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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi J Kemper
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Sinn N, Howe P. Mental health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids may be mediated by improvements in cerebral vascular function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bihy.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Storelli MM, Giacominelli-Stuffler R, Marcotrigiano GO. Relationship between total mercury concentration and fish size in two pelagic fish species: implications for consumer health. J Food Prot 2006; 69:1402-5. [PMID: 16786863 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.6.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Total mercury concentrations were determined in different size classes of two pelagic fish species of great commercial importance, horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) and Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus), to evaluate the relationship between total mercury concentration and fish size and to determine whether any differences might affect the quantitative assessment of mercury exposure for consumers. Mercury concentrations in horse mackerel and in Mediterranean horse mackerel were between 0.16 and 2.41 microg g(-1) of weight wet (mean, 0.68 microg g(-1)) and between 0.09 and 1.62 microg g(-1) (mean, 0.51 microg g(-1)), respectively. The regression curves revealed a significant relationship between mercury concentration and fish size (length and weight) for both species. Concentrations exceeding the proposed limit for human consumption were observed in 33.3% of the samples of both species and were associated with larger specimens. The consumption of the larger specimens could lead to an increase in mercury exposure for consumers. Estimated weekly intakes, calculated on the basis of concentrations relative to each size class, revealed a high exposure associated with the consumption of fish larger than 30 cm (horse mackerel, 11.63 to 20.16 microg/kg of body weight; Mediterranean horse mackerel, 5.86 to 13.55 microg/kg of body weight). An understanding of the factors leading to an increase in mercury exposure can help consumers make informed decisions about eating fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Storelli
- Pharmacological-Biological Department, Chemistry and Biochemistry Section, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, University of Bari, Strada Provinciale per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Dillard JN, Knapp S. Complementary and Alternative Pain Therapy in the Emergency Department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2005; 23:529-49. [PMID: 15829396 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2004.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
One primary reason patients go to emergency departments is for pain relief. Understanding the physiologic dynamics of pain, pharmacologic methods for treatment of pain, as well CAM therapies used in treatment of pain is important to all providers in emergency care. Asking patients about self-care and treatments used outside of the emergency department is an important part of the patient history. Complementary and alternative therapies are very popular for painful conditions despite the lack of strong research supporting some of their use. Even though evidenced-based studies that are double blinded and show a high degree of interrater observer reliability do not exist, patients will likely continue to seek out CAM therapies as a means of self-treatment and a way to maintain additional life control. Regardless of absolute validity of a therapy for some patients, it is the bottom line: "it seems to help my pain." Pain management distills down to a very simple endpoint, patient relief, and comfort. Sham or science, if the patient feels better, feels comforted, feels less stressed, and more functional in life and their practices pose no health risk, then supporting their CAM therapy creates a true wholistic partnership in their health care.CAM should be relatively inexpensive and extremely safe. Such is not always the case, as some patients have discovered with the use of botanicals. It becomes an imperative that all providers be aware of CAM therapies and informed about potential interactions and side effects when helping patients manage pain and explore adding CAM strategies for pain relief. The use of regulated breathing, meditation, guided imagery, or a massage for a pain sufferer are simple but potentially beneficial inexpensive aids to care that can be easily employed in the emergency department. Some CAM therapies covered here, while not easily practiced in the emergency department, exist as possibilities for exploration of patients after they leave, and may offer an improved sense of well-being and empowerment in the face of suffering and despair. The foundations of good nutrition, exercise, stress reduction, and reengagement in life can contribute much to restoring the quality of life to a pain patient. Adding nondrug therapies of physical therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, TENS, hypnosis, biofeedback, psychoanalysis, and others can complete the conventional picture. Adding in simple mind/body therapies, touch therapies, acupuncture, or others may be appropriate in select cases, and depending on the circumstances, may effect and enhance a conventional pain management program. Armed with an understanding of pain dynamics and treatments, practitioners can better meet patient needs, avoid serious side effects, and improve care when addressing pain management in the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Dillard
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Roegge CS, Widholm JJ, Engeseth NJ, Wang X, Brosch KO, Seegal RF, Schantz SL. Delayed spatial alternation impairments in adult rats following dietary n-6 deficiency during development. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27:485-95. [PMID: 15939208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 02/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary n-3 fatty acid (FA) deficiencies during development can cause learning and memory impairments, but the functional effects of dietary n-6 FA deficiencies, reflected in a lowered n-6/n-3 ratio, are less clear. We investigated the effects of maternal diets containing fish oils, resulting in lowered n-6/n-3 ratios, on a spatial working memory task in their offspring. Starting on gestational day 6, Sprague-Dawley timed-pregnant rats were placed on one of three experimental diets: control (unadulterated powdered rat chow), Pacific Ocean (PO) fish (powdered rat chow containing 20% (w/w) lyophilized PO salmon), or PO oil (powdered rat chow containing 6% (w/w) oil extracted from PO salmon). The 6% oil dose was selected because it is equivalent to the amount of oil in the 20% lyophilized fish diet. The experimental diets were fed until weaning on postnatal day (PND) 21, at which time all pups were placed on the rat chow diet. Starting on approximately PND77, one male and one female from each litter began a cognitive test battery using 2-lever operant chambers. PO groups failed to reach the same level of performance as the controls on the delayed spatial alternation (DSA) task and also showed decreased performance on delay trials. FA analyses of the diets found that the n-6/n-3 ratios for the PO fish and oil groups were reduced to 2.5 and 3.2, respectively, vs. 6.9 for controls. Analysis of brain tissue taken from pups on PND21 confirmed that the n-6/n-3 ratios within the brain were significantly reduced from 1.18 for controls to 0.87 and 0.90 for PO fish and oil groups, respectively. Specifically, the PO diets significantly increased long-chain n-3 FAs (20:5 n-3 and 22:6 n-3) and decreased long-chain n-6 FAs (20:4 n-6 and 22:4 n-6) in the brain. Thus, the observed delayed spatial alternation impairments in rats fed PO fish and fish oil are hypothesized to have resulted from the altered n-6/n-3 FA ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S Roegge
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
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Abstract
The nutritional benefits of fish consumption relate to the utilization of proteins of high biological value, as well as certain minerals and vitamins that fish provide. Fish or fish oil contains omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that appear to play several useful roles for human health. Conversely, some carcinogenic contaminants are also stored in the adipose tissue of fish. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential health benefits and risks related to the consumption of fish or fish oil. Health benefits related to the consumption of fish or omega-3 PUFAs were obtained by an extensive literature search. Potential health risks related to carcinogenic contaminants (e.g., dioxin, PCB, etc.) in fish were estimated using the U.S. EPA-approved cancer risk assessment guidelines. Potential health risk estimates were evaluated by comparing them with the acceptable excess risk level of 10(-6)-10(-4). Scientific data indicate that the consumption of fish or fish oil containing omega-3 PUFAs reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, decreases mild hypertension, and prevents certain cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. Risk estimates in humans for carcinogenic environmental contaminants in fish ranged from an excess risk level of 3x10(-6)-9x10(-4). These risk estimates appeared to meet the acceptable excess risk level criteria. Therefore, consumption of fish in accordance with the State of Michigan Fish Advisory Guidelines is safe and should be encouraged. The top 11 fish species [e.g., sardines, mackerel, herring (Atlantic and Pacific), lake trout, salmon (Chinook, Atlantic, and Sockeye), anchovy (European), sablefish, and bluefish] provide an adequate amount of omega-3 PUFAs (2.7-7.5g/meal) and appear to meet the nutritional recommendation of the American Heart Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirpal S Sidhu
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Michigan Department of Community Health, 3423 North Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., P.O. Box 30195, Lansing, MI 48909, USA.
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Abstract
The spasm of resistance vessel (S-RV) concept of ischemic diseases avers that S-RV representing vascular autoregulatory dysfunction directly induces symptoms in ischemic diseases. The most important ischemic diseases, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, generally are not attributed to S-RV, and new evidence will be provided in this communication that S-RV induces IHD and stroke. Hypertension and the ischemic disorders of migraine and Raynaud's disease have been attributed to S-RV and to vascular dysregulation, and this information was used to help structure the study. It was found that these disorders are closely associated with IHD and stroke, and this is consistent with S-RV and vascular dysregulation as the mechanism for IHD and stroke. Also, it was found that multiple risk factors for IHD foster S-RV and are risk factors for hypertension, migraine, Raynaud's disease, and stroke, and this supports S-RV as the mechanism for IHD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Hellstrom
- Department of Pathology, Health Science Center at Syracuse, State University of New York, 13210, USA.
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Nakamura N, Hamazaki T, Ohta M, Okuda K, Urakaze M, Sawazaki S, Yamazaki K, Satoh A, Temaru R, Ishikura Y, Takata M, Kishida M, Kobayashi M. Joint effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and eicosapentaenoic acids on serum lipid profile and plasma fatty acid concentrations in patients with hyperlipidemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY RESEARCH 1999; 29:22-5. [PMID: 10356659 DOI: 10.1007/s005990050057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce serum total cholesterol concentrations and the risk of coronary heart disease in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Recently, it has been reported that patients with combined hyperlipidemia are also at risk of coronary heart disease. However, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy alone does not sufficiently reduce serum triglyceride concentrations. Epidemiological and clinical evidence has shown that fish oil can lower plasma lipid levels, especially triglycerides. Consequently, we investigated the effects of the combination of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and eicosapentaenoic acid, a major component of fish oil, on hyperlipidemia. We administered 900-1,800 mg/day of the ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid to patients with hyperlipidemia who had been treated with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors for 30 +/- 6 months (means +/- SE). Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly decreased 3 months after the administration of eicosapentaenoic acid (from 5.63 +/- 0.23 mmol/l to 5.02 +/- 0.20 mmol/l, P < 0.05; from 2.07 +/- 0.41 mmol/l to 1.08 +/- 0.17 mmol/l, P < 0.01, respectively). Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased after the treatment (from 1.23 +/- 0.12 mmol/l to 1.34 +/- 0.13 mmol/l, P < 0.05). Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations and the ratio to arachidonic acid in plasma were also significantly increased 3 months after the treatment (from 101.9 +/- 8.1 mg/l to 181.8 +/- 23.9 mg/l, P < 0.001; from 0.640 +/- 0.075 to 1.211 +/- 0.170, P < 0.001, respectively). These results suggested that the combination therapy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and eicosapentaenoic acid was effective for patients with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nakamura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Howe
- CSIRO Division of Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia
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Sugihara N, Shimomichi K, Furuno K. Cytotoxicity of food preservatives in cultured rat hepatocytes loaded with linolenic acid. Toxicology 1997; 120:29-36. [PMID: 9160106 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(97)03637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of eight food preservatives to induce lipid peroxidation in normal and alpha-linolenic acid (LNA)-loaded cultured rat hepatocytes. On the addition of sodium dehydroacetate (DHA-Na), potassium sorbate (SA-K) or thiabendazole (TBZ) to the cell culture, lipid peroxidation, assessed in terms of the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), was induced in LNA-loaded cells, but not in normal cells. At the low concentrations, induction of lipid peroxidation in LNA-loaded cells was highest with TBZ, whereas at high concentrations DHA-Na greatly induced lipid peroxidation. The occurrence of lipid peroxidation in LNA-loaded cells was accompanied by a decrease in cellular GSH levels with the three preservatives and by a decrease in cellular protein-SH levels with DHA-Na and TBZ. Furthermore, cell injury, measured by the release of LDH, was produced in LNA-loaded cells exposed to DHA-Na and SA-K. The addition of TBZ caused substantial cell injury in normal cells, and even greater injury in LNA-loaded cells. The prevention of lipid peroxidation in LNA-loaded hepatocytes by addition of an antioxidant, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) almost completely prevented DHA-Na- and SA-K-induced cell injury, and reduced TBZ-induced cell injury. The addition of diphenyl (DP), o-phenylphenol (OPP) or butyl p-hydroxybenzoate (BHB) caused severe cell injury, in association with a marked decrease in cellular levels of both of GSH and protein-SH in both groups of cells. However, lipid peroxidation was not detectable in either group of cells exposed to these preservatives. Sodium propionate (PA-Na) and sodium benzoate (BA-Na) had little effect on any cytotoxic parameter in either group of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sugihara
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies in the seventies have put forward that dietary rather than genetic factors are responsible for the lower incidence of ischemic heart disease in Greenland Inuit and have generated a large body of both in vitro and in vivo experimental studies, exploring the putative favorable effects of fish (oil) on atherogenesis and its risk factors. The first part of this report reviews the in vivo animal studies, concentrating on the hypercholesterolemic models and the arterialized vein graft model. In the hypercholesterolemic animal studies, the results are inconclusive as the studies reporting a protective effect are matched by the number of studies showing no effect or an adverse effect. The diversity in species, dose of fish oil, duration of study, type of vessel studied and type of fish oil preparation (content of n-3 fatty acids, unesterified n-3 fatty acids, ethylesters or triglycerides) could all contribute. Furthermore, the definitions and criteria used in the literature to evaluate atherogenesis are diverse and it appears that while one parameter is affected, another is not necessarily modified in the same direction, stressing the importance of extending the analysis of the effects on atherogenesis to more than one parameter. We also believe that it is time to reach a consensus as to which animal model mimics most closely a particular human situation. Only in appropriate models, investigating more than one atherosclerosis variable, can the effects of a putative anti-atherogenic drug or diet be verified. In the veno-arterial autograft model, mimicking the patient after coronary bypass grafting, dietary fish oil has been consistently effective in preventing accelerated graft intima proliferation. It could therefore be of interest to evaluate the effects of fish oil on graft patency in patients after coronary bypass surgery after a period of years. The results from studies on restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty are also reviewed and it is concluded that the two large scale trials, that are currently underway, might reliably answer the question whether fish oil is effective as a non-pharmacological adjuvants in the prevention of restenosis. Lastly, the studies on the effects of fish oil on the regression of experimental atherosclerosis are reviewed. In view of the small number of studies (i.e., four) investigating the effects of fish oil on the regression of atherosclerosis, it is premature to draw any conclusion, and therefore further experimental work is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Sassen
- Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Jamieson D, Lin Y, Gibson R. Effects of a fish oil rich diet on hyperoxic lung damage in mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1993; 49:969-72. [PMID: 8140126 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(93)90184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mice were fed a chow diet plus 10% cellulose, 10% fish oil or 10% sunflower oil for 3 weeks, then exposed to 100% oxygen for 75 h. Large changes in lung fatty acid composition occurred, but this did not affect hyperoxic lung damage nor levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances or myeloperoxidase in lungs of mice following exposure to hyperoxia. Thus there is no evidence that the ingestion of large quantities of fish oil increased the susceptibility to the oxidative stress induced by hyperoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jamieson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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Wallenburg HC, Bremer HA. Principles and applications of manipulation of prostaglandin synthesis in pregnancy. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1992; 6:859-91. [PMID: 1478001 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3552(05)80192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H C Wallenburg
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Gibson RA, Neumann MA, James MJ, Hawkes JS, Hall C, Cleland LG. Effect of n-3 and n-6 dietary fats on the lipoxygenase products from stimulated rat neutrophils. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1992; 46:87-91. [PMID: 1502255 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(92)90213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fish oil was fed to rats in combination with an equal amount of olive, sunflower or linseed (flax) oil in semisynthetic diets for 3 weeks. Following stimulation of isolated neutrophils with calcium ionophore the levels of leukotrienes (LT) were determined by HPLC. Graphical presentation of the resultant data show a direct linear relationship between LTB production and substrate concentration with no preferential conversion of n-3 or n-6 substrates. In addition the results highlighted the greater conversion of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) to 5-hydroxy metabolites in stimulated neutrophils. There is no suggestion in our results of inhibition of any of the enzymatic conversion steps between EPA or AA and LTB production by any of the dietary fatty acids except by altering the EPA/AA ratio in neutrophil membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gibson
- Department of Paediatrics, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park South Australia
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Gibson RA, James MJ, Neumann MA, Hawkes JS, Cleland LG. Incorporation of dietary oleate, linoleate, α-linolenate and eicosapentaenoate into the plasma lipid fractions of four strains of rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 1126:49-52. [PMID: 1351403 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(92)90215-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four strains of rat (Dark Agouti, DA; Ginger Hooded, GH; Portion, P; Hooded Wistar, HW) were fed elemental diets containing different sources of fat at the 10% (w/w) level. The dietary fats used included the following oils; olive (rich in oleate), sunflower (rich in linoleate), linseed (rich in alpha-linolenate) and fish (rich in eicosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate). Differences between strains in response to individual diets were modest compared with the much greater differences achieved by the dietary treatments. In general, the changes in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in the plasma lipids of all rat strains followed the major PUFA in the diet. There were, however, strong interactions between dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA which affected not only the level of particular PUFA in lipid fractions but also the lipid fraction in which a particular PUFA appeared. Our findings indicate that a response to dietary fats in the plasma lipids of one strain of rat can be expected to occur with relatively minor variations in other commonly used rat strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gibson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
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Gibson RA, Neumann MA, Burnard SL, Rinaldi JA, Patten GS, McMurchie EJ. The effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid on the phospholipid and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes of marmoset. Lipids 1992; 27:169-76. [PMID: 1522760 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adult male marmoset monkeys were fed eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) as the ethyl ester in diets containing either 32% (reference diet, no added cholesterol) or 7% (atherogenic diet with 0.2% added cholesterol) linoleic acid (18:2n-6) for 30 wk. No changes were seen in the level of phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) but minor changes were observed in both the sphingomyelin (SPM) and phosphatidylinositol plus phosphatidylserine (PI+PS) fractions of erythrocyte lipids. The extent of total n-3 fatty acid incorporation into membrane lipids was higher in atherogenic diets (polyunsaturated/monounsaturated/saturated (P/M/S) ratio 0.2:0.6:1.0) than reference diets (P/M/S ratio 1:1:1) and this was true for both PE (33.4 +/- 1.0% vs 24.3 +/- 1.1%) and PC (9.3 +/- 0.5% vs 4.9 +/- 0.3%). Although suitable controls for cholesterol effects were not included in the study, earlier results obtained with marmosets lead us to believe such effects were probably small. Regardless of basic diet (atherogenic, reference), 20:5n-3 was preferentially incorporated into PE (10.8 +/- 0.2%, 6.0 +/- 0.02%) while smaller amounts were incorporated into PC (6.9 +/- 0.4%, 3.2 +/- 0.2%). The major n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid found in PE in response to dietary 20:5n-3 was the elongation metabolite 22:5n-3 in both the atherogenic (17.7 +/- 0.7%) and reference (14.3 +/- 1.0%) dietary groups; 22:6n-3 levels were less affected by diet (4.7 +/- 0.3% and 3.9 +/- 0.2%, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Gibson
- Department of Paediatrics, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia
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Howe PR, Rogers PF, Lungershausen Y. Blood pressure reduction by fish oil in adult rats with established hypertension--dependence on sodium intake. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1991; 44:113-7. [PMID: 1745652 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(91)90193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of fish oil combined with dietary sodium restriction on blood pressure and mesenteric vascular resistance were examined in a series of experiments with adult normotensive (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Rats were fed normal or low sodium diets containing fish oil, olive oil or safflower oil. Small but significant reductions of blood pressure (measured directly in conscious rats) were seen in SHRSP but not in WKY after 8 weeks on a fish oil/low sodium diet, compared with rats fed olive or safflower oil diets with normal sodium content. This antihypertensive effect was not dependent on neurally mediated vasoconstriction but was associated with a reduction of basal resistance in the blood-perfused mesenteric artery. Subcutaneous injection of fish oil reduced blood pressure in adult SHRSP on a normal sodium diet. However, there was a further fall in blood pressure when sodium intake was reduced. The results indicate the antihypertensive effect of fish oil can be enhanced by restricting sodium intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Howe
- CSIRO, Division of Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia
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Burns A, Lin YG, Gibson R, Jamieson D. The effect of a fish oil enriched diet on oxygen toxicity and lipid peroxidation in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42:1353-60. [PMID: 1930258 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90445-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mice were fed a chow diet or diets enriched in fish oil, sunflower oil or beef tallow for 3 weeks. Fatty acid analysis was carried out in samples of plasma, brain and lungs from these animals and large changes were found in plasma and lungs with relatively small dietary-induced changes in brain tissue. Bleeding times were increased very significantly in the fish oil group, and slightly increased in the sunflower oil group. Endogenous lipid peroxidation (measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) was unchanged in lung and brain, but lung tissue from fish oil fed mice produced more lipid peroxides in vitro during incubation at 37 degrees than those of other dietary groups. Mice fed the four different diets were exposed to hyperbaric oxygen at 618, 585 and 515 kPa and convulsive activity and lung damage was recorded. No dietary-induced alterations in susceptibility to oxygen toxicity were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burns
- School of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, Australia
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Brown AJ, Roberts DC. Moderate fish oil intake improves lipemic response to a standard fat meal. A study in 25 healthy men. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS : A JOURNAL OF VASCULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 11:457-66. [PMID: 2029489 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.11.3.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that conditioning with a practical dose of fish oil will reduce postprandial lipemia, 25 healthy men were matched according to levels of fasting plasma triacylglyceride and allocated to 6 weeks of either fish oil or olive oil supplements (5 g/day). After a 12-hour overnight fast at the termination of the study period, the subjects were given a standard test meal containing 89% of energy as fat (0.73 g fat/kg body wt, polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio = 0.4). Vitamin A (429 retinol equivalents/kg body wt) was included to endogenously label the chylomicrons. Venous blood samples were obtained before the test meal and hourly thereafter for 8 hours. Chylomicrons were separated by ultracentrifugation, plasma triacylglyceride concentration was determined enzymatically, and retinyl ester levels were measured by liquid chromatography. Postprandially, the fish oil-fed group exhibited mean total and chylomicron triacylglyceride concentrations that were significantly (p less than 0.05) less than those of the olive oil-fed group. Both the fish oil- and olive oil-fed groups had similar rises in chylomicron retinyl esters during the first 2 hours, but after this time the postprandial response of the fish oil-fed group was consistently and significantly (p less than 0.05) less than the response of the olive oil-fed group. Our results suggest that improvement in lipemic response, whether due to enhanced chylomicron clearance or decreased chylomicron entry into the plasma pool, can be achieved at a much lower intake of fish oil than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Secher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
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Olsen SF, Secher NJ. A possible preventive effect of low-dose fish oil on early delivery and pre-eclampsia: indications from a 50-year-old controlled trial. Br J Nutr 1990; 64:599-609. [PMID: 2265175 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A preventive effect of dietary marine n-3 fatty acids on early delivery and toxaemia has recently been hypothesized. In only one published controlled trial fish oil has been given to pregnant women, namely in that conducted during 1938-9 in London by the People's League of Health with a dietary supplement containing vitamins, minerals, and halibut liver oil. Although it was of high quality and its findings are hitherto unexplained, neglect and misinterpretation of the trial seem to occur commonly in reviews. Of the 5644 women who were enrolled the 622 withdrawals were independent of treatment. Alternate allocation to treatment was used, producing two groups that were well balanced as to age and parity. The supplement was given from about week 20. The control group did not receive any supplement. Reductions of 20.4% (95% confidence interval 9-30%, P = 0.00083) and 31.5% (95% confidence interval 11-47%, P = 0.0047) were seen in odds of delivering before 40 weeks of gestation and pre-eclampsia respectively. No significant effects were seen on perinatal mortality, average birth weight, deliveries after 40 weeks, hypertension in the absence of oedema and proteinuria, duration of labour, sepsis or breast-feeding occurrence. Later controlled trials with vitamins or minerals given in the same amounts as in this trial have largely failed to show convincing effects as seen here. A controlled trial assessing the isolated effects of fish oil in pregnancy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Olsen
- Institute of Social Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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McMurchie EJ, Rinaldi JA, Burnard SL, Patten GS, Neumann M, McIntosh GH, Abbey M, Gibson RA. Incorporation and effects of dietary eicosapentaenoate (20:5(n-3)) on plasma and erythrocyte lipids of the marmoset following dietary supplementation with differing levels of linoleic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1045:164-73. [PMID: 2378908 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90146-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n-3), as the ethyl ester) on plasma lipid levels and the incorporation of EPA into erythrocyte and plasma lipids were investigated in the marmoset monkey. Marmosets were fed high mixed-fat diets (14.5% total fat) supplemented with or without 0.8% EPA for 30 weeks. Markedly elevated plasma cholesterol (16.4 mmol/l) was induced by an atherogenic-type diet but with EPA supplementation, plasma cholesterol increased to only 6.6 mmol/l. Plasma triacylglycerol levels were not elevated with an atherogenic type diet. Substantial EPA incorporation was evident for plasma phospholipid, triacylglycerol and cholesterol ester fractions. The proportion of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5(n-3)) but not docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n-3)) was also elevated in these plasma lipid fractions. Greatest incorporation of EPA occurred when it was administered with an atherogenic type diet having a P:M:S (polyunsaturated:monounsaturated:saturated) fatty acid ratio of about 0.2:0.6:1.0 in comparison to the control diet of 1.0:1.0:1.0. Incorporation of EPA and 22:5(n-3)) into erythrocyte phospholipids was also apparent and this was at the expense of linoleic acid (18:2(n-6)). These results in the marmoset highlight both the cholesterol-lowering properties of EPA and the extent of its incorporation into plasma lipids and erythrocyte membrane phospholipids with far greater incorporation occurring when the level of dietary linoleic acid was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J McMurchie
- CSIRO (Australia), Division of Human Nutrition, Glenthorne Laboratory, O'Halloran Hill
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