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Hudson JL, Wong J, Durkin M, Gangathimmaiah V, Furyk J. Review article: Efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron versus placebo or control in reducing vomiting in children undergoing ketamine procedural sedation in the emergency department: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med Australas 2024; 36:178-186. [PMID: 38220580 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Ketamine is commonly used for procedural sedation anaesthesia in paediatric patients undergoing painful procedures in the ED. Ketamine's safety profile is excellent, but ketamine-associated vomiting (KAV) is common. Routine ondansetron prophylaxis could reduce KAV incidence. This literature review evaluated the efficacy of prophylactic ondansetron in reducing KAV incidence. A systematic literature review was performed on databases and trial registries on 14 January 2023 to identify randomised controlled trials. The primary outcome was reduction in KAV incidence, for any route of prophylactic ondansetron, in ED and up to 24 h post-discharge. ED length of stay, parental satisfaction and time to resumption of normal diet were secondary outcomes. Data analysis was performed using Revman 5.3. Meta-analysis was performed using random effects modelling. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias 2 tool. Evidence quality was assessed using Grading of Recommendation, Assessment Development and Evaluation methodology. Five trials with 920 participants met the eligibility criteria. Prophylactic ondansetron resulted in a reduction in KAV incidence overall odds ratio of 0.51 (95% confidence interval: 0.36-0.73). Intravenous and intramuscular prophylactic ondansetron showed benefit whereas the effect of oral administration was unclear. There was no difference between groups for secondary outcomes overall. The quality of evidence was deemed to be low overall because of high risk of bias and imprecision in outcome measures. This review found low to moderate certainty evidence that prophylactic ondansetron reduces KAV incidence. Methodologically rigorous research, with appropriately timed prophylactic ondansetron based on the route of administration, would further elucidate prophylactic oral ondansetron's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Hudson
- Emergency Department, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julian Wong
- Emergency Department, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Durkin
- Emergency Department, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vinay Gangathimmaiah
- Emergency Department, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeremy Furyk
- Emergency Department, University Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Wang M, Feng N, Qin J, Wang S, Chen J, Qian S, Liu Y, Luo F. Abdominal surgery under ketamine anesthesia during second trimester impairs hippocampal learning and memory of offspring by regulating dendrite spine remodeling in rats. Neurotoxicology 2024; 101:82-92. [PMID: 38346645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence showed that general anesthesia produces long-term neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction. However, it remains unclear whether maternal non-obstetric surgery under ketamine anesthesia during second trimester causes cognitive impairment in offspring. The present study assigned pregnant rats into three groups: 1) normal control group receiving no anesthesia and no surgery, 2) ketamine group receiving ketamine anesthesia for 2 h on the 14th day of gestation but no surgery, and 3) surgery group receiving abdominal surgery under ketamine anesthesia on the 14th day of gestation. On postnatal day 1, the offspring rats in Ketamine group and surgery group were assigned to receive intra-peritoneal injection of Senegenin (15 mg/kg), once per day for consecutive 14 days. The offspring's spatial perception, anxiety-like behavior, and learning and memory were evaluated. Then the offspring's hippocampal tissues were collected. The offspring of the surgery group were impaired in the spatial perception in the cliff avoidance test and the spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze test. Accordingly, the activity of histone deacetylases increased, the protein levels of NEDD9, BDNF, p-TrkB, Syn and PSD-95 decreased, and the density of dendritic spines reduced in the hippocampus of the offspring of the surgery group, and such effects were not seen in the offspring of the ketamine group, neither in the offspring of control group. Senegenin alleviated the learning and memory impairment, and increased the protein levels of NEDD9, BDNF, p-TrkB, Syn and PSD-95 and the density of dendritic spines in the offspring of the surgery group. ketamine anesthesia plus surgery during second trimester impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, and the deficits could be rescued by treatment with Senegenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Namin Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jia Qin
- Rehabilitation Medical Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Shengqiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yichun People's Hospital, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Jiabao Chen
- Rehabilitation Medical Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Shaojie Qian
- Rehabilitation Medical Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Foquan Luo
- Rehabilitation Medical Center and Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Hangzhou Medical College Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.
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Shafa A, Abediny R, Shetabi H, Shahhosseini S. The Effect of Preoperative Combined with Intravenous Lidocaine and Ketamine vs. Intravenous Ketamine on Pediatric Patients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Anesth Pain Med 2023; 13:e130991. [PMID: 37645009 PMCID: PMC10461382 DOI: 10.5812/aapm-130991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ketamine is widely used in pediatric sedation. New studies have recommended combination therapy to reduce the side effects of ketamine. Objectives This study investigated the effect of adding intravenous (IV) lidocaine to ketamine on hemodynamic parameters, endoscopist satisfaction, and recovery time of children undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. Methods This triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted in Isfahan, Iran (2021). One hundred twenty children between the ages of 1 and 6 were enrolled. Patients were divided into 2 groups. The intervention group received 1.0 mg/kg of IV lidocaine and 1.0 mg/kg of IV ketamine, and the placebo group received 1.0 mg/kg of IV ketamine and placebo 2 minutes before entering the endoscopic room. Patients in both groups were sedated with 1.0 mg/kg of propofol, 0.1 mg/kg of midazolam, and 2.0 ug/kg of fentanyl for the procedure. The pulse rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation were recorded 1 minute before injection and every 5 minutes afterward. Results The mean (SD) ages of the intervention and control groups were 3.4 (1.5) and 3.4 (1.7), respectively. The mean difference in hemodynamic parameters between the 2 groups was insignificant during the investigation (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were found regarding endoscopist satisfaction scores and length of recovery room stay (P > 0.05). Conclusions Adding low-dose IV lidocaine to ketamine for pediatric sedation does not significantly affect the hemodynamic status, endoscopist satisfaction, and recovery time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shafa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Abediny
- Department of Anesthesiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Shetabi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sedighe Shahhosseini
- Department of Anesthesiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Yim AKM, Ng MH, Kwok SSL, Lo D. Retrospective review for procedural sedation and analgesia in paediatric patients in urgent care centre in a local private hospital in Hong Kong. HONG KONG J EMERG ME 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10249079221077497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Procedural sedation and analgesia in children refer to the use of pharmacological measures to facilitate the management of painful procedures or emergency imaging, usually in emergency setting by non-anaesthetists. Emergency clinicians, nurses, patients and caregivers all have their roles to play in providing a safe sedation practice in the busy emergency department. Method: We did a retrospective review of all procedural sedation and analgesia done in patients below the age of 12 in our urgent care centre from October 2018 to August 2019. Results: There were 144 patients being identified in our review. Majority of them received intramuscular ketamine ranging from 2 to 4 mg/kg. There was no documented severe adverse effect in our review. Conclusion: Paediatric procedural sedation and analgesia is generally safe, efficient, adequate and facilitate early patient discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anfernee Kin-ming Yim
- Intensive Care Medicine, Hong Kong Adventist Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
- Urgent Care Centre, Hong Kong Adventist Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
| | - Man-ho Ng
- Urgent Care Centre, Hong Kong Adventist Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
| | | | - Doretta Lo
- Urgent Care Centre, Hong Kong Adventist Hospital, Tsuen Wan, Hong Kong
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Li C, Yan J, Tang D, Zhu J, Huang C, Sun Y, Hu R, Wang H, Fu C, Chen Y, Jiang H. GluN2A-selective positive allosteric modulator-nalmefene-flumazenil reverses ketamine-fentanyl-dexmedetomidine-induced anesthesia and analgesia in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5265. [PMID: 32210319 PMCID: PMC7093419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics are used to produce hypnosis and analgesic effects during surgery, but anesthesia for a long time after the operation is not conducive to the recovery of animals or patients. Therefore, finding appropriate treatments to counter the effects of anesthetics could enhance postoperative recovery. In the current study, we discovered the novel role of a GluN2A-selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) in ketamine-induced anesthesia and investigated the effects of the PAM combined with nalmefene and flumazenil (PNF) in reversing the actions of an anesthetic combination (ketamine-fentanyl-dexmedetomidine, KFD). PAM treatment dose-dependently decreased the duration of the ketamine-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR). Compared with those in the KFD group, the duration of LORR and the analgesic effect of the KFD + PNF group were obviously decreased. Meanwhile, successive administration of PNF and KFD had no adverse effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Both the KFD group and the KFD + PNF group showed no changes in hepatic and renal function or cognitive function in rats. Moreover, the recovery of motor coordination of the KFD + PNF group was faster than that of the KFD group. In summary, our results suggest the potential application of the PNF combination as an antagonistic treatment strategy for anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Dewei Tang
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jidong Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chen Huang
- College of Medical Imaging and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chaoying Fu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yelin Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Center for Specialty Strategy Research of Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Hospital Development Institute, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Herrington JA, Del Rosso L, Capitanio JP. Behavioral effects of postnatal ketamine exposure in rhesus macaque infants are dependent on MAOA-LPR genotype. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:605-614. [PMID: 30868562 PMCID: PMC7441824 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist widely used in pediatric anesthetic and therapeutic practices and veterinary medicine. Previous evidence suggests that exposure to ketamine during sensitive periods of development results in neural apoptosis and atypical behavior. Since monoamine neurotransmitters play important roles in prenatal and early postnatal neural development, and since previous work suggests ketamine can inhibit monoamine transporters, we hypothesized that there would be behavioral consequences of prenatal and early postnatal exposure to ketamine moderated by genotype of the promoter in the monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA) gene. From a large sample of animals (N = 408), we compared groups of rhesus monkeys that had experienced a single exposure to ketamine during prenatal development, an exposure during prenatal development and one postnatal exposure, a postnatal exposure with no prenatal exposure, and no exposures. Animals were classified by putative activity levels for the MAOA genotype and were tested between 3 and 4 months of age on a battery of behavioral tests. Results suggested that animals exposed to ketamine postnatally, at a dose typically used for sedative effects that also had the low-activity variant of MAOA performed poorly on a visual memory test compared to animals with the high-activity variant of the MAOA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Del Rosso
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - John P. Capitanio
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California
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7
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Use of ketamine by paediatricians in Italian paediatric emergency departments: a missed opportunity? Eur J Pediatr 2019; 178:587-591. [PMID: 30671694 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-019-03320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Procedural sedation and analgesia with ketamine are part of daily practice for children undergoing painful procedures in the paediatric emergency department (ED) of North America. A massive number of studies demonstrate ketamine's safety and efficacy in the hands of trained ED paediatricians, with few severe adverse events (SAEs) recorded. Since there are no data on ketamine's usage in Italian paediatric EDs, we created a survey to examine procedural sedation with ketamine in the EDs of the Italian PIPER (Pain in Paediatric Emergency Room) group, which includes 36 paediatric EDs providing 1.4 million paediatric visits each year. Results were reviewed using frequencies to describe responses. Thirty-two out of 36 centres replied to the questionnaire. In 6 (19%) out of 32 centres, ketamine is not used at all in the paediatric ED. In 6 centres (23%) of 26 which use ketamine, this drug is autonomously administered by the emergency paediatrician, whereas in 20 (77%) of them it is exclusively managed by the anaesthesiologist on call.Conclusion: ketamine is autonomously administered only by a small percentage of Italian emergency paediatricians. There is an increasing need for implementation of procedural sedation training and use of ketamine in the everyday practice outside the operating room in paediatric EDs. What is Known: • Ketamine is safely and efficaciously administered for children's procedural sedation and analgesia by trained emergency paediatricians in the everyday practice outside the operating room in North America. • In the Italian setting, there are no data at all concerning ketamine's usage by the emergency paediatricians for procedural sedation and pain control. What is New: • In this study emerged that ketamine is poorly administered by Italian emergency paediatricians for procedural sedation and analgesia outside the operating room. • A great deal of educational effort should be made to widen ketamine based procedural sedation availability in Italian emergency departments by spreading specific training tracks and guidelines.
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Hornik CP, Gonzalez D, van den Anker J, Atz AM, Yogev R, Poindexter BB, Ng KC, Delmore P, Harper BL, Melloni C, Lewandowski A, Gelber C, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Lee JH. Population Pharmacokinetics of Intramuscular and Intravenous Ketamine in Children. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:1092-1104. [PMID: 29677389 PMCID: PMC6195858 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is an N-methyl D-aspartate receptor antagonist used off-label to facilitate dissociative anesthesia in children undergoing invasive procedures. Available for both intravenous and intramuscular administration, ketamine is commonly used when vascular access is limited. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data in children are sparse, and the bioavailability of intramuscular ketamine in children is unknown. We performed 2 prospective PK studies of ketamine in children receiving either intramuscular or intravenous ketamine and combined the data to develop a pediatric population PK model using nonlinear mixed-effects methods. We applied our model by performing dosing simulations targeting plasma concentrations previously associated with analgesia (>100 ng/mL) and anesthesia awakening (750 ng/mL). A total of 113 children (50 intramuscular and 63 intravenous ketamine) with a median age of 3.3 years (range 0.02 to 17.6 years), and median weight of 14 kg (2.4 to 176.1) contributed 275 plasma samples (149 after intramuscular, 126 after intravenous ketamine). A 2-compartment model with first-order absorption following intramuscular administration and first-order elimination described the data best. Allometrically scaled weight was included in the base model for central and peripheral volume of distribution (exponent 1) and for clearance and intercompartmental clearance (exponent 0.75). Model-estimated bioavailability of intramuscular ketamine was 41%. Dosing simulations suggest that doses of 2 mg/kg intravenously and 8 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg intramuscularly, depending on age, provide adequate sedation (plasma ketamine concentrations >750 ng/mL) for procedures lasting up to 20 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph P Hornik
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Gonzalez
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Andrew M Atz
- Medical University of South Carolina Children's Hospital, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ram Yogev
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Barrie L Harper
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chiara Melloni
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jan Hau Lee
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
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Majidi S, Parna A, Zamani M, Akhbari K. Onset and Effect Duration of Intrabuccal Space and Intramuscular Ketamine in Pediatrics. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:91. [PMID: 29930931 PMCID: PMC5991285 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_114_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Painful diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed for children are routine actions. Opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as acetaminophens are among medications that can be used for this purpose. This study aimed to compare the onset and duration of action of intrabuccal (IB, submucosal) space and intramuscular (IM) injection of ketamine in pediatrics. Materials and Methods This clinical trial study was carried out on 126 children of 1-15 years old referred to the emergency room of Al-Zahra and Kashani Hospitals in Isfahan and divided into two 63 populated groups of IM and IB. For one group randomly, 3 mg/kg IB ketamine was administered, and for another group, ketamine was injected intramuscularly at the dose of 5 mg/kg. The drug effect, surgeon satisfaction, and complications were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results The mean of time between injection and onset of drug effect in IM group was 5.71 min, whereas in IB group, it was 4.14 min (P < 0.0001). The mean of the duration of drug effect in IM group was 45.54 min, whereas in IB group, it was 24.63 min (P < 0.0001). Complications in IM group were significantly more reported than IB group (33.3% versus 11.1%, respectively, P = 003). The median of surgeon satisfaction in IM group was 3 and in IB group was 4 which was statistically significant (P = 0.007). Conclusions IB method is preferred over IM method, and hence, it is recommended to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Majidi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdolrahman Parna
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Zamani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kourosh Akhbari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Gangathimmaiah V, Le Cong M, Wilson M, Hooper K, Perry A, Burman L, Puckeridge N, Maguire BJ. Ketamine Sedation for Patients With Acute Behavioral Disturbance During Aeromedical Retrieval: A Retrospective Chart Review. Air Med J 2017; 36:311-314. [PMID: 29132594 DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, safety (as measured by the incidence of adverse events), and effectiveness (as measured by the incidence of intubations) of ketamine sedation in patients with acute behavioral disturbance (ABD) during air medical retrieval. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study. Eligible patients were identified by searching the electronic databases of 2 air medical retrieval services in Queensland, Australia, for adult patients with ABD transported between January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2016. Data abstraction was performed as per standard chart review criteria. The incidences of intubations and adverse reactions were the main outcomes. RESULTS One hundred twenty-two patients met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-one (25.4%) patients were intubated, 21 (17.2%) for airway protection/respiratory depression and 10 (8.1%) for persistent ABD. Twenty-one (17.2%) patients received ketamine, 3 of whom (14.3%) were intubated for persistent ABD. Nine (42.9%) patients developed hypertension after ketamine, 2 of whom needed intervention. One patient developed hypoxia after ketamine that resolved without intervention, and 1 patient developed increased secretions. No patients developed nausea, vomiting, emergence phenomena, apnea, or laryngospasm. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that ketamine is a safe and effective agent for sedating patients with ABD during air medical retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minh Le Cong
- Royal Flying Doctor Service, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mike Wilson
- LifeFlight Retrieval Medicine, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate Hooper
- LifeFlight Retrieval Medicine, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Perry
- LifeFlight Retrieval Medicine, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke Burman
- LifeFlight Retrieval Medicine, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Puckeridge
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brian J Maguire
- School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Queensland, Australia
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Sedation and analgesia for procedures in the pediatric emergency room. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ramalho CE, Bretas PMC, Schvartsman C, Reis AG. Sedation and analgesia for procedures in the pediatric emergency room. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2017; 93 Suppl 1:2-18. [PMID: 28945987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children and adolescents often require sedation and analgesia in emergency situations. With the emergence of new therapeutic options, the obsolescence of others, and recent discoveries regarding already known drugs, it became necessary to review the literature in this area. DATA SOURCES Non-systematic review in the PubMed database of studies published up to December 2016, including original articles, review articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. References from textbooks, publications from regulatory agencies, and articles cited in reviews and meta-analyses through active search were also included. DATA SYNTHESIS Based on current literature, the concepts of sedation and analgesia, the necessary care with the patient before, during, and after sedoanalgesia, and indications related to the appropriate choice of drugs according to the procedure to be performed and their safety profiles are presented. CONCLUSIONS The use of sedoanalgesia protocols in procedures in the pediatric emergency room should guide the professional in the choice of medication, the appropriate material, and in the evaluation of discharge criteria, thus assuring quality in care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Ramalho
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto da Criança, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Messeder Caldeira Bretas
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto da Criança, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Schvartsman
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amélia Gorete Reis
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Instituto da Criança, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Eskander AE, Baroudy NRE, Refay ASE. Ketamine Sedation in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Children. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2016; 4:392-396. [PMID: 27703561 PMCID: PMC5042621 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2016.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy has traditionally been provided by the endoscopist. Controversy has ensued over safe and efficient sedation practice as endoscopy has increased in numbers and complexity. AIM To evaluate the safety of ketamine sedation given by non-anesthesiologist during gastrointestinal endoscopy in children. METHODS A prospective study of 100 paediatric patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who were a candidate for upper or lower gastrointestinal endoscopy in paediatric endoscopy unit at Abo El-Reesh Paediatric Hospital, Cairo University. All children were > 2 years old and weighed > 6 kg. The analysis was performed in terms of sedation-related complications. RESULTS A total 100 paediatric patients including 53 males and 47 females with mean age of 5.04 years were involved in the study. All children were medicated with ketamine with a mean dose of 3.77mg/kg. No complications occurred in 87% of cases. Desaturation occurred in 13% of the cases and was reversible by supplemental nasal oxygen. Desaturation was more frequent during Upper GI Endoscopy and with the intramuscular route (p value=0.049). No apnea, bradycardia, arrest or emergence reactions were recorded. CONCLUSION Ketamine sedation found to be safe for paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy in Egyptian children without co-morbidities. Transient Hypoxia (13%) may occur but easily reversed by nasal oxygen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman E Eskander
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nevine R El Baroudy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amira S El Refay
- Departments of Child Health, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt (Affiliation ID: 60014618)
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Hartling L, Milne A, Foisy M, Lang ES, Sinclair D, Klassen TP, Evered L. What Works and What's Safe in Pediatric Emergency Procedural Sedation: An Overview of Reviews. Acad Emerg Med 2016; 23:519-30. [PMID: 26858095 PMCID: PMC5021163 DOI: 10.1111/acem.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sedation is increasingly used to facilitate procedures on children in emergency departments (EDs). This overview of systematic reviews (SRs) examines the safety and efficacy of sedative agents commonly used for procedural sedation in children in the ED or similar settings. METHODS We followed standard SR methods: comprehensive search; dual study selection, quality assessment, data extraction. We included SRs of children (1 month to 18 years) where the indication for sedation was procedure-related and performed in the ED. RESULTS Fourteen SRs were included (210 primary studies). The most data were available for propofol (six reviews/50,472 sedations) followed by ketamine (7/8,238), nitrous oxide (5/8,220), and midazolam (4/4,978). Inconsistent conclusions for propofol were reported across six reviews. Half concluded that propofol was sufficiently safe; three reviews noted a higher occurrence of adverse events, particularly respiratory depression (upper estimate 1.1%; 5.4% for hypotension requiring intervention). Efficacy of propofol was considered in four reviews and found adequate in three. Five reviews found ketamine to be efficacious and seven reviews showed it to be safe. All five reviews of nitrous oxide concluded it is safe (0.1% incidence of respiratory events); most found it effective in cooperative children. Four reviews of midazolam made varying recommendations. To be effective, midazolam should be combined with another agent that increases the risk of adverse events (upper estimate 9.1% for desaturation, 0.1% for hypotension requiring intervention). CONCLUSIONS This comprehensive examination of an extensive body of literature shows consistent safety and efficacy for nitrous oxide and ketamine, with very rare significant adverse events for propofol. There was considerable heterogeneity in outcomes and reporting across studies and previous reviews. Standardized outcome sets and reporting should be encouraged to facilitate evidence-based recommendations for care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hartling
- Alberta Research Centre for Health EvidenceDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Andrea Milne
- Alberta Research Centre for Health EvidenceDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Michelle Foisy
- Alberta Research Centre for Health EvidenceDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
| | - Eddy S. Lang
- Department of Emergency MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Douglas Sinclair
- Department of Emergency MedicineSt. Michaels HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Terry P. Klassen
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Manitoba and Child Health Research Institute of ManitobaWinnipegManitobaCanada
| | - Lisa Evered
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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15
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Wang C, Liu F, Patterson TA, Paule MG, Slikker W. Relationship between ketamine-induced developmental neurotoxicity and NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx in neural stem cell-derived neurons. Neurotoxicology 2016; 60:254-259. [PMID: 27132109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, is used as a general anesthetic and recent data suggest that general anesthetics can cause neuronal damage when exposure occurs during early brain development. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms associated with ketamine-induced neurotoxicity, stem cell-derived models, such as rodent neural stem cells harvested from rat fetuses and/or neural stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can be utilized. Prolonged exposure of rodent neural stem cells to clinically-relevant concentrations of ketamine resulted in elevated NMDA receptor levels as indicated by NR1subunit over-expression in neurons. This was associated with enhanced damage in neurons. In contrast, the viability and proliferation rate of undifferentiated neural stem cells were not significantly affected after ketamine exposure. Calcium imaging data indicated that 50μM NMDA did not cause a significant influx of calcium in typical undifferentiated neural stem cells; however, it did produce an immediate elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ [Ca2+]i in differentiated neurons derived from the same neural stem cells. This paper reviews the literature on this subject and previous findings suggest that prolonged exposure of developing neurons to ketamine produces an increase in NMDA receptor expression (compensatory up-regulation) which allows for a higher/toxic influx of calcium into neurons once ketamine is removed from the system, leading to neuronal cell death likely due to elevated reactive oxygen species generation. The absence of functional NMDA receptors in cultured neural stem cells likely explains why clinically-relevant concentrations of ketamine did not affect undifferentiated neural stem cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Fang Liu
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Tucker A Patterson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Merle G Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - William Slikker
- Office of the Director, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Slikker W, Liu F, Rainosek SW, Patterson TA, Sadovova N, Hanig JP, Paule MG, Wang C. Ketamine-Induced Toxicity in Neurons Differentiated from Neural Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:959-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Topical refrigerant spray for pediatric venipuncture for outpatient surgery. ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY CASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.omsc.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Wang C, Liu F, Patterson TA, Paule MG, Slikker W. Preclinical assessment of ketamine. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:448-53. [PMID: 23462308 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is used as a general anesthetic, and recent data suggest that anesthetics can cause neurodegeneration and/or neuroprotection. The precise mechanisms are not completely understood. This review is to examine the work on ketamine and to address how developmental biology may be utilized when combined with biochemical, pathological, and pharmacokinetic assessments to produce a bridging model that may decrease the uncertainty in extrapolating preclinical data to human conditions. Advantages of using preclinical models to study critical issues related to ketamine anesthesia have been described. These include the relationships between ketamine-induced neurotoxicity/protection and the preclinical models/approaches in elucidating mechanisms associated with ketamine exposure. The discussions focus on the following: (1) the doses and time-course over which ketamine is associated with damage to, or protection of, neural cells, (2) how ketamine directs or signals neural cells to undergo apoptosis or necrosis, (3) how such exposures can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, (4) how antioxidants and knockdowns of specific transcription modulators or receptors affect neurotoxicity induced by ketamine, and (5) whether the potential neural damage can be monitored after ketamine exposure in living animals using positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR)/FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079-9501, USA.
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Kim SO, Kim YJ, Koo YS, Shin TJ. Deep sedation with sevoflurane insufflated via a nasal cannula in uncooperative child undergoing the repair of dental injury. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 31:894.e1-3. [PMID: 23399336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane, a potent volatile anesthetic, has been attempted to be used for procedural sedation. Because of lack of a commercially available sedation apparatus for sevoflurane administration, anesthetic gas delivery apparatus should be connected to general anesthetic machine for delivering sevoflurane gas. In this case, deep sedation was maintained during treatment of dental injuries involving the upper lip and incisor by sevoflurane insufflations via a nasal cannula. Especially, this may be advantageous in treating dental injuries involving upper lip and maxillary anterior teeth because the treatment is not disturbed during sevoflurane insufflations via a nasal cannula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Oh Kim
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Dankook University, Cheonan-Si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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Capitanio JP, Del Rosso LA, Calonder LA, Blozis SA, Penedo MCT. Behavioral effects of prenatal ketamine exposure in rhesus macaques are dependent on MAOA genotype. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 20:173-80. [PMID: 22250657 PMCID: PMC3481859 DOI: 10.1037/a0026773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that is used in anesthetic, abuse, and therapeutic contexts. Recent evidence suggests that ketamine may affect not only glutamate systems, but may also act on receptors in the dopamine and serotonin systems. Because monoamine neurotransmitters play important trophic roles in prenatal development, we hypothesized that the behavioral consequences of prenatal exposure to ketamine may be moderated by genotype of the promoter in the monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA) gene. Eighty-two infant rhesus monkeys were identified that had known dates of conception and exposures to ketamine during gestation. Animals were tested at 3-4 months of age on a battery of tests assessing responsiveness to maternal separation, recognition memory, and contact with novel objects. Animals were classified by putative activity levels for the MAOA genotype. The effects of prenatal ketamine exposure were seen only in the context of MAOA genotype. Greater exposure to ketamine resulted in increased activity, less willingness to perform in the memory task, and reduced emotionality and novel-object contact, but only for individuals with the low-activity genotype. Nearly all effects of ketamine were the result of first- and second-trimester exposure. MAOA genotype moderates the role of prenatal ketamine exposure at time points in gestation earlier than have been shown in past research, and is particularly evident for measures of emotionality. These results support the idea that ketamine's use might be best considered in light of individuals' genetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Capitanio
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Laura A. Del Rosso
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
| | - Laura A. Calonder
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis
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AMBULATORY ANAESTHESIA. Br J Anaesth 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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