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Congedi J, Williams C, Baldock KL. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori in Australia: a scoping review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13430. [PMID: 35669956 PMCID: PMC9165601 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium implicated in the development of peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, is estimated to infect around half the world's population. Its prevalence in Australia is unclear. This scoping review aimed to evaluate all Australian literature providing estimates of the prevalence of H. pylori. Methods Australian studies examining H. pylori prevalence from 1982 onwards were eligible for inclusion. Medline, Embase and Scopus databases, and grey literature sources, were searched. Two independent reviewers undertook a two-stage screening process. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers using a pre-specified template. Results Of 444 identified studies, 75 were included in the review. H. pylori prevalence in Australian population-based studies (n = 8) ranged from 38.0% in 1991 to 15.1% in 2002; however, estimated prevalence across all non-clinical population studies in diverse sub-groups (n = 29) has varied dramatically. Decreased prevalence has been more marked in populations with gastrointestinal symptoms and conditions compared to non-clinical populations. Data on H. pyloriprevalence in vulnerable populations are lacking. Conclusions This is the first scoping review of Australian studies reporting H. pylori prevalence. A wide range of study designs, population groups, geographic regions, and diagnostic methods was included, involving data collected over a 50-year period (1969 to 2018). The summary of H. pylori prevalence estimates over time in this review points to a decrease in prevalence in Australia, particularly among populations with gastrointestinal symptoms and illnesses; however, it is unknown whether there is inequity in prevalence trends across vulnerable sub-groups of the Australian population. Future research and interventions supporting the health and wellbeing of vulnerable populations is required to ensure equitable health gains are made for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Congedi
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Craig Williams
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences, Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Katherine L. Baldock
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Kővári B, El Naili R, Pereira DV, Kumarasinghe P, De Boer WB, Jiang K, Pimiento JM, Fukuda M, Misdraji J, Kushima R, Lauwers GY. Fundic gland polyps related to diverse aetiologies show subtle morphologic differences: A multicentre retrospective study. Histopathology 2022; 80:827-835. [DOI: 10.1111/his.14623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bence Kővári
- Department of Pathology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute
- Department of Pathology University of Szeged, Albert Szent‐Györgyi Medical School
| | | | | | | | - W. Bastiaan De Boer
- Department of Pathology PathWest Laboratory –University of Western Australia
| | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Pathology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute
| | - Jose M. Pimiento
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute
| | | | | | - Ryoji Kushima
- Department of Pathology Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Gregory Y Lauwers
- Department of Pathology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute
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Yang XM, Xu H. Clinical features of fundic gland polyps and their correlation with colorectal tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:1036-1041. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i20.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundic gland polyps (FGPs) are multiple, sessile polypoid bumps formed by the gastric mucosa of the fundus and body, which are the most common type of gastric polyps and generally tend to be benign. Studies have shown that patients with FGPs have a higher risk of developing colorectal tumors (adenoma and cancer) than the general population, but their correlation is still controversial. This article is aimed to review the clinical features of FGPs and their correlation with colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Yang
- Endoscopy Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Endoscopy Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Fukuda M, Ishigaki H, Sugimoto M, Mukaisho KI, Matsubara A, Ishida H, Moritani S, Itoh Y, Sugihara H, Andoh A, Ogasawara K, Murakami K, Kushima R. Histological analysis of fundic gland polyps secondary to PPI therapy. Histopathology 2019; 75:537-545. [PMID: 31087669 DOI: 10.1111/his.13902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to clarify the histopathological features of fundic gland polyps (FGPs) in patients treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and to investigate the mechanism of enlargement of FGPs after PPI treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 196 biopsy specimens of FGPs, which consisted of 87 FGPs in patients treated with PPIs (PPI group) and 109 FGPs in patients treated without PPIs (non-PPI group) were compared histologically using haematoxylin and eosin staining, Ki67 immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunohistochemical stain with Ki67, MUC5AC and MUC6. The significant histological features of FGPs in the PPI group were: larger size of dilated fundic gland cysts, larger number of foveolar and mixture type fundic gland cysts, foveolar cell hyperplasia, parietal cell protrusion, mononuclear cell infiltration and a higher percentage of Ki67-positive cells in the deeper layers of the glands. Multiplex immunohistochemical stain showed that Ki67-positive cells were also positive for MUC5AC, and the Ki67-positive rate was significantly higher in MUC5AC-positive cells of the PPI group than of the non-PPI group. Gene mutations of β-catenin were found in only 9.7% of FGPs in the PPI group. CONCLUSIONS Enlargement of fundic gland cysts due to foveolar cell proliferation and parietal cell protrusion might promote the enlargement of FGPs in patients treated with PPIs. β-catenin gene mutations might not be associated with these histological changes of FGPs after PPI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Fukuda
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mitsushige Sugimoto
- Division of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Mukaisho
- Division of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsubara
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ishida
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Suzuko Moritani
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugihara
- Division of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Akira Andoh
- Division of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Division of Pathology and Disease Regulation, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kushima
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
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Brito HLDF, Barros C, Freire MV, Silva Filho MND, Nascimento TV. GASTRIC FUNDIC GLAND POLYPS: CAN HISTOLOGY BE USEFUL TO PREDICT PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS USE? ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2019; 55:380-384. [PMID: 30785522 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fundic gland polyps allegedly increased in frequency in recent decades, and had attracted great attention due to possible association with prolonged proton pump inhibitor therapy. Prolonged use of this drug could cause parietal cell hyperplasia, obstruction of glandular lumen and cystic dilation of the gland. OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze clinical and pathological features of fundic gland polyps in patients with and without proton pump inhibitor therapy in a selected population from Brazil. METHODS It was selected a sample of 101 Brazilian patients (78 females and 23 males), from a five years retrospective search of the files from a private pathology laboratory. The patients had an average age of 57 years and we included patients with a histological diagnosis of fundic gland polyp. The clinical data were obtained from their files and all histological slides were reviewed and examined with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Giemsa. RESULTS Information about the use or non-use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) was obtained in 84 patient files. In 17 cases we could not determine if PPI were used or not. Among those in which the information was available, a positive history of anti-acid therapy was observed in 63 (75.0%) patients. Parietal cell hypertrophy/hyperplasia and parietal cell protrusions were detected in most slides. Histological findings were identical in PPI users and PPI negative patients. Helicobacter pylori infection was detected in just two samples. Epithelial dysplasia or adenocarcinoma were not observed in our cases. Histopathological analysis of fundic gland polyps could not distinguish between PPI and non-PPI related cases. Parietal cell cytoplasmic protrusions, an alleged marker of prolonged acid suppression therapy, was detected in both groups. CONCLUSION Histological features could not discriminate anti-acid therapy related fundic glands polyps in our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia Barros
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Departamento de Medicina, Aracaju, SE, Brasil
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Hao YM, Li J, Liu WQ, Meng XW. Correlation between fundic gland polyps and colorectal neoplasms. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:610-614. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i7.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the correlation between fundic gland polyps (FGPs) and colorectal neoplasms.
METHODS Clinical data of patients who underwent both gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy during the period from May 2013 to May 2016 at the First Hospital of Jilin University were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into either an FGPs group (243 cases) or a control group (n = 486). SPSS17.0 software was used for statistical analysis to assess the correlation between FGPs and colorectal neoplasms.
RESULTS Colorectal neoplasms were detected in 19.8% (48/243) of patients with FGPs, while only in 8.8% (43/486) of the control group. The incidence of colorectal cancer was not significantly different (P = 0.67), while the incidence of colorectal adenoma was significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001). Stratified analysis showed that the incidence of colorectal neoplasms in the FGPs group was higher than in the control group in females and in patients aged more than 50 years (P < 0.001 for both). Stratified analysis of different parts of colorectal neoplasms suggested that the incidence of colorectal neoplasms in patients who were female or aged over 50 years in the FGPs group was significantly higher than that in the control group, regardless of the proximal colon, distal colon or rectum (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Patients with FGPs, especially females or those aged over 50, have a higher risk for colorectal neoplasms. Colonoscopy is necessary in this group of patients.
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Martin FC, Chenevix-Trench G, Yeomans ND. Systematic review with meta-analysis: fundic gland polyps and proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016; 44:915-925. [PMID: 27634363 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A causal association between proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use and fundic gland polyps has been suggested, but the data are conflicting. AIM To clarify the relationship through a meta-analysis of the existing data. METHODS A systematic retrieval and selection of records was performed. The main inclusion criteria were original studies reporting the prevalence of fundic gland polyps in PPI users or the reverse, compared to controls. Key outcomes were the odds ratios (OR) for fundic gland polyp prevalence in association with PPI use, prevalence of PPI use amongst subjects with fundic gland polyps and fundic gland polyp prevalence among PPI users. Statistical analysis was performed using Mix 2.0 Pro. RESULTS The initial search using electronic databases and manual searching retrieved 339 peer-reviewed articles and abstracts. Twenty articles met all inclusion and exclusion criteria, with a total of 40 218 subjects included. The meta-analysis of 12 studies revealed an increase in fundic gland polyps amongst PPI users compared to controls (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.42-4.27, P = 0.001), particularly among individuals taking PPIs for at least 6 months (OR: 4.71, 95% CI 2.22-9.99, P < 0.001) or 12 months (OR: 5.32, 95% CI 2.58-10.99, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Proton pump inhibitor usage is associated with a significantly increased prevalence of fundic gland polyps, and there is a trend for this to increase with longer length of PPI exposure. However, the meta-analysis is limited mainly to cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.
| | | | - N D Yeomans
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lee HS, Choi Y, Jung JY, Sung YJ, Ahn DW, Jeong JB, Kim BG, Lee KL, Koh SJ, Kim JW. Do we need colonoscopy verification in patients with fundic gland polyp? Intest Res 2016; 14:172-7. [PMID: 27175118 PMCID: PMC4863051 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2016.14.2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of colorectal neoplasia in subjects with fundic gland polyps (FGPs) and the relationship between FGPs and colorectal neoplasia in Korea. Methods We analyzed 128 consecutive patients with FPGs who underwent colonoscopy between January 2009 and December 2013. For each case, age- (±5 years) and sex-matched controls were identified from among patients with hyperplastic polyps, gastric neoplasms, and healthy controls. Clinical characteristics were reviewed from medical records, colonoscopic findings, pathologic findings, and computed tomography images. The outcome was evaluated by comparison of advanced colonic neoplasia detection rates. Results Of the 128 patients, seven (5.1%) had colon cancers and seven (5.1%) had advanced adenomas. A case-control study revealed that the odds of detecting a colorectal cancer was 3.8 times greater in patients with FGPs than in the age- and sex-matched healthy controls (odds ratio [OR], 3.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–13.24; P =0.04) and 4.1 times greater in patients with FGPs than in healthy controls over 50 years of age (OR, 4.10; 95% CI, 1.16–14.45; P =0.04). Among patients with FGPs over 50 years old, male sex (OR, 4.83; 95% CI, 1.23–18.94; P =0.02), and age (OR, 9.90; 95% CI, 1.21–81.08; P =0.03) were associated with an increased prevalence of advanced colorectal neoplasms. Conclusions The yield of colonoscopy in colorectal cancer patients with FGPs was substantially higher than that in average-risk subjects. Colonoscopy verification is warranted in patients with FGPs, especially in those 50 years of age or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sook Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younjeong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Young Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Won Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Bong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeong Gwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kook Lae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kumar KR, Iqbal R, Coss E, Park C, Cryer B, Genta RM. Helicobacter gastritis induces changes in the oxyntic mucosa indistinguishable from the effects of proton pump inhibitors. Hum Pathol 2013; 44:2706-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Peretz A, Fuchs T, Livovsky DM, Turvall E, Pappo O, Ackerman Z. The changing histological pattern of gastric polyps in an ethnically heterogeneous population. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47:907-13. [PMID: 22577830 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2012.682091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Variation in the prevalence of various types of gastric polyps worldwide may reflect different etiologies. Here, the authors report the dynamic changes in histological distribution of gastric polyps over time and by ethnicity for individuals who underwent gastroscopies between 1994 and 2009 at two hospitals in Jerusalem, Israel. During this time period, the proportion of patients receiving proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) increased while the proportion of patients infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) decreased. PATIENTS AND METHODS Pathological reports of biopsies from 50,071 consecutive gastroscopies were reviewed. RESULTS Gastric polyps were detected in 727 individuals. The yearly prevalence of gastric polyps was ≤ 1% between 1994 and 2001 and ≥ 2% from 2004 to 2009, of which overall 66% were hyperplastic polyps and 23% fundic gland polyps (FGPs). FGPs were diagnosed exclusively in the Jewish population. From 2001 to 2004, an increase in the absolute number of newly discovered hyperplastic and FGPs per year was observed. However from 2005, a divergent trend of changes was observed: While the proportion of patients with hyperplastic polyps dropped from 0.72 during the 2001-2004 period to 0.62 during the 2005-2009 period (p = 0.02), the proportion of patients with FGPs at these time periods increased from 0.16 to 0.33 (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The yearly prevalence of gastric polyps in Jerusalem has recently doubled. This occurred mainly due to the increasing prevalence of FGPs. The changing epidemiology of gastric polyps is probably related to the interaction between genetic factors and fluctuating environmental factors like H. pylori infection rates and exposure to PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Peretz
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus Campus, Jerusalem, Israel
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Hwang SM, Kim BW, Chae HS, Lee BI, Choi H, Ji JS, Choi KY, Chung IS, Maeng LS. Gastric fundic gland polyps and their relationship to colorectal neoplasia in Koreans: a 16-year retrospective study. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2011; 58:20-4. [PMID: 21778799 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2011.58.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There is an ongoing debate on the relationship between gastric fundic gland polyps and increased incidence of colorectal neoplasia in Caucasians. However, there was no report on the relationship between gastric fundic gland polyp and colorectal neoplasia in Korea. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of gastric fundic gland polyps and whether a relationship exists between fundic gland polyps and colorectal neoplasia in Korean population. METHODS Persons who underwent an esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy from 1992 to 2007 at the Health Promotion Center of Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea were reviewed retrospectively. The relationship between gastric fundic gland polyps and colorectal neoplasia were analyzed. RESULTS Among 22,451 subjects, fundic gland polyps were found in 328 subjects (1.5%). Fundic gland polyps were more common in women than in men (odds ratio of 6.25; 95% CI of 4.68-8.34). The odds ratios for colorectal neoplasia in all subjects with gastric fundic gland polyps were 0.56 (95% CI of 0.33-0.95) and men who were 50 years of age or older had an odds ratio of 2.81 (95% CI of 1.03-7.66) as compared to the control group. However, age and sex-adjusted odds ratios for all gastric fundic gland polyps were 0.73 (95% CI of 0.42-1.26), for men 1.78 (95% CI of 0.80-3.98), and for women 0.37 (95% CI of 0.16-0.87). CONCLUSIONS Surveillance colonoscopy in patients with fundic gland polyps can be performed in the same manner as general population in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Mee Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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