium for 24h. GFP fluorescence in HSV1g or plaque formation by HSV1f were examined. The effects of heat-treated SAL, precooled acetone-precipitated SAL, and SAL subjected to ultrafiltration (100 kDa) were evaluated. The effects of other bacterial components and lysates on HSV1 infection were also tested, including lipoteichoic acid (LTA), peptidoglycan (PGN), staphylococcal protein A (SPA), and α-hemolysin from S. aureus (α-toxin) as well as lysates from a wild-type S. aureus strain, S. epidermidis, and Escherichia coli (W-SAL, SEL, and ECL, respectively). In addition, SAL eye drops were applied topically to BALB/c mice with HSV1 keratitis, followed by in vivo observations. RESULTS The cytopathic effect, plaque formation (HSV1f), and GFP expression (HSV1g) in infected cells were inhibited by SAL in a dose-dependent manner. The active component of SAL (≥100 kDa) was heat-sensitive and retained activity after acetone precipitation. In HSV1g-infected cells, treatment with LTA-sa, α-toxin, PGN-sa, or SPA did not inhibit GFP expression. SAL, W-SAL, and SEL (but not ECL) decreased GFP expression. In mice with HSV1 keratitis, SAL reduced corneal lesions by 71%. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that SAL can be used to inhibit HSV1 infection, particularly keratitis. Further studies are needed to determine the active components and mechanism underlying the effects of SAL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Lan Lin
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Ting Zeng
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Duan
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yin-Hui Pei
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fu Shang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kai-Li Wu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dong H, Wang Z, Zhao D, Leng X, Zhao Y. Antiviral strategies targeting herpesviruses. J Virus Erad 2021; 7:100047. [PMID: 34141443 PMCID: PMC8187247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2021.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses, known as large DNA viruses, have a wide host range. In addition to human beings, cattle, and horses, even carp can be hosts for herpesvirus infection. Herpesviruses are pathogens possessing elaborate mechanisms that regulate host cell components for its replication, assembly and generating mature virus particles that can infect humans and most animals, usually causing multiple and lifelong infections. In addition, several human diseases, such as genital or mouth herpes, mononucleosis, and Burkitt lymphoma, are usually associated with herpesvirus infection. Blocking the steps of viral infection, such as entry, replication and assembly, may be an effective way for many different herpes viruses and their related diseases. Therefore, we aim to describe antiviral agents that are able to prevent herpesvirus entry, replication and assembly in host cells. We summarize antiviral strategies, including certain small molecular drugs, RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 system-based antiviral approaches, which represent promising approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daqing Zhao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyang Leng
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yicheng Zhao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dumoulin B, Ufer C, Kuhn H, Sofi S. Expression Regulation, Protein Chemistry and Functional Biology of the Guanine-Rich Sequence Binding Factor 1 (GRSF1). J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166922. [PMID: 33713675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells RNA-binding proteins have been implicated in virtually all post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene expression regulation. Based on the structural features of their RNA binding domains these proteins have been divided into several subfamilies. The presence of at least two RNA recognition motifs defines the group of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins H/F and one of its members is the guanine-rich sequence binding factor 1 (GRSF1). GRSF1 was first described 25 years ago and is widely distributed in eukaryotic cells. It is present in the nucleus, the cytoplasm and in mitochondria and has been implicated in a variety of physiological processes (embryogenesis, erythropoiesis, redox homeostasis, RNA metabolism) but also in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review summarizes our current understanding on GRSF1 biology, critically discusses the literature reports and gives an outlook of future developments in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Dumoulin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Ufer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sajad Sofi
- University of York, Department of Biology, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sadegh Ehdaei B, Pirouzmand A, Shabani M, Mirzaei A, Moghim S. Cellular miR-101-1 Reduces Efficiently the Replication of HSV-1 in HeLa Cells. Intervirology 2021; 64:88-95. [PMID: 33626544 DOI: 10.1159/000512956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are widely distributed in the human population. HSV type 1 (HSV-1) is responsible for a spectrum of diseases, ranging from gingivostomatitis to keratoconjunctivitis, and encephalitis. The HSVs establish latent infections in nerve cells, and recurrences are common. Their frequent reactivation in elderly and immunosuppressed patients causes serious health complications. OBJECTIVES Due to the growing resistance to its main drug, acyclovir, alternative treatments with different mechanisms of action are required. MicroRNAs regulate host and viral gene expression posttranscriptionally. Previous studies reported that mir-101-2 expression has widely participated in the regulation of HSV-1 replication. In this study, we investigate the effect of hsa-miR-101-1 in the replication of HSV-1. METHODS We found that transfection of miR-101-1 into HeLa cells could reduce effectively HSV-1 replication using plaque assay and real-time PCR methods. RESULTS We showed that overexpression of miR-10-1 produced less viral progeny and manifested a weaker cytopathic effect, without affecting cell viability. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION This result can give us new insights into the control of HSV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Sadegh Ehdaei
- Department of Microbiology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Pirouzmand
- Department of Microbiology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shabani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Arezoo Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Disturbed Yin-Yang balance: stress increases the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections of herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:383-398. [PMID: 32140387 PMCID: PMC7049575 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic herpes virus, is able to establish a lifelong latent infection in the human host. Following primary replication in mucosal epithelial cells, the virus can enter sensory neurons innervating peripheral tissues via nerve termini. The viral genome is then transported to the nucleus where it can be maintained without producing infectious progeny, and thus latency is established in the cell. Yin–Yang balance is an essential concept in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. Yin represents stable and inhibitory factors, and Yang represents the active and aggressive factors. When the organism is exposed to stress, especially psychological stress caused by emotional stimulation, the Yin–Yang balance is disturbed and the virus can re-engage in productive replication, resulting in recurrent diseases. Therefore, a better understanding of the stress-induced susceptibility to HSV-1 primary infection and reactivation is needed and will provide helpful insights into the effective control and treatment of HSV-1. Here we reviewed the recent advances in the studies of HSV-1 susceptibility, latency and reactivation. We included mechanisms involved in primary infection and the regulation of latency and described how stress-induced changes increase the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections.
Collapse
Key Words
- 4E-BP, eIF4E-binding protein
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK, AMP-dependent kinase
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CNS, central nervous system
- CORT, corticosterone
- CPE, cytopathic effect
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CoREST, REST corepressor 1
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DEX, dexamethasone
- GREs, GR response elements
- GRs, glucocorticoid receptors
- H3K9, histone H3 on lysines 9
- HCF-1, host cell factor 1
- HDACs, histone deacetylases
- HPA axis, hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis
- HPK, herpetic simplex keratitis
- HPT axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis
- HSV-1
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1
- Herpes simplex virus type 1
- ICP, infected cell polypeptide
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- KLF15, Krüppel-like transcription factor 15
- LAT, latency-associated transcripts
- LRF, Luman/CREB3 recruitment factor
- LSD1, lysine-specific demethylase 1
- Latency
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- ND10, nuclear domains 10
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- OCT-1, octamer binding protein 1
- ORFs, open reading frames
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases
- PML, promyelocytic leukemia protein
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PRC1, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1
- PRRs, pattern-recognition receptors
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligands
- REST, RE1-silencing transcription factor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactivation
- SGKs, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinases
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- Stress
- Susceptibility
- T3, thyroid hormone
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TG, trigeminal ganglia
- TK, thymidine kinase
- TRIM14, tripartite motif-containing 14
- TRKA, tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- TRM, tissue resident memory T cells
- cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- sncRNAs, small non-coding RNAs
Collapse
|
9
|
Zeng W, Zhang Y, Duan F, Lin T, Liu X, Li D, Wu K. Lipopolysaccharide enhances human herpesvirus 1 replication and IL-6 release in epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 140:103961. [PMID: 31904451 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) infection in epithelial cells. METHODS Two strains of HHV-1, HHV-1 F strain (HHV-1f) and HHV-1 strain-H129 with GFP knock-in (HHV-g4), were used to infect HCE-T and VERO cells at MOIs of 0.04 and 0.02, respectively. After 1 h, 0, 10, 50, and 100 μg/ml LPS was added to serum-free medium and the cells were cultured for up to 24 h. GFP fluorescence of HHV-g4 in cells was examined under a fluorescence microscope and imaged. HHV-1f titer was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in HCE-T cells and plaque assays in VERO cells. The expression of the viral ICP4 protein of HHV-1f was detected by Western blot assay. IL-6 and IL-10 levels in culture medium were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Similar changes but at different degrees were found in HCE-T and VERO cells that were infected with HHV-1. GFP fluorescence of HHV-g4 and cell lesions increased in a dose-dependent manner. Virus titer was also enhanced by LPS stimulation in HCE-T and VERO cells. ICP4 expression was promoted at higher LPS concentrations (P = 0.04). In addition, viral infection resulted in increased expression of IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner at 12 and 24 h (P = 0.01), while IL-10 expression was unaffected by either HHV-1 infection or LPS stimulation. CONCLUSION LPS promotes HHV-1 infection in epithelial cells, which suggests that gram-negative bacteria on ocular surfaces may aggravate HHV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiting Zeng
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, the Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science of Guangdong, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Fang Duan
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, the Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science of Guangdong, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianlan Lin
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, the Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science of Guangdong, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, the Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science of Guangdong, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China.
| | - Kaili Wu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, the Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science of Guangdong, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shabani M, Nasr Esfahani B, Sadegh Ehdaei B, Moghim S, Mirzaei A, Sharifi M, Mouhebat L. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 replication by novel hsa-miR-7704 in vitro. Res Pharm Sci 2019; 14:167-174. [PMID: 31620193 PMCID: PMC6791169 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.253364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections are one of the most common diseases in human population. HSV-1 causes subclinical, mild to severe diseases, especially in immunocompromised patients. Acyclovir has been used to reduce manifestations of HSV-1 infections. The extensive use of this drug has led to the development of resistant strains. Thus, designing a novel anti-herpes drug with different mechanisms of action is urgently needed. Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) have direct antiviral effects in addition to their regulatory functions. In this study we used a novel miRNA (hsa-miR-7704), expressed in macrophages, to inhibit HSV-1 lytic infection in HeLa cells. Synthesized hsa-miR-7704 mimics were transfected into HSV-1 infected HeLa cell. The inhibitory effects of the miRNA were evaluated by plaque assay, real time polymerase chain reaction and the viral titers were measured by the 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50). The viral titer and cell cytopathic effect were dramatically decreased in HeLa cells transfected with hsa-miR-7704 (50 and 100 nM), compared with HSV-1 infected cells alone or transfected with the mock miRNA control. These results suggest that hsa-miR-7704 inhibits HSV-1 replication efficiently in vitro. This may provide an alternative mechanism to prevent HSV-1 infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shabani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Bahram Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Bahar Sadegh Ehdaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Sharareh Moghim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Arezoo Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sharifi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Leili Mouhebat
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Manda V, Josyula VR, Hariharapura RC. siRNA intervention inhibiting viral replication and delivery strategies for treating herpes simplex viral infection. Virusdisease 2019; 30:180-185. [PMID: 31179354 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-018-00508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections generally involves the use of antiviral nucleoside drugs, but with increasing reports of antiviral resistance, the use of these drugs is challenged. Hence, a need arises to explore alternate treatment options. In this review we have discussed various targets that have been explored to control the HSV replication using siRNA therapeutics. We have also discussed the advantages of targeting a less explored UL10 gene to develop an alternate therapeutic intervention. Gene silencing can induce an inhibitory activity to virus spread and infection. The capacity and suitability of UL10 gene as siRNA induced silencing target in eliciting the desired antiviral effect in patients is identified and particularly discussed. The major challenge associated with the siRNA therapeutics is their delivery. The various viable delivery options, that are being explored in the recent times is summarized and different delivery pathways and strategies are reviewed as a part of the study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyshnavi Manda
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Venkata Rao Josyula
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India.,2Manipal McGill Centre for Infectious Diseases, Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paavilainen H, Romanovskaya A, Nygårdas M, Bamford DH, Poranen MM, Hukkanen V. Innate responses to small interfering RNA pools inhibiting herpes simplex virus infection in astrocytoid and epithelial cells. Innate Immun 2015; 21:349-57. [PMID: 24996409 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914537921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a human pathogen that can cause severe diseases such as encephalitis, keratitis and neonatal herpes. Control of HSV infection may be achieved by using small interfering (si)RNAs. We have designed and enzymatically produced pools of siRNAs targeting HSV. In addition to the target-specific effects, such siRNAs may induce innate immunity responses that may contribute to antiviral effects. HSV has versatile ways of modulating innate immunity, and it remains unclear whether HSV-specific antiviral treatment would benefit from the potential immunostimulatory effects of siRNAs. To address this, cell lines derived from epithelium and nervous system were studied for innate immunity reactions to HSV infection, to siRNA treatment, and to a combination of treatment and infection. In addition, the outcome of HSV infection was quantitated. We show that innate immunity reactions vary drastically between the cell lines. Moreover, our findings indicate only a minimal relation between the antiviral effect and the treatment-induced innate immunity responses. Thus, the antiviral effect is mainly sequence specific and the inhibition of HSV infection is not ascribed to the slight innate immunity induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dennis H Bamford
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M Poranen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Silva APD, Lopes JF, Paula VSD. RNA interference inhibits herpes simplex virus type 1 isolated from saliva samples and mucocutaneous lesions. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:441-4. [PMID: 24835621 PMCID: PMC9427528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of RNA interference to inhibit herpes simplex virus type-1 replication in vitro. For herpes simplex virus type-1 gene silencing, three different small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the herpes simplex virus type-1 UL39 gene (sequence si-UL 39-1, si-UL 39-2, and si-UL 39-3) were used, which encode the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, an essential enzyme for DNA synthesis. Herpes simplex virus type-1 was isolated from saliva samples and mucocutaneous lesions from infected patients. All mucocutaneous lesions’ samples were positive for herpes simplex virus type-1 by real-time PCR and by virus isolation; all herpes simplex virus type-1 from saliva samples were positive by real-time PCR and 50% were positive by virus isolation. The levels of herpes simplex virus type-1 DNA remaining after siRNA treatment were assessed by real-time PCR, whose results demonstrated that the effect of siRNAs on gene expression depends on siRNA concentration. The three siRNA sequences used were able to inhibit viral replication, assessed by real-time PCR and plaque assays and among them, the sequence si-UL 39-1 was the most effective. This sequence inhibited 99% of herpes simplex virus type-1 replication. The results demonstrate that silencing herpes simplex virus type-1 UL39 expression by siRNAs effectively inhibits herpes simplex virus type-1 replication, suggesting that siRNA based antiviral strategy may be a potential therapeutic alternative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Perse da Silva
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Freitas Lopes
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jin F, Li S, Zheng K, Zhuo C, Ma K, Chen M, Wang Q, Zhang P, Fan J, Ren Z, Wang Y. Silencing herpes simplex virus type 1 capsid protein encoding genes by siRNA: a promising antiviral therapeutic approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96623. [PMID: 24794394 PMCID: PMC4008601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a member of the herpesviridae, causes a variety of human viral diseases globally. Although a series of antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of infection and suppression of dissemination, HSV-1 remains highly prevalent worldwide. Therefore, the development of novel antiviral agents with different mechanisms of action is a matter of extreme urgency. During the proliferation of HSV-1, capsid assembly is essential for viral growth, and it is highly conserved in all HSV-1 strains. In this study, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against the HSV-1 capsid protein were screened to explore the influence of silencing capsid expression on the replication of HSV-1. We designed and chemically synthesized siRNAs for the capsid gene and assessed their inhibitory effects on the expression of target mRNA and the total intracellular viral genome loads by quantitative real-time PCR, as well as on the replication of HSV-1 via plaque reduction assays and electron microscopy. Our results showed that siRNA was an effective approach to inhibit the expression of capsid protein encoding genes including UL18, UL19, UL26, UL26.5, UL35 and UL38 in vitro. Interference of capsid proteins VP23 (UL18) and VP5 (UL19) individually or jointly greatly affected the replication of clinically isolated acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 as well as HSV-1/F and HSV-2/333. Plaque numbers and intracellular virions were significantly reduced by simultaneous knockdown of UL18 and UL19. The total intracellular viral genome loads were also significantly decreased in the UL18 and UL19 knockdown groups compared with the viral control. In conclusion, interfering with UL18 and UL19 gene expression could inhibit HSV-1 replication efficiently in vitro. Our research offers new targets for an RNA interference-based therapeutic strategy against HSV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kai Zheng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuiqin Zhuo
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Maoyun Chen
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Zhe Ren
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (ZR); (YFW)
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (ZR); (YFW)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Romanovskaya A, Paavilainen H, Nygårdas M, Bamford DH, Hukkanen V, Poranen MM. Enzymatically produced pools of canonical and Dicer-substrate siRNA molecules display comparable gene silencing and antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51019. [PMID: 23226452 PMCID: PMC3511422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based sequence-specific gene silencing is applied to identify gene function and also possesses great potential for inhibiting virus replication both in animals and plants. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules are the inducers of gene silencing in the RNAi pathway but may also display immunostimulatory activities and promote apoptosis. Canonical siRNAs are 21 nucleotides (nt) in length and are loaded to the RNA Induced Silencing Complex when introduced into the cells, while longer siRNA molecules are first processed by endogenous Dicer and thus termed Dicer-substrate siRNA (DsiRNA). We have applied RNA polymerases from bacteriophages T7 and phi6 to make high-quality double-stranded RNA molecules that are specific for the UL29 gene of herpes simplex virus (HSV). The 653 nt long double-stranded RNA molecules were converted to siRNA and DsiRNA pools using Dicer enzymes originating from human or Giardia intestinalis, producing siRNAs of approximately 21 and 27 nt in length, respectively. Chemically synthesised 21 and 27 nt single-site siRNA targeting the UL29 were used as references. The impact of these siRNAs on cell viability, inflammatory responses, gene silencing, and anti-HSV activity were assayed in cells derived from human nervous system and skin. Both pools and the canonical single-site siRNAs displayed substantial antiviral activity resulting in four orders of magnitude reduction in virus titer. Notably, the pool of DsiRNAs caused lower immunostimulation than the pool of canonical siRNAs, whereas the immunostimulation effect was in relation to the length with the single-site siRNAs. Our results also propose differences in the processivity of the two Dicers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dennis H. Bamford
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna M. Poranen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
HSV-1 miR-H6 inhibits HSV-1 replication and IL-6 expression in human corneal epithelial cells in vitro. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:192791. [PMID: 22550533 PMCID: PMC3329371 DOI: 10.1155/2012/192791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HSV-1 infection in the cornea could lead to blindness. The infected cell polypeptide 4 (ICP4) of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a regulator of viral transcription that is required for productive infection. It has been previously demonstrated that miR-H6 encoded from HSV-1 genome targets ICP4 to help maintain latency. In this study, synthesized miR-H6 mimics were transfected into HSV-1-infected human cornea epithelial (HCE) cells. The inhibition of HSV-1 replication and viral ICP4 expression in miR-H6-transfected HCE was confirmed by plaque assay, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. Compared to nontransfection or mock, miR-H6 produced a low-titer HSV-1 and weak ICP4 expression. In addition, miR-H6 can decrease the interleukin 6 released into the medium, which was determined by ELISA. Taken together, the data suggests that miR-H6 targeting of ICP4 inhibits HSV-1 productive infection and decreases interleukin 6 production in HCE, and this may provide an approach to prevent HSV-1 lytic infection and inhibit corneal inflammation.
Collapse
|