Immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis: a review

Ascites: its correction by peritoneovenous shunting

Patients with refractory ascites and HRS should be considered to present an urgent indication for peritoneovenous shunting. The shunt offers a method of continuous reinfusion of ascitic fluid which corrects avid sodium retention, oliguria and azotemia. Severe encephalopathy, jaundice or peritoneal sepsis--common complications of cirrhosis--contraindicate installation of the shunt before improvement occurs. Associated cardiac disease does not contraindicate the use of the shunt provided that ascitic fluid is removed at the time of operation and large amounts of diuretics are used. This operation has also proved useful in ascites attributed to causes other than cirrhosis. The main complications include disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, hepatic coma and sepsis in a few patients. Results of a randomized prospective study indicate that the shunt should probably be considered in patients with diet-resistant massive ascites even before they prove to be refractory to diuretic therapy.

[Aggressive emperipolesis in chronic hepatitis (author's transl)]

The penetration and destruction of hepatocytes by lymphocytes (aggressive emperipolesis) has been described and examined quantitatively in biopsy specimens of chronic hepatitis. In 48 cases of chronic persistent hepatitis, the aggressive emperipolesis was rare and, obviously, not of great importance: sometimes there was no emperipolesis at all. In 36 cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis, however, emperioplesis was always evident, usually even to a very high extent.