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Seth MK, Gulati S, Gulati S, Kumar A, Rawat D, Kumari A, Sehgal R, Zangmo R, Dixit V, Premlata, Gulati A. "Association of Leptin with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ". J Obstet Gynaecol India 2021; 71:567-576. [PMID: 34898893 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-021-01510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Serum leptin has been considered as an important measurable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), although its evidence for use in clinical practice is limited. We aim to synthesize the available evidence on the clinical use of serum leptin values in PCOS by doing a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies. Objective To conduct a meta-analysis to determine the pooled effect size of the association of leptin levels in patients with PCOS. Methods We searched electronic databases, i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Medline from inception to September 2020, keeping filters for human studies and published in the English language. We used the random-effects model if heterogeneity between the studies was > 50%; otherwise, a fixed-effect model was applied to determine the standardized mean difference with 95% CI for comparison of leptin level between cases and controls. All the statistical analyses were completed using software STATA version 13. Results The meta-analysis included a total of 35 studies involving 2015 cases and 1767 controls that suggested statistically significantly higher leptin levels in the women with PCOS as compared to controls (SMD, 1.76, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.23, P < 0.001). In the stratified analysis when only high methodological quality studies were included, we did not observe a statistically significant difference in the leptin level between PCOS and controls (SMD 0.68, 95% CI -0.09 to 1.46). Analysis restricted to low methodological quality studies observed statistically significant high leptin levels in PCOS women as compared to controls (SMD 2.24, 95% CI 1.65 to 2.83). Conclusion The available evidence suggests that elevated leptin levels may be associated with risk of PCOS as compared to controls; however, failure to observe the similar association in high methodological quality studies demands further well-designed adequately powered studies to validate the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Seth
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India
| | - Sarthak Gulati
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India
| | - Shreya Gulati
- Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India.,Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India.,Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dimple Rawat
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India
| | - Aradhana Kumari
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India
| | - Rohini Sehgal
- Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rinchen Zangmo
- Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Dixit
- Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India.,Department of Orthopedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Premlata
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India
| | - Arti Gulati
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.,Department of Orthopedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka India
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2
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Circulating resistin and follistatin levels in obese and non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246200. [PMID: 33740002 PMCID: PMC7978365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis was performed to resolve the inconsistencies regarding resistin and follistatin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by pooling the available evidence. A systematic literature search using PubMed and Scopus was carried out through November 2020 to obtain all pertinent studies. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the association between the levels of resistin and follistatin with PCOS in the overall and stratified analysis by obesity status. A total of 47 publications, 38 for resistin (2424 cases; 1906 controls) and 9 studies for follistatin (815 cases; 328 controls), were included in the meta-analysis. Resistin levels were significantly higher in PCOS women compared with non-PCOS controls (WMD = 1.96 ng/ml; 95%CI = 1.25–2.67, P≤0.001) as well as in obese PCOS women vs. obese controls, and in non-obese PCOS women compared with non-obese controls, but not in obese PCOS vs. non-obese PCOS patients,. A significantly increased circulating follistatin was found in PCOS patients compared with the controls (WMD = 0.44 ng/ml; 95%CI = 0.30–0.58, P≤0.001) and in non-obese PCOS women compared with non-obese controls and in obese PCOS women vs. obese controls, but, no significant difference in follistatin level was observed in obese PCOS compared with non-obese PCOS women. Significant heterogeneity and publication bias was evident for some analyses. Circulating levels of resistin and follistatin, independent of obesity status, are higher in women with PCOS compared with controls, showing that these adipokines may contribute to the pathology of PCOS.
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3
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Ilie IR. Neurotransmitter, neuropeptide and gut peptide profile in PCOS-pathways contributing to the pathophysiology, food intake and psychiatric manifestations of PCOS. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 96:85-135. [PMID: 32362321 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a major health problem with a heterogeneous hormone-imbalance and clinical presentation across the lifespan of women. Increased androgen production and abnormal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release and gonadotropin secretion, resulting in chronic anovulation are well-known features of the PCOS. The brain is both at the top of the neuroendocrine axis regulating ovarian function and a sensitive target of peripheral gonadal hormones and peptides. Current literature illustrates that neurotransmitters regulate various functions of the body, including reproduction, mood and body weight. Neurotransmitter alteration could be one of the reasons for disturbed GnRH release, consequently directing the ovarian dysfunction in PCOS, since there is plenty evidence for altered catecholamine metabolism and brain serotonin or opioid activity described in PCOS. Further, the dysregulated neurotransmitter and neuropeptide profile in PCOS could also be the reason for low self-esteem, anxiety, mood swings and depression or obesity, features closely associated with PCOS women. Can these altered central brain circuits, or the disrupted gut-brain axis be the tie that would both explain and link the pathogenesis of this disorder, the occurrence of depression, anxiety and other mood disorders as well as of obesity, insulin resistance and abnormal appetite in PCOS? This review intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of what is known about the relatively understudied, but very complex role that neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and gut peptides play in PCOS. The answer to the above question may help the development of drugs to specifically target these central and peripheral circuits, thereby providing a valuable treatment for PCOS patients that present to the clinic with GnRH/LH hypersecretion, obesity or psychiatric manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana R Ilie
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Iuliu-Hatieganu', Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Wang Y, Huang R, Li X, Zhu Q, Liao Y, Tao T, Kang X, Liu W, Li S, Sun Y. High concentration of chemerin caused by ovarian hyperandrogenism may lead to poor IVF outcome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. Gynecol Endocrinol 2019; 35:1072-1077. [PMID: 31155988 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2019.1622087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A chronic low-grade inflammation state accounts for an important part of the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The adipose tissue derived cytokine chemerin has recently been proven to be a proinflammatory chemokine, but its mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS remains largely unresolved. From non-obese patients with and without PCOS, follicular fluid and granulosa cells were retrieved. The effect of testosterone on the expression of chemerin and its receptors was explored in granulosa cells. IVF outcomes in different groups based on FF-chemerin (chemerin in the follicular fluid) level were further compared. The concentration of FF-chemerin, and the mRNA expression of chemerin and its receptors in granulosa cells from PCOS were significantly higher than those from non-PCOS. FF-chemerin was positively correlative to total testosterone (TT) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the follicular fluid. Furthermore, testosterone upregulated the expression of chemerin and its receptors in vitro. The oocyte utilization rate and high-quality embryo rate were significantly decreased in the high FF-chemerin group. The upregulated chemerin levels in the ovary of PCOS patients, which may be caused by ovarian hyperandrogenism, may be a risk factor for oocyte maturation and embryo development. These findings may provide a basis for novel interventions to improve IVF outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Qinling Zhu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Yu Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Endocrinology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Kang
- Department of Biobank, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R.China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, P.R.China
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5
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Sominsky L, Hodgson DM, McLaughlin EA, Smith R, Wall HM, Spencer SJ. Linking Stress and Infertility: A Novel Role for Ghrelin. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:432-467. [PMID: 28938425 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infertility affects a remarkable one in four couples in developing countries. Psychological stress is a ubiquitous facet of life, and although stress affects us all at some point, prolonged or unmanageable stress may become harmful for some individuals, negatively impacting on their health, including fertility. For instance, women who struggle to conceive are twice as likely to suffer from emotional distress than fertile women. Assisted reproductive technology treatments place an additional physical, emotional, and financial burden of stress, particularly on women, who are often exposed to invasive techniques associated with treatment. Stress-reduction interventions can reduce negative affect and in some cases to improve in vitro fertilization outcomes. Although it has been well-established that stress negatively affects fertility in animal models, human research remains inconsistent due to individual differences and methodological flaws. Attempts to isolate single causal links between stress and infertility have not yet been successful due to their multifaceted etiologies. In this review, we will discuss the current literature in the field of stress-induced reproductive dysfunction based on animal and human models, and introduce a recently unexplored link between stress and infertility, the gut-derived hormone, ghrelin. We also present evidence from recent seminal studies demonstrating that ghrelin has a principal role in the stress response and reward processing, as well as in regulating reproductive function, and that these roles are tightly interlinked. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that stress may negatively impact upon fertility at least in part by stimulating a dysregulation in ghrelin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and IT, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,School of Environmental & Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and IT, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia.,Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Hannah M Wall
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
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6
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Li L, Feng Q, Ye M, He Y, Yao A, Shi K. Metabolic effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: a meta-analysis. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2017; 37:1036-1047. [DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1318840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Feng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaojuan He
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aling Yao
- Department of Biostatistics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Zheng SH, Du DF, Li XL. Leptin Levels in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:656-670. [PMID: 27798245 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116670265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conflicting results regarding leptin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been reported. We summarize all available evidence from human participant studies to evaluate leptin levels in PCOS. DATA SOURCES PubMed, ClinicalTrials.gov , and Web of Science databases were searched with English-language restriction for only human beings from the inception to December 31, 2015. Search terms included PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS) and leptin. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION A total of 238 studies were reviewed, and a total of 19 studies, involving 991 women with PCOS and 898 controls, were eligible for our meta-analysis. Studies were eligible if provided leptin means and standard deviation in women with PCOS and healthy women controls. RESULTS Parameters, such as body mass index, insulin resistance (IR), and total testosterone, which may influence leptin levels were extracted. Data were collected and analyzed by RevMan 5.3 and Stata/SE14.0. The pooling analysis of all relevant studies revealed that leptin levels were significantly higher in patients with PCOS than in controls, with standardized mean difference of 1.62 (95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.23). However, the heterogeneity across studies was considerable and not eliminated in subgroup analyses. Meta-regression analysis further suggested that the heterogeneity might be relevant to variability in IR and study location. CONCLUSION Elevated leptin levels are detected in women with PCOS compared with non-PCOS controls. Higher leptin levels may be correlated with IR, metabolic disorder, infertility, and even cardiovascular disease risk in PCOS, which may contribute to the etiology and development of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Hua Zheng
- 1 Department of Gynecology, OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Feng Du
- 1 Department of Gynecology, OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Lian Li
- 1 Department of Gynecology, OB/GYN Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,2 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
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8
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Koleva DI, Orbetzova MM, Nikolova JG, Tyutyundzhiev SB. Adipokines and soluble cell adhesion molecules in insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Physiol Biochem 2016; 122:223-227. [PMID: 27245110 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2016.1190760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance (IR) is closely associated with increased atherogenic risk. OBJECTIVE To investigate leptin, adiponectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) levels and their relationship with each other and metabolic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS The study included 76 PCOS women divided into insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant. Anthropometric parameters, glucose and lipid parameters, leptin, adiponectin, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 were determined. Homeostasis model of IR index(HOMA-IR), atherogenic index of plasma(AIP) and leptin/adiponectin ratio were calculated. HOMA-IR > 2.5 and/or fasting plasma glucose/immunoreactive insulin ratio < 0.333 were used as markers for IR. RESULTS Non-insulin resistant PCOS had significantly higher adiponectin and sVCAM-1 levels. AIP was significantly higher in insulin resistant PCOS. Adiponectin showed a positive correlation with sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1. CONCLUSION Insulin resistant PCOS women were at higher atherogenic risk compared to non-insulin resistant group. sVCAM-1 data confirms the necessity of further investigations for clarifying its role in IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Iv Koleva
- a Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, "Sv. Georgy" University Hospital, Medical University , Plovdiv , Bulgaria
| | - Maria M Orbetzova
- a Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, "Sv. Georgy" University Hospital, Medical University , Plovdiv , Bulgaria
| | - Julia G Nikolova
- b Department of Physiology , Medical University , Plovdiv , Bulgaria , and
| | - Stefan B Tyutyundzhiev
- c Department of Cardiology , "Sv. Karidad" University Hospital, Medical University , Plovdiv , Bulgaria
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder associated with obesity. Human and animal studies showed a direct relationship between leptin level and obesity, however, results from different studies were mixed. This study investigated the status of leptin level in PCOS and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) in a group of Iranian women with PCOS. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 40 women with PCOS and 36 healthy women were assigned to experimental and control groups, respectively. Those in the PCOS group were not prescribed any medications for 3 months prior to the study. Fasting blood samples were then collected during the 2(nd) or 3(rd) day of menstruation for laboratory measurement of serum total leptin, blood glucose (fasting blood sugar), serum insulin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone (LH). RESULTS Mean BMI of the PCOS and control groups were 26.62 ± 4.03 kg/m(2) and 23.52 ± 2.52 kg/m(2), respectively (P = 0.006). The mean total leptin in the PCO group was also 10.69 ± 5.37 ng/mL and 5.73 ± 2.36 ng/mL in the control group (P = 0.0001). A significant relationship was found between leptin level and BMI as well as LH level among women with PCOS (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between leptin and insulin (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicated an increased leptin level among women with PCOS that positively associated with BMI and LH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Jalilian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Lida Haghnazari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Samira Rasolinia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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10
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Gao T, Wu L, Chang F, Cao G. Low circulating ghrelin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocr J 2016; 63:93-100. [PMID: 26607017 PMCID: PMC4975374 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej15-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous, human subject studies evaluating the relationship between circulating ghrelin levels and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) risk have yielded inconsistent findings. We aimed to quantitatively assess the association by summarizing all available evidence from human subject studies. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched up to February 2015 for eligible studies. Studies were eligible if they reported circulating ghrelin levels in women with PCOS and healthy women controls. A fixed or random-effects model was used to pool risk estimations. Twenty studies including 894 PCOS patients and 574 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The studies had fair methodological quality. The pooling analysis of all available studies revealed that ghrelin levels were significantly lower in PCOS patients than in controls, with standardized mean difference of -0.40 (95% CI: -0.73, -0.08). The significant association persisted in many subgroup strata. However, the heterogeneity across studies was considerable and not eliminated in subgroup analyses. Meta-regression analysis further suggested that the heterogeneity might be relevant to variability in study location, PCOS relevant factors like HOMA-IR ratio, as well as other factors not assessed. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggested that ghrelin levels were significantly lower in PCOS patients than in controls. Further studies with large sample sizes are warranted to replicate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Gao
- Department of Veterinary, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, MO, 010018, People’s Republic of China
- Center for safty evaluation of drugs, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, MO, 010110, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lang Wu
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Fuhou Chang
- Center for safty evaluation of drugs, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, MO, 010110, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guifang Cao
- Department of Veterinary, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, MO, 010018, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Ma J, Lin TC, Liu W. Gastrointestinal hormones and polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 2014; 47:668-78. [PMID: 24791734 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease of women in reproductive age. It is characterized by anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Most often patients with PCOS have metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. It is not surprising that obesity is high prevalent in PCOS. Over 60 % of PCOS women are obese or overweight. Modulation of appetite and energy intake is essential to maintain energy balance and body weight. The gastrointestinal tract, where nutrients are digested and absorbed, plays a central role in energy homeostasis. The signals from the gastrointestinal tract arise from the stomach (ghrelin release), proximal small intestine (CCK release), and distal small intestine (GLP-1 and PYY) in response to food. These hormones are recognized as "appetite regulatory hormones." Weight loss is the key in the treatments of obese/overweight patients with PCOS. However, current non-pharmacologic management of body weight is hard to achieve. This review highlighted the gastrointestinal hormones, and discussed the potential strategies aimed at modifying hormones for treatment in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Kabiri N, Tabandeh MR, Tabatabaie SRF. Beneficial effects of pioglitazone and metformin in murine model of polycystic ovaries via improvement of chemerin gene up-regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:39. [PMID: 24762064 PMCID: PMC4008382 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-22-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) is recognized as the most common endocrinopathy in female. Chemerin is a novel adipocytokine that is expressed in ovary and upregulated in adipose tissue of obese, PCO patients. To date there is no report about the regulation of ovarian chemerin gene expression after PCO induction and treatment by insulin sensitizing drugs including pioglitazone and metformin. Thirty female rats were divided into six experimental groups with five rats in each group including control group, PCO group (i.m injection of 4 mg estradiol benzoate for 40 days), metformin treated (200 mg/kg/day for 21 days), pioglitazone treated (20 mg/kg/day, for 21 days), PCO + metformin and PCO + pioglitazone. PCO was detected by microscopic observation of vaginal smear and treatment by metformin and pioglitazone was initiated one week after that. Ovarian chemerin expression was analyzed by real time PCR and western blotting. Results Our results demonstrated that PCO induction resulted in elevation of chemerin mRNA and protein levels in ovary in concomitant with incidence of insulin resistance and increasing androgen and progesterone production. We observed that metformin and pioglitazone attenuated ovarian chemerin expression and improved insulin resistance and abnormal steroid production in PCO rats. Conclusion Based on data presented here we concluded that alteration of ovarian chemerin expression may has important role in PCO development and manipulation of chemerin expression or signaling by pioglitazone or metformin can be a novel therapeutic mechanism in the treatment of PCO patients by these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
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13
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Baig M, Rehman R, Tariq S, Fatima SS. Serum leptin levels in polycystic ovary syndrome and its relationship with metabolic and hormonal profile in pakistani females. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:132908. [PMID: 25587271 PMCID: PMC4284955 DOI: 10.1155/2014/132908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the levels of serum leptin in PCOS females and to correlate it with metabolic and hormonal parameters. Sixty-two PCOS and ninety normal cycling (NC) females with matched age and body mass index (BMI) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Serum leptin, FSH, LH, E2, free testosterone, progesterone, thyroid profile, and FBG levels were measured. The mean leptin levels in PCOS and NC were not significantly different (45.56 ng/mL ± 1.49 vs 41.78 ± 1.31 ng/mL, P > 0.05); however, leptin levels showed a strong correlation with BMI in PCOS and NC group (r = 0.77, P < 0.0001; r = 0.82, P < 0.0001, resp.). High E2 levels in NC had a significant correlation with leptin whereas FBG correlated with leptin in PCOS (r = 0.51, P = 0.005). TSH had a substantial correlation (r = 0.49, P < 0.005; r = 0.69, P < 0.005) in PCOS and NC, respectively. There was no significant difference found in circulating leptin concentration between PCOS and NC subjects. Leptin levels in PCOS were related with metabolic impairments manifested by disturbance in FBG levels and impairment of reproductive functions in terms of reduced E2 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtiar Baig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- *Mukhtiar Baig:
| | - Rehana Rehman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Saba Tariq
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical & Dental College, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Sadia Fatima
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
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Comninos AN, Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS. The relationship between gut and adipose hormones, and reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 2013; 20:153-74. [PMID: 24173881 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive function is tightly regulated by nutritional status. Indeed, it has been well described that undernutrition or obesity can lead to subfertility or infertility in humans. The common regulatory pathways which control energy homeostasis and reproductive function have, to date, been poorly understood due to limited studies or inconclusive data. However, gut hormones and adipose tissue hormones have recently emerged as potential regulators of both energy homeostasis and reproductive function. METHODS A PubMed search was performed using keywords related to gut and adipose hormones and associated with keywords related to reproduction. RESULTS Currently available evidence that gut (ghrelin, obestatin, insulin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, oxyntomodulin, cholecystokinin) and adipose hormones (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, omentin, chemerin) interact with the reproductive axis is presented. The extent, site and direction of their effects on the reproductive axis are variable and also vary depending on species, sex and pubertal stage. CONCLUSIONS Gut and adipose hormones interact with the reproductive axis as well as with each other. While leptin and insulin have stimulatory effects and ghrelin has inhibitory effects on hypothalamic GnRH secretion, there is increasing evidence for their roles in other sites of the reproductive axis as well as evidence for the roles of other gut and adipose hormones in the complex interplay between nutrition and reproduction. As our understanding improves, so will our ability to identify and design novel therapeutic options for reproductive disorders and accompanying metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Comninos
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, 6th Floor Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of depression in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is high; one study has shown it to be four times that of women without PCOS. Therefore, systematic evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of antidepressants for women with PCOS is important. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of antidepressants in treating depression and other symptoms in women with PCOS. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases from inception to June 2012: the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (controlled-trials.com), the National Institute of Health Clinical Trials register (clinicaltrials.gov) and the World Health Organization International Trials Registry Platform search portal (www.who.int/trialsearch/Default.aspx). SELECTION CRITERIA Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) studying the effectiveness and safety of antidepressants for women with PCOS were included in this review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The methodological quality of the trials was assessed independently by two review authors, in parallel with data extraction. The risk of bias in the included study was assessed in six domains: 1. sequence generation; 2. allocation concealment; 3. blinding of participants, personnel and outcome assessors; 4. completeness of outcome data; 5. selective outcome reporting; 6. other potential sources of bias. MAIN RESULTS We found no studies reporting any of our primary review outcomes (depression and allied mood disorder scores, quality of life and adverse events). Only one study with 16 women was eligible for inclusion. This study compared sibutramine versus fluoxetine in women with PCOS, and reported only endocrine and metabolic outcomes. It was unclear whether the participants had psychological problems at baseline. No significant difference was found between the groups for any of the measured outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence on the effectiveness and safety of antidepressants in treating depression and other symptoms in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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16
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Adiponectin, leptin and ghrelin levels in obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2013; 26:27-30. [PMID: 23158749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences in adipokines, namely adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin, in obese adolescent girls with or without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS 38 adolescent girls (age 15-20 years). Group I: 17 Obese adolescent girls with PCOS (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)); Group II: Control group of 21 obese adolescent girls (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin measurements. RESULTS LH, LH/FSH, and cortisol levels were significantly higher in the obese PCOS girls compared to the obese controls (6.94 ± 3.28 vs 4.44 ± 1.79; 1.50 ± 0.72 vs 0.90 ± 0.36; 16.02 ± 4.28 vs 12.46 ± 5.29; P < .05, respectively). Adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin levels were similar between the obese PCOS girls and the obese controls (11.13 ± 6.00 vs 15.26 ± 12.66; 23.66 ± 11.54 vs 23.11 ± 11.17; 665.69 ± 402.12 vs 650.22 ± 467.73, respectively). Adiponectin negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0.32; P = .04) and positively correlated with fasting glucose (r = 0.40; P = .01). Leptin positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.534; P = .001), estradiol (r = 0.354; P = .02), and TSH (r = 0.374; P = .02). No significant correlation was found between ghrelin and the test parameters. CONCLUSION Among obese adolescents with PCOS, adiponectin, and leptin levels do not seem to be determined by the existence of PCOS, while ghrelin presents no significant correlation.
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Evaluation of Adiponectin, Resistin, IL-6, TNF-α in Obese and Non-obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1001-7844(12)60032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Effect of short-term standard therapeutic regimens on neuropeptide Y and adipose tissue hormones in overweight insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2012; 53:15-24. [PMID: 22359978 DOI: 10.2478/v10153-011-0052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The study was aimed at elucidating the influence of a 3-month treatment with routine therapeutic regimens--oral hormonal contraceptives (OHC) with antiandrogenic activity (a standard combination of ethynil estradiol 35 microg plus cyproterone acetate 2 mg) in combination with insulin sensitizing agents--metformin (Group I) and rosiglitazone (Group II) on adipose tissue hormones and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 66 overweight insulin resistant women with PCOS according to the recent ESHRE-ASRM criteria randomized into 2 age-matched therapeutic groups. RESULTS Significant decrease of leptin (P < 0.01; P = 0.001, resp.), resistin (P < 0.01; P < 0.01, resp.), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) (P = 0.001; P < 0.001, resp.), and NPY (P < 0.05; P < 0.001, resp.) was observed in both groups after treatment. These findings were in parallel with a significant decrease in the anthropometric parameters of body weight in the metformin group only. No significant changes in hormonal characteristics of the groups were found except for a significant decrease in androstenedione and DHEA-S (P < 0.05) in the metformin group and in 17-OH-progesterone (P < 0.05) in the rosiglitazone group. HDL-cholesterol rose and diastolic blood pressure fell significantly (P < 0.05) in the metformin group. CONCLUSION Our data suggest beneficial effects of the treatment on potential cardiovascular risk in insulin resistant PCOS women.
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Maliqueo M, Galgani JE, Pérez-Bravo F, Echiburú B, de Guevara AL, Crisosto N, Sir-Petermann T. Relationship of serum adipocyte-derived proteins with insulin sensitivity and reproductive features in pre-pubertal and pubertal daughters of polycystic ovary syndrome women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 161:56-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhou L, Tang L, Xu L. The plasma level and gene expression of resistin in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2011; 27:982-7. [PMID: 21557697 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.569794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between plasma resistin, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and insulin resistance (IR). To compare the mRNA level of resistin in mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived macrophages in women with PCOS and controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with PCOS and controls were enrolled and IR was considered as the stratified factor for subgroups. Fasting blood was collected to determine the levels of sex hormones, insulin, glucose, blood lipid, and resistin. Resistin gene expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived macrophages cultured with or without rosiglitazone for 96 h. RESULTS No significant difference of plasma resistin levels was found among PCOS-IR, PCOS-non-IR, control-IR, and control-non-IR groups. There were no significant differences in resistin mRNA expression between participants with and without PCOS and with and without IR. Resistin mRNA expression in monocyte-derived macrophages was higher than that in mononuclear cells (p = 0.04), and could be reduced by rosiglitazone (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Plasma resistin does not correlate with normal weight PCOS or IR. Resistin gene expression in mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived macrophages in PCOS and IR is the same as controls. Further researches on the role of resistin in the pathogenesis of PCOS or IR should concentrate on the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Repaci A, Gambineri A, Pagotto U, Pasquali R. Ghrelin and reproductive disorders. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:70-9. [PMID: 21453749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an important factor involved in most of the metabolic and hormonal signals which adapt the reproductive functions in conditions of altered energy balance. Moreover, the coordinated role of leptin and ghrelin appears in fact to have a specific role in the regulation of puberty. Systemic action of ghrelin on the reproductive axis involves the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gondal axis. In addition, it has been shown that ghrelin may directly act at a gonadal level in both females and males. Available data also demonstrate that sex steroid hormones and gonadotropins may in turn regulate the gonadal effect of ghrelin, as documented by studies performed in females with the polycystic ovary syndrome and in hypogonadal men. Notably, recent studies also confirm a potentially important role for ghrelin in fetal and neonatal energy balance, and specifically in allowing fetal adaptation to an adverse intrauterine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Repaci
- St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University Alma Mater Studiorum, Bologna, Italy
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Koç F, Tokaç M, Kocabaş V, Kaya C, Büyükbaş S, Erdem S, Karabağ T, Demir K, Alihanoğlu Y, Kaya A. Ghrelin, Resistin and Leptin Levels in
Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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IL-6 serum levels and production is related to an altered immune response in polycystic ovary syndrome girls with insulin resistance. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:389317. [PMID: 21547256 PMCID: PMC3086286 DOI: 10.1155/2011/389317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is frequently characterized by obesity and metabolic diseases including hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes in adulthood, all leading to an increased risk of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to evaluate serum and production of inflammatory markers in adolescent Sardinian PCOS. On the basis of HOMA findings, patients were divided into noninsulin resistant (NIR) and insulin resistant (IR), and were weight- and age-matched with healthy girls. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, Il-10, TGF-β) and lipokines (leptin, adiponectin), the reactant hs-CRP, and in vitro inflammatory lympho-monocyte response to microbial stimulus were evaluated. In healthy and PCOS subjects, leptin and hs-CRP were correlated with BMI, whereas adiponectin was significantly reduced in all PCOS groups. Although cytokines were similar in all groups, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly higher in IR PCOS. Moreover, in the latter group lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes secreted significantly higher levels of IL-6 compared to NIR and control subjects. To conclude, IR PCOS displayed increased IL-6 serum levels and higher secretion in LPS-activated monocytes, whilst revealing no differences for other inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that in PCOS patients an altered immune response to inflammatory stimuli is present in IR, likely contributing towards determining onset of a low grade inflammation.
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Ozgen IT, Aydin M, Guven A, Aliyazicıoglu Y. Characteristics of polycystic ovarian syndrome and relationship with ghrelin in adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23:285-9. [PMID: 20537572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some points of pathogenesis in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are still unknown. In this study we evaluated the characteristics of this disease and its relationship with ghrelin in adolescence. DESIGN A prospective case control study was designed. Four groups: obese PCOS (n = 13), lean PCOS (n = 13), obese control (n = 10) and lean control (n = 10) were formed. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed on all subjects. Laboratory and clinical features of groups were compared. SETTING University pediatric endocrinology clinic. PARTICIPANTS Adolescents with PCOS. INTERVENTIONS None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Insulin resistance, ghrelin, delta ghrelin (difference of ghrelin between basal and 120(th) minute after OGTT), androgens RESULTS Insulin resistance ratios were 93.3%, 46.6%, 50% in obese PCOS, lean PCOS and obese controls respectively. Ghrelin levels were lower in obese PCOS group but statistically different only between obese and lean PCOS groups. Ghrelin was correlated negatively with HOMA-IR (P < 0.001), 17 OH progesterone (P = 0.05), total (P = 0.015) and free testosterone (P = 0.013). Ghrelin suppression was blunted in PCOS groups. Ghrelin suppression ratios after glucose load were 24.4%, 28.7%, 36%, 35% obese PCOS, lean PCOS, obese control and lean control groups respectively. CONCLUSION Low ghrelin levels in obese PCOS patients, correlations between insulin resistance, androgens and ghrelin, blunted suppression of ghrelin after glucose load in PCOS have been considered as evidences of ghrelin role in pathogenesis of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Ozgen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical Faculty, Samsun, Turkey.
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Kamal M, Mohi A, Fawzy M, El-Sawah H. Fasting plasma ghrelin in women with and without PCOS. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Adipose tissue, metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome: from pathophysiology to treatment. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 19:552-63. [PMID: 19909598 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has deserved major attention because it is linked to the same cluster of events that promote the metabolic syndrome. This review will point out the relationships between fat excess, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Adipocytes are actually considered as endocrine cells that synthesize and release molecules (adipokines) that play an endocrine/paracrine role, such as adiponectin, atrial natriuretic peptide, leptin, resistin, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). Metabolic syndrome is a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition in which adipokines play a major role. Isolated adipocytes from women with PCOS express higher mRNA concentrations of some adipokines involved in cardiovascular risk and insulin resistance. However, environmental factors and lifestyle play a major role in determining the appearance of the phenotypes of PCOS. In morbid obese women with PCOS, bariatric surgery decreases bodyweight and fat excess and reverses hyperandrogenism and sterility. In lean or overweight women with PCOS, changes in lifestyle in combination with drugs reducing visceral fat and insulin resistance reverse the symptoms and signs of PCOS. Promising treatments for PCOS seem to be insulin sensitizers such as metformin and glitazones.
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