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Association between Chlamydial Infection with Ectopic and Full-Term Pregnancies: A Case-Control Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7100285. [PMID: 36288026 PMCID: PMC9609621 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic pregnancies (EPs) are potentially fatal if not recognized early. Evidence of an association with chlamydial infection in South East Asia is lacking. This case-control study aims to (i) compare chlamydial infection in women with EP to women who delivered a full-term pregnancy, (ii) investigate classical factors associated with EP, and (iii) investigate rupture status in EP. Seventy-two women with a confirmed diagnosis of EP and sixty-nine who delivered a full-term pregnancy in a tertiary hospital in Malaysia were recruited from November 2019 to January 2022. Demographic and relevant clinical data and intraoperative findings were documented. Blood samples for testing IgG levels of chlamydia were obtained. Women with EP were more likely to have tested positive for chlamydia than those with a full-term delivery (34.7% vs. 13.0%, AOR = 4.18, 95% CI = 1.67-10.48, p = 0.002). The majority did not have the classic risk factors associated with EP. An amount of 52.8% presented with a ruptured EP, with 84.2% of ruptures occurring after six weeks of gestation. An amount of 44.2% had an estimated blood loss of more than 500 cc, with 20% losing more than 1500 cc of blood. The prevalence of prior chlamydial infection in women with EP is significant enough to necessitate a review of early pregnancy care.
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Xia Q, Wang T, Xian J, Song J, Qiao Y, Mu Z, Liu H, Sun Z. Relation of Chlamydia trachomatis infections to ectopic pregnancy: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18489. [PMID: 31895782 PMCID: PMC6946389 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a multitude of previous studies, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) plays an important role in the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy (EP). However, the predictive value of CT infections in the occurrence of EP has not been estimated worldwide. We thus evaluated, by means of a meta-analysis, the current status of the association between CT infections with EP and the potential predictive value of CT infections in EP. METHODS We evaluated studies performed between the database construction time and August 2018 published in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and the Web of Science (SCI). The relationship between CT and EP was calculated based upon the predetermined entry criteria for control group selection and the original data. The related articles were analyzed using a random-effects model, and the heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the I index. Data were analyzed with the STATA 12.0 software. RESULTS Twenty-five studies that recruited 11960 patients were included in the present meta-analysis, and the relation of CT infections with EP were assessed. The association between CT infections and EP risk showed an odds ratio (OR) of 3.03, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 2.37 to 3.89. Our results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the intervention and control groups. The prevalence of CT infections in EP was then calculated by a subgroup analysis: African (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.14-4.31), European (OR, 3.16; 95% CI, 2.10-4.47), North American (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.78-5.31), and Asian (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.95-5.90). CONCLUSIONS From the results of numerous studies conducted on different continents, this meta-analysis showed a clear association between EP and prior CT infections, that is, CT infections increase the risk of EP occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchang Xia
- Master of Gynecology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Medical history of Chinese medicine, Institute for Literature and Culture of Chinese Medicine Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jin Xian
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jingyan Song
- Department of Gynecology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yan Qiao
- Master of Gynecology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine
| | - Zhenni Mu
- Master of Gynecology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Honggen Liu
- Master of Gynecology in Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhengao Sun
- Reproductive Medicine Center of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Li HWR, Liao SB, Chiu PCN, Yeung WSB, Ng EHY, Cheung ANY, Tang F, O WS. Effects of adrenomedullin on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in oviducts from women with tubal ectopic pregnancy: an in-vitro experimental study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:120. [PMID: 26542809 PMCID: PMC4635555 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of tubal ectopic pregnancy (tEP) is related to the inflammation of the oviduct. Recently, Adrenomedullin (ADM) was found highly expression in human oviduct. The current study is to investigate whether ADM have a modulatory action on inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in oviductal tissue from women with tubal ectopic pregnancy (tEP). METHODS Oviductal isthmus samples were collected from women with tEP undergoing salpingectomy, and women undergoing hysterectomy for benign gynaecological conditions. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were assayed by PCR (n = 6 for tEP, n = 5 for controls) and protein microarray methods (n = 5 for both tEP and controls) respectively. RESULTS Some of the inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were upregulated by ADM in oviducts from tEP patients at both mRNA and protein levels. Incubation of oviduct from tEP patients with ADM for 24 h down-regulated some of these cytokines/chemokines. CONCLUSION Our results suggest an additional mechanism whereby ADM insufficiency may increase the susceptibility to tEP through diminished anti-inflammatory activity. The actual impact of the relationship between ADM and inflammatory process on tubal implantation needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wun Raymond Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Su-Bin Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Philip Chi Ngong Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - William Shu Biu Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Ernest Hung Yu Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Annie Nga Yin Cheung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Fai Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Wai Sum O
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Li C, Meng CX, Sun LL, Zhao WH, Zhang M, Zhang J, Cheng L. Reduced prevalence of chronic tubal inflammation in tubal pregnancies after levonorgestrel emergency contraception failure. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2015; 24:548-54. [PMID: 25832444 PMCID: PMC6681171 DOI: 10.1002/pds.3775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare chronic fallopian tubal inflammatory disease and fibrosis between patients with general tubal pregnancy (TP) and TP with levonorgestrel (LNG) emergency contraception (EC) failure. METHODS We retrospectively studied patients with general TP (n = 79) and TP following LNG-EC failure (n = 81) within the same conception cycle. Information on the gynecological features of each subject was collected. Pelvic inflammatory disease and associated sequelae were assessed by the serum Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) IgG test, laparoscopic evaluation of tubal damage, and histopathological observation of tube tissues. Chi-square and Student's t-tests were employed to determine the difference between the two groups. RESULTS Compared with general TP, cases of TP following LNG-EC failure subjects were less likely to have a history of previous ectopic pregnancy (5.06% vs. 18.52%, p = 0.009) and adnexal surgery (6.33% vs. 22.22%, p = 0.010). Patients with TP following LNG-EC failure were less likely to have pelvic inflammatory disease and associated sequelae than those with general TP, as revealed by positive reaction to anti-CT IgG (18.18% vs. 35.94%, p = 0.031), assessment of tubal damage (grade I: 5.06% vs. 17.28%; grade II: 2.53% vs. 11.11%; grade III: 1.27% vs. 6.17%; p = 0.001), infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells (10.91% vs. 62.50%, p < 0.001), and positive Masson's staining (7.69% vs. 39.58%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Compared with cases of general TP, cases of TP following LNG-EC failure exhibited reduced rates of CT infection, fallopian tubal inflammation, and/or fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for ovarian pregnancy (OP) and compare clinical features between OP and tubal pregnancy (TP) patients. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS A case-control study was conducted from January 2005 to May 2014. Women diagnosed with OP were recruited as the case group (n=71), 145 women with TP and 146 with intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) were matched as controls at a ratio of 1:2:2. Women who refused interviews or provided incomplete information were excluded. RESULTS OP risk was lower than TP risk in women with serological evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection (adjusted OR1 0.17, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.52), previous adnexal surgery (adjusted OR1 0.25, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.95), and current levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive use (adjusted OR1 0.24, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.78). In vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) carried a higher risk of OP (adjusted OR1 12.18, 95% CI 2.23 to 66.58) than natural conception. When Controlled by IUP women, current users of intrauterine devices (IUDs) carried a higher risk of OP than non-users of any contraceptives (adjusted OR2 9.60, 95% CI 1.76 to 42.20). β-Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels on the day of surgery were higher in OP patients than in TP patients (p<0.01). Women with OP were less likely to initially present with vaginal bleeding than those with TP (p=0.02). Moreover, shock (p=0.02), rupture (p<0.01), haemoperitoneum (p<0.01) and emergency laparotomy (p<0.01) were more common in the OP group than in the TP group. CONCLUSIONS IVF-ET and IUD use may be risk factors for OP, and OP patients tend to have high β-hCG levels and a poor clinical outcome (shock, rupture, haemoperitoneum and need for emergency laparotomy). Our findings may contribute to the prevention and early diagnosis of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Jing Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xing Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Juan Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Minhang Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Stamatopoulos N, Casikar I, Reid S, Roy B, Branley J, Mongelli M, Condous G. Chlamydia trachomatis in fallopian tubes of women undergoing laparoscopy for ectopic pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 52:377-9. [PMID: 22861662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2012.01456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study whether Chlamydia trachomatis is absent or persists in a latent state in the fallopian tube at the time of laparoscopic salpingectomy for tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP). METHODS We examined tissue of the fallopian tubes for the presence of C. trachomatis from women who underwent laparoscopic salpingectomy for EP. Presence or absence of C. trachomatis was assessed using both Probe Tec ET (define Tec and ET please) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Ausdiagnositic STD 6 assays) DNA amplification. RESULTS Fresh tubal tissue from 17 women with histological confirmation of EP was examined in a hospital setting for the presence of C. trachomatis. The presence of C. trachomatis DNA was confirmed by PCR using a commercial test (BD ProbeTec ET System), and a real-time enhanced PCR able to detect few copies of the organism. Chlamydia DNA was detected in 0/16 tubal specimens, and in one case, the PCR analysis was not possible for presence of inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS We did not find any evidence of latent infection of C. trachomatis in the fallopian tube at the time of laparoscopic salpingectomy for EP in our study. Although the numbers are small, our results suggest that EP can be considered a late complication of the tubal damage resulted from a previous acute Chlamydia infection and that EP may not be related to a latent persistence of Chlamydia in the fallopian tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stamatopoulos
- Acute Gynaecology, Early Pregnancy and Advanced Endosurgery Unit, Sydney Medical School Nepean, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, Sydney, Australia.
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