Successful pregnancy after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation from a brain-dead donor: the first case report in Japan

Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnant Patient With Pancreas-Kidney Transplant Caused by Abdominal Compartment Syndrome: A Case Presentation, Review of Literature, and Proposal of Diagnostic Approach

Rationale:

With increasing number of complex medical patients with renal transplant who get pregnant, clinicians need to be aware of abdominal compartment syndrome which may masquerade as acute renal allograft injury in pregnancy.

Presenting concerns of the patient:

A 34-year-old nulliparous Caucasian female with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to type 1 diabetes mellitus who received a simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant (SPK) in 2006 and then after rejection of renal allograft another, kidney-only allograft from a donation after circulatory death became pregnant in May 2013 with dichorionic, diamniotic twins without reproductive technology, and during pregnancy, she developed two episodes of acute injury to the renal allograft.

Diagnoses:

End-stage renal disease secondary to type I diabetes, acute renal allograft injury, tacrolimus toxicity, abdominal pain.

Interventions (including prevention and lifestyle):

She received intravenous hydration, medications contributing to renal failure were held, and pain and nauseas were controlled appropriately. Abdominal compartment syndrome was managed by maintaining intravascular pressure and optimizing regional and systemic vascular perfusion by appropriate fluid balance, evacuating intraluminal contents by decompressing gastrointestinal system, and improving abdominal wall compliance by using appropriate analgesics, sedation, and patient positioning.

Outcomes:

With advancing pregnancy, the patient developed progressive abdominal pain, nausea, leg edema, and rising creatinine that were not responsive to ongoing therapies and required delivery via Cesarean section at 31 weeks of gestational age.

Lessons learned:

In the era of increasing number of pregnant renal transplant patients with multiple medical issues, we need organized approach to diagnosis of acute renal allograft injury in pregnancy and we need to consider abdominal compartment syndrome as one of the causes.

Successful Pregnancy Outcome in a Recipient With Simultaneous Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Who Underwent Posttransplant Metabolic Surgery

Although chronic kidney disease decreases fertility, kidney transplantation provides restoration of fertility in women, enabling them to get pregnant. Data available from registries have shown that pregnancy is feasible in solid-organ transplant recipients without significant impact on long-term graft function. Despite these reassuring data, some studies have reported that one-third of female transplant recipients are still actively being counseled against pregnancy. Here, we present a patient who received a simultaneous deceased-donor kidney and pancreas transplant and who had a favorably evolved pregnancy. The 36-yearold kidney-pancreas transplant recipient conceived 5 months after her marriage. The patient was closely followed during pregnancy by a multidisciplinary team that included a nephrologist, gynecologist, and endocrinologist. Renal function and blood glucose levels remained within normal limits. She delivered her baby normally at 31 weeks of pregnancy (1.3-kg male baby). Currently, both mother and baby are doing well. Pregnancy in combined kidney and pancreas transplant recipients with stable graft functions is feasible but remains risky. Proper planning, modification of immunosuppressive drugs, and close monitoring are the keys to optimized maternal, fetal, and graft outcomes.

Ectopic pregnancy in simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation: A case report

INTRODUCTION

We present a case report of ectopic pregnancy (EP) after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SKPTx).

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 33-year-old female status post SKPTx suddenly got abdominal pain in the lower level. She had high human chorionic Gonadotropin test. Ultrasonography revealed that there was no fetus in the uterus but a dilated right fallopian tube, which strongly suggested ectopic pregnancy. An emergency operation was performed and a dilated right side uterine tube was found with adhesions to her transplant. Salpingectomy was performed and no visible injury to the pancreas was found by the procedure. Pathological evaluation showed ectopic pregnant fetus, and no pancreas dysfunction was observed after the operation.

DISCUSSION

This is the first case and operation report of EP after SKPTx. We should consider various causes of acute abdomen as well as several pathological condition in the transplanted pancreas such as pancreatitis, abscess, and thrombosis in vessels in the organ. Moreover, transplanted pancreas in abdomen is easily misrecognized as adipose tissue and there is high risk that the organ to get injured surgically.

CONCLUSION

EP should be included in the different diagnosis in SKPTx female patients who get acute abdominal pain. It is highly desirable that transplant surgeon is included in the operation team for EP of these patients.

Risk of obstetrical complications in organ transplant recipient pregnancies

Pregnancy after kidney and liver transplantation is becoming relatively common, although, in both groups, maternal complications are higher than in the general population. Both mean gestational age and mean birthweight seems significantly greater for liver transplant versus kidney transplant recipients and the risk of hypertension during pregnancy seems also lower for liver transplant than kidney transplant recipients. Thus, sequelae of chronic kidney diseases have stronger adverse effects on pregnancy, leading to a higher occurrence of adverse neonatal complications. Also, gestation in heart recipients may be complicated and preeclampsia seems to occur more frequently. However, the transplanted heart seems to adapt well to changes caused by pregnancy, such as increased cardiac workload and output, and elevated maternal oxygen consumption. More problematic is pregnancy in lung transplant recipients. Spontaneous pregnancy and healthy childbirth after bone marrow grafting is relatively rare due to irradiation, but, if gestation occurs, no specific problems have been identified. Obstetrical syndromes associated with transplantation reflect the pathology of defective deep placentation, where conversion of uterine spiral arteries remains largely restricted to the decidual segment. The myometrial segments of the uteroplacental arteries have a unique vascular memory and are at great risk to develop obstructive, atherosclerotic lesions. A similar increased risk of complications already existed in pregnancies during the years before transplantation. The effect of immunosuppressive therapy remains speculative. Therefore, the main target for improving the outcome of pregnancy in women at risk is the strict antihypertensive treatment from the earliest stage of pregnancy.