Protective effect of aprotinin on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ovary

3',4'-Dihydroxyflavonol (DiOHF) prevents DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and inflammation in ovarian ischaemia-reperfusion injury of rats

This study aimed to determine the effect of 3',4'-Dihydroxyflavonol (DiOHF) on lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and inflammation in ovarian ischaemia (I)-reperfusion (R) injury. This study was performed on 44 Wistar-albino female rats. Groups were designed as Control; Sham; I/R (the left ovary was ligated for 2 h and then reperfused for 2 h); I/R + DiOHF (after 2 h ischaemia and 2 h reperfusion, 30 mg/kg of DiOHF was given intraperitoneally and reperfusion was allowed for 2 h more); I + DiOHF + R (after 2 h I, 30 mg/kg of DiOHF was given at the beginning of 2 h reperfusion); DiOHF + I/R (2 h after DiOHF administration, the left ovary was ligated for 2 h and then reperfused for 2 h). Blood and ovarian tissue samples were analysed for GSH, MDA, 8-OHdG, SOD, and IL-6. Ovarian tissue was examined histopathologically. Ovarian I/R has led to inflammation and oxidative damage. However, DiOHF activated the antioxidant system and prevented DNA damage induced by I/R in ovarian tissue. Vascularisation, oedema, and inflammation also occurred in ovarian tissue in I/R group. The results of this study indicated that I/R led to disturbance of the oxidant/antioxidant system balance and increased DNA damage; however, DiOHF supplementation prevented DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and inflammation by increasing the antioxidant system in ovarian I/R injury in rats. However, in potential I/R situations, DiOHF application appears to be beneficial in reducing inflammation, oxidant injury, and DNA damage, and in activating the antioxidant system. IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries lead to damage in cells or tissues due to insufficient blood flow.What do the results of this study add? Increased DNA injury and inflammatory response (IL-6) and structural impairment were treated by administration of intraperitoneal (DiOHF) which strongly stimulated the antioxidant system, inhibited antioxidant activities, prevented DNA damage and inflammation process.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study's strength is that it is the first research demonstrates the prevention of DNA damage in ovarian I/R by DiOHF supplementation. This flavonoid (DiOHF) may be used for treatment in different ovarian ischaemia/reperfusion.

Nigella Sativa Oil Protects the Rat Ovary from Oxidative Injury Due to Ischemia-Reperfusion

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nigella sativa (N. sativa) oil (NSO) on ovarian oxidative damage following ischemia-reperfusion injury, using a rat model of ovarian torsion.

Material/Methods

Forty-eight female albino Wistar rats were divided into six groups: (Group 1) laparotomy only; (Group 2) intraperitoneal NSO (2 ml/kg), 1 hour following laparotomy; (Group 3) 3 hours of ovarian ischemia; (Group 4) 3 hours of ovarian ischemia followed by 3 hours of reperfusion; (Group 5) 3 hours of ovarian ischemia and 2 ml/kg of NSO 1 hour before laparotomy; (Group 6) 3 hours of reperfusion after 3 hours of ovarian ischemia and 2 ml/mg of NSO 1 hour before laparotomy.

Results

The antioxidant status, ceruloplasmin level, native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide levels of the control group (Group 1) were significantly increased compared with the ovarian ischemia-reperfusion group treated with NSO (Group 6) (p=0.003, p=0.002, p=0.006, p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively); these levels in the ovarian ischemia group (Group 3) and ischemia-reperfusion group (Group 4) were statistically similar to those of the ovarian ischemia + NSO group (Group 5) and ovarian ischemia-reperfusion + NSO group (Group 6).

Conclusions

In this preliminary rat study, administration of NSO shortly after the onset of ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury, did not significantly reduce levels of markers of oxidative injury. Further studies are required to evaluate the ovarian changes at the tissue level, and to determine the optimum dose of NSO.

Protective effects of tempol in an experimental ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury model in female Wistar albino rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of tempol on ovarian ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Forty female Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: Group I, sham; Group II, ischemia (I); Group III, I/R; Group IV, I/R + tempol 30 mg/kg i.p; Group V, I/R + tempol 50 mg/kg i.p. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was significantly higher in the ischemia group and the I/R group than in the sham group. Catalase levels were significantly lower in the I/R group than in the I/R + tempol 30 mg/kg i.p. and the I/R + tempol 50 mg/kg i.p. groups. Glutathione peroxidase levels were lower in the I/R group than in the I/R + tempol 30 mg/kg i.p. and the I/R + tempol 50 mg/kg i.p. groups. MDA levels were significantly lower in the I/R + tempol 30 mg/kg i.p. group and the I/R + tempol 50 mg/kg i.p. group than in the I/R group. The levels of the histopathological parameters were significantly decreased in the I/R + tempol 50 mg/kg i.p. group compared with the I/R group. Tempol can be used for reducing ovarian I/R injury.

Effects of carvedilol on an ischemia/reperfusion model: Biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation

AIM

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of carvedilol (CVD) on experimentally induced ovarian ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.

METHODS

An ovarian I/R model was applied to rats, classified into three groups: 1 (n = 7), sham operated (control); 2 (n = 7), 3 h ischemia + 3 h reperfusion (I/R); 3 (n = 7), 3 h ischemia + CVD + 3 h reperfusion (I/R + CVD). Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in ovarian tissues and serum were measured. Tissue damage was examined histopathologically; Bax and caspase-3 expression was determined immunhistochemically. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to show apoptotic cell death.

RESULTS

MDA levels in ovarian tissues were significantly increased in the I/R group compared with the control. CVD administration significantly decreased tissue MDA levels in the I/R + CVD in comparison with the I/R group. GSH-Px activities in serum were higher in the I/R + CVD than in the I/R group. SOD activities in tissue and serum were significantly decreased in the I/R compared with the control group. Histological examination showed a significant improvement in ovarian morphology in the I/R + CVD compared with the I/R group. Bax and caspase-3 protein was more strongly expressed in the I/R group compared with the control and I/R + CVD groups. Apoptotic index detected by TUNEL assay was significantly increased in the I/R and decreased in the I/R + CVD group.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that CVD reduces the deleterious effects of oxidative damage on ovaries in a rat I/R model.

Protective effects of honokiol on ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat ovary: an experimental study

Aim

The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of honokiol on experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury of rat ovary.

Materials and methods

A total of 40 female Wistar albino rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into five groups as follows: sham (Group I), torsion (Group II), torsion + detorsion (Group III), torsion + detorsion + saline (Group IV), and torsion + detorsion + honokiol (Group V). Bilateral adnexa in all the rats except for those in the sham group were exposed to torsion for 3 hours. The rats in Group IV were administered saline, whereas the rats in Group V were administered honokiol by intraperitoneal route 30 minutes before detorsion. Tissue and plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were determined. Ovarian tissue was histologically evaluated. Data analyses were performed by means of Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U-test (Bonferroni correction) in SPSS 15.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

The torsion and detorsion groups had higher scores in vascular congestion, hemorrhage, and inflammatory cell infiltration compared with the sham group (P<0.005). In addition, total histopathological scores were significantly higher in the torsion and detorsion groups compared with the sham group (P<0.005). A significant reduction was observed in hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cellular degeneration scores, of all histopathological scores, in the honokiol group (P<0.005). Ovarian tissue concentrations of malondialdehyde were significantly higher in the torsion and detorsion groups compared with the sham and honokiol groups (P<0.005). Ovarian tissue concentrations of nitric oxide, on the other hand, were significantly higher in the torsion group compared with the sham, saline, and honokiol groups (P<0.005).

Conclusion

Honokiol has a beneficial effect on ovarian torsion-related ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Oxidative Stress during Ovarian Torsion in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients: Changing The Perspective of The Disease

Among the different causes of gynecological acute pelvic pain, ovarian torsion represents a surgical emergency. It is a rare case in the pediatric/adolescent aged group that must be included in the differential diagnosis of any girl with abdominal pain or pelvic/abdominal mass. Current recommendations suggest that laparoscopic detorsion should be performed in order to preserve the integrity of the ovaries and fertility, although oophoropexy may be considered in case of severe necrosis. Nevertheless, maintaining the circulation of the ovary after detorsion deteriorates the tissue injury and leads to a pathologic process called ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, which is characterized by oxidative stress. During the detorsion process, an excess amount of molecular oxygen is supplied to the tissues, and reactive species of oxygen (ROS) such as superoxide radical (O₂^-), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radical (OH•), as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are produced in excess. ROS, RNS and their toxic products cause DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in the cellular and mitochondrial membranes, leading to cell death. In spite of attention on this topic, currently there is no shared and clear evidence about the use of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents to prevent I/R damage after laparoscopic ovarian detorsion. Considering this element, future research should aim to develop shared protocols for the clinical use (route of application, dosage and time of application) of antioxidants after laparoscopic management of this condition.

The protective effects of beta-carotene against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat ovarian tissue

INTRODUCTION

Beta-carotene is a well-known antioxidant and precursor of Vitamin A that has a preventative role in the oxidative damage process. Our aim was to investigate the possible preventive effects of beta-carotene on oxidative damage via experimental ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion models in rat ovaries.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A traumatic vascular clamps were used for 3h to induce ischemia (Group 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). The clamps were then removed to allow reperfusion for 3h (Group 3, 6, 7). Sham-operated rats (Group 1) underwent laparotomy without the induction of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Real-Time-PCR was performed to determine IL-1-beta, IL-6 and iNOS expression levels. Histopathological (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining (NF-kβ p65) processes were then performed. Finally, SOD, GSH, and MDA levels were determined.

RESULTS

Intense hemorrhagic areas were observed in both the ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion groups, whereas minimal hemorrhage was observed in the treatment groups. The ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion groups exhibited extreme immunoreactivity, detected by NF-kβ p65 staining; this reactivity decreased after the application of beta-carotene. The expression of IL-1-beta, IL-6, and iNOS in the injury groups increased significantly, whereas a dose-dependent improvement was observed in the treatment groups. Finally, MDA levels increased significantly and SOD and GSH levels decreased drastically in the injury groups. However, these values obtained from I/R groups were normalized after beta-carotene treatment.

DISCUSSION

In this study, we demonstrated via molecular and biochemical parameters the protective effect of beta-carotene, which is a potent antioxidant, on the experimental ischemia-reperfusion model.

The effect of hypothermia on adnexal torsion/detorsion injury in a rat ovary model

PURPOSE

Much attention has been given to hypothermia as it is effective in inhibiting inflammatory responses and also ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hypothermia on torsion/detorsion injury in rats.

METHODS

Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into four groups of sham-operated (SG), adnexal torsion/detorsion group (TG), adnexal torsion/detorsion+hypothermia group (THG) and hypothermia group (HG). In the SG group, right ovaries were excised after 3-h fixation to abdominal wall. In the TG, right adnexal underwent 720° torsion in a counterclockwise direction for 3h and then excised after 3-h detorsion period. In the THG, after 3-h torsion period, ovaries were immediately subjected to hypothermia (4°C) for 30-min and they were excised after 3-h detorsioned period. In the HG, the right ovaries were subjected to hypothermia for 30-min and excised after 3-h fixation period. One half of each ovary was immediately stored for antioxidant enzyme activity and tissue lipid peroxidation. The remainder was fixed for histopathological examination.

RESULTS

Adnexal torsion and detorsion significantly increased the tissue level of Malondialdehyde, Superoxide dismutase and Reduced glutathione. On the other hand, hypothermia significantly reduced these oxidative stress parameters. The histopathological changes were less in the THG group; these changes were not statistically different from the other groups.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggested that hypothermia inhibited the production of oxidative stress in the ovaries subjected to torsion/detorsion injury.

Aprotinin reduces oxidative stress induced by pneumoperitoneum in rats

BACKGROUND

Ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by pneumoperitoneum is a well-studied entity, which increases oxidative stress during laparoscopic operations. The reported anti-inflammatory action of aprotinin was measured in a pneumoperitoneum model in rats for the first time in this study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 60 male Albino Wistar rats were used in our protocol. Prolonged pneumoperitoneum (4 h) was applied, causing splanchnic ischemia and a period of reperfusion with a duration of 60 or 180 min followed. Several cytokines and markers of oxidative stress were measured in liver, small intestine, and lungs to compare the aprotinin group with the control group. Tissue inflammation was also evaluated and compared between groups using a five-scaled histopathologic score.

RESULTS

In aprotinin group values of biochemical markers (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, endothelin 1, C reactive protein, pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance, and carbonyl proteins) were lower in all tissues studied. Statistical significance was greater in liver and lungs (P < 0.05). Histopathologic examination revealed significant difference between control and aprotinin groups in all tissues examined. Aprotinin groups showed mild to moderate lesions, while in control groups severe to very severe inflammation was present. Aprotinin subgroup with prolonged reperfusion period (180 min) showed milder lesions in all tissues than the rest of the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Aprotinin reduced inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by pneumoperitoneum in liver, small intestine, and lungs.

Does gradual detorsion protect the ovary against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats?

AIM

Adnexal torsion is an infrequent and serious gynecologic surgical emergency. Adnexal torsion may result from pre-existing tubal or ovarian pathology or hyperstimulation of the ovary during ovulation. Early diagnosis and emergency surgical treatment (detorsion) are important to preserve fertility and to prevent peritonitis or loss of the adnexa. However, during reperfusion, tissue damage is more severe than during ischemia because of oxygen-derived radicals. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of gradual detorsion on adnexal torsion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-one adult female rats were divided into three groups as sham-operated (Sh group, n = 7); torsion + detorsion (TD group, n = 7); and torsion + gradual detorsion (TGD group, n = 7). A midline laparotomy was performed under anesthesia. In the TD and TGD groups, the left adnexa along with tubal and ovarian vessels were twisted three times in a clockwise direction and fixed to the abdominal wall. After 30 h, detorsion was performed on the mesenteries of both TD and TGD groups. In the TGD group, however, detorsion was performed gradually: the ovarian mesentery was detorsioned 360°, followed by a 5-min pause, then a repeat of the cycle until full detorsion was achieved. Rats were killed 1 week later. Left ovaries were removed and evaluated histopathologically.

RESULTS

The histopathological mean grade was significantly higher in the TD than in the TGD group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Gradual detorsion can reduce reperfusion injury in a rat model of ovarian torsion. This method is easily applicable and may be a useful method for human patients with ovarian torsion.

The protective effect of curcumin on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat ovary

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the protective effects of curcumin in experimental ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of rat ovaries.

METHODS

Forty-eight female adult Wistar Albino rats were used. Rats divided into six groups and designed: Sham, Torsion, Detorsion, Sham + Curcumin, Torsion + Curcumin, and Detorsion + Curcumin. Except for the Sham and Sham + Curcumin group, all groups were performed to bilateral adnexal torsion for 3 h. Bilateral adnexal detorsion was implemented in the Detorsion and Detorsion + Curcumin groups. The injection of curcumin was intraperitoneally achieved 30 min before the sham, torsion and detorsion.

RESULTS

Total oxidant status levels (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and histologic scores values of ovarian tissue were higher in the torsion and detorsion groups than the sham group (p < 0.05). There was a strong correlation between the total histologic scores of I/R injury and the OSI (r = 0.809, p < 0.001). By the use of curcumin, a significant decrease was established in the mean levels of oxidant markers and histopathologic scores of the ovarian tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

Administration of curcumin is effective in reversing tissue damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovarian torsion.