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Beauchamp G, Barve S. Gazing Strategies among Sentinels of a Cooperative Breeder Are Repeatable but Unrelated to Survival. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:458. [PMID: 38927338 PMCID: PMC11200772 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Vigilance is a common behavioural adaptation to increase the chances of detecting predators before it is too late to escape. Behavioural traits are often repeatable among individuals over the long term, suggesting differences in personality. Earlier studies have documented individual consistency in the time allocated to vigilance. However, little is known about individual consistency in the ways vigilance is achieved from one moment to another and whether different patterns of vigilance among individuals are associated with survival. We aimed to determine whether sentinels of a cooperative breeder showed individual consistency in their vigilance and if individual variation was related to annual survival. During sentinel bouts from vantage points, Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) turn their heads from side to side to monitor their surroundings. Over three field seasons, we found that the head-turning frequency was repeatable in breeders but not in juveniles or non-breeding helpers. The moderate repeatability in breeders was not related to survival. Our results suggest that the head-turning frequency in sentinels of the Florida scrub-jay is repeatable in breeders but not in less experienced juveniles or helpers and, therefore, likely becomes more repeatable as individuals age. The assumption that individual variation in vigilance is related to survival was unsupported in our study and requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahas Barve
- Archbold Research Station, 123 Main Dr., Venus, FL 33960, USA;
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2
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Skinner M, Nagabaskaran G, Gantert T, Miller N. Bolder together: conformity drives behavioral plasticity in eastern gartersnakes. Anim Cogn 2024; 27:2. [PMID: 38386147 PMCID: PMC10884060 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-024-01859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Personality traits drive individual differences in behaviour that are consistent across time and context. Personality limits behavioural plasticity, which could lead to maladaptive choices if animals cannot adapt their behavior to changing conditions. Here, we assessed consistency and flexibility in one personality trait, boldness, across non-social and social contexts in eastern gartersnakes (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis). Snakes explored a novel open arena either alone or in a pair. Pairs were assigned based on the data from the solo trials, such that each snake was paired once with a bolder and once with a less bold partner. We predicted that snakes would conform when in a social context, displaying plasticity in their personality, and causing boldness scores to converge. We found that snakes were consistent within contexts (solo or paired), but changed their behavior across contexts (from solo to paired). Plasticity in boldness resulted from an interaction between conformity and repeatable individual differences in plasticity. In line with some data on other species, snakes conformed more when they were the less bold partner. Personality reflects a consistent bias in decision-making, but our results highlight that the cognitive processes that drive the expression of personality traits in behavior are flexible and sensitive to social context. We show that both consistency and plasticity combine to shape snake social behavior in ways that are responsive to competition. This pattern of behavior may be particularly beneficial for species in which group-living is seasonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Skinner
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ONT, N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Gokulan Nagabaskaran
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ONT, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Tom Gantert
- School of Nursing, Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noam Miller
- Department of Psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ONT, N2L 3C5, Canada
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3
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Westneat DF. Biological Links between Personality and Plasticity: Testing Some Alternative Hypotheses. Am Nat 2024; 203:174-188. [PMID: 38306285 DOI: 10.1086/727700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
AbstractWhen organisms respond behaviorally to a stimulus, they exhibit plasticity, but some individuals respond to the same stimulus consistently differently than others, thereby also exhibiting personality differences. Parent house sparrows express individual differences in how often they feed offspring and how that feeding rate changes with nestling age. Mean feeding rate and its slope with respect to nestling age were positively correlated at median nestling ages but not at hatching, indicating that individuality is primarily in plasticity. Individual differences could arise because of (1) interactions between environmental variables, (2) differences in underlying state or "quality," or (3) differences in the ability to update cues of changing nestling demand. Individual slopes were modestly repeatable across breeding attempts, hinting at the likely action of additional environmental variables, but only brood size was important. I also found few correlates suggesting quality differences. I used short-term brood size manipulations at two nestling ages to test divergent predictions between the three hypotheses. The pattern of correlations between response to the manipulation and individual slope did not fit any single hypothesis. Patterns of sparrow parental care reveal that personality and plasticity are not cleanly separable, and their biology is likely intertwined. New thinking may be needed about the factors parents use in decisions about care and the relevant fitness consequences.
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4
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Salazar SM, Hlebowicz K, Komdeur J, Korsten P. Repeatable parental risk taking across manipulated levels of predation threat: no individual variation in plasticity. Anim Behav 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Is vigilance a personality trait? Plasticity is key alongside some contextual consistency. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279066. [PMID: 36508445 PMCID: PMC9744299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals regularly scan their environment for predators and to monitor conspecifics. However, individuals in a group seem to differ in their vigilance linked to age, sex or state with recent links made to personality. The aims of the study were to investigate whether a) individuals differ consistently in their vigilance, b) vigilance is linked to other personality traits and c) other factors affect vigilance in the colour polymorphic Gouldian finch. Birds were tested in same (red-headed or black-headed) or mixed head colour morph same sex pairs in four contexts (novel environment, familiar environment, two changed environments). Vigilance was measured as horizontal head movements. Vigilance showed contextual consistency but no long-term temporal consistency over a year. Head movements were only weakly linked to other personality traits indicative of a risk-reward trade-off with more explorative individuals being less vigilant. Vigilance was highly plastic across situations and affected by group composition. Mixed head colour morph pairs made more head movements, potentially linked to higher social vigilance. Results indicate that vigilance is a highly plastic trait affected by personality rather than a personality trait on its own, which allows adapting vigilance to different situations.
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6
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Cockrem JF. Individual variation, personality, and the ability of animals to cope with climate change. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.897314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sixth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change describes negative effects of climate change on animals occurring on a larger scale than previously appreciated. Animal species are increasingly experiencing more frequent and extreme weather in comparison with conditions in which the species evolved. Individual variation in behavioural and physiological responses of animals to stimuli from the environment is ubiquitous across all species. Populations with relatively high levels of individual variation are more likely to be able to survive in a range of environmental conditions and cope with climate change than populations with low levels of variation. Behavioural and physiological responses are linked in animals, and personality can be defined as consistent individual behavioural and physiological responses of animals to changes in their immediate environment. Glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) are hormones that, in addition to metabolic roles, are released when the neuroendocrine stress system is activated in response to stimuli from the environment perceived to be threatening. The size of a glucocorticoid response of an animal is an indication of the animal’s personality. Animals with reactive personalities have relatively high glucocorticoid responses, are relatively slow and thorough to explore new situations, and are more flexible and able to cope with changing or unpredictable conditions than animals with proactive personalities. Animals with reactive personalities are likely to be better able to cope with environmental changes due to climate change than animals with proactive personalities. A reaction norm shows the relationship between phenotype and environmental conditions, with the slope of a reaction norm for an individual animal a measure of phenotypic plasticity. If reaction norm slopes are not parallel, there is individual variation in plasticity. Populations with relatively high individual variation in plasticity of reaction norms will have more animals that can adjust to a new situation than populations with little variation in plasticity, so are more likely to persist as environments change due to climate change. Future studies of individual variation in plasticity of responses to changing environments will help understanding of how populations of animals may be able to cope with climate change.
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Jablonszky M, Canal D, Hegyi G, Krenhardt K, Laczi M, Markó G, Nagy G, Rosivall B, Szász E, Zsebők S, Garamszegi LZ. Individual differences in song plasticity in response to social stimuli and singing position. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8883. [PMID: 35509613 PMCID: PMC9058795 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual animals can react to the changes in their environment by exhibiting behaviors in an individual‐specific way leading to individual differences in phenotypic plasticity. However, the effect of multiple environmental factors on multiple traits is rarely tested. Such a complex approach is necessary to assess the generality of plasticity and to understand how among‐individual differences in the ability to adapt to changing environments evolve. This study examined whether individuals adjust different song traits to varying environmental conditions in the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis), a passerine with complex song. We also aimed to reveal among‐individual differences in behavioral responses by testing whether individual differences in plasticity were repeatable. The presence of general plasticity across traits and/or contexts was also tested. To assess plasticity, we documented (1) short‐scale temporal changes in song traits in different social contexts (after exposition to male stimulus, female stimulus or without stimuli), and (2) changes concerning the height from where the bird sang (singing position), used as a proxy of predation risk and acoustic transmission conditions. We found population‐level relationships between singing position and both song length (SL) and complexity, as well as social context‐dependent temporal changes in SL and maximum frequency (MF). We found among‐individual differences in plasticity of SL and MF along both the temporal and positional gradients. These among‐individual differences in plasticity were repeatable. Some of the plastic responses correlated across different song traits and environmental gradients. Overall, our results show that the plasticity of bird song (1) depends on the social context, (2) exists along different environmental gradients, and (3) there is evidence for trade‐offs between the responses of different traits to different environmental variables. Our results highlight the need to consider individual differences and to investigate multiple traits along multiple environmental axes when studying behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Jablonszky
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - David Canal
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Gergely Hegyi
- Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Katalin Krenhardt
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Miklós Laczi
- Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary.,The Barn Owl Foundation Orosztony Hungary
| | - Gábor Markó
- Department of Plant Pathology Institute of Plant Protection Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Balázs Rosivall
- Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Eszter Szász
- Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Sándor Zsebők
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Group Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group Institute of Physics ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
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8
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Schielzeth H, Nakagawa S. Conditional repeatability and the variance explained by reaction norm variation in random slope models. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schielzeth
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution Friedrich Schiller University Jena Germany
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, UNSW Data Science Hub, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
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9
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Clermont J, Grenier‐Potvin A, Duchesne É, Couchoux C, Dulude‐de Broin F, Beardsell A, Bêty J, Berteaux D. The predator activity landscape predicts the anti‐predator behavior and distribution of prey in a tundra community. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Clermont
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science Université du Québec à Rimouski 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski Quebec G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Alexis Grenier‐Potvin
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science Université du Québec à Rimouski 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski Quebec G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Éliane Duchesne
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science Université du Québec à Rimouski 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski Quebec G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Charline Couchoux
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science Université du Québec à Rimouski 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski Quebec G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Frédéric Dulude‐de Broin
- Département de Biologie and Center for Northern Studies Université Laval 1045 av. de la Médecine Québec Quebec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Andréanne Beardsell
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science Université du Québec à Rimouski 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski Quebec G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Joël Bêty
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science Université du Québec à Rimouski 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski Quebec G5L 3A1 Canada
| | - Dominique Berteaux
- Canada Research Chair on Northern Biodiversity Centre for Northern Studies and Quebec Center for Biodiversity Science Université du Québec à Rimouski 300 Allée des Ursulines Rimouski Quebec G5L 3A1 Canada
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10
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Morph Composition Matters in the Gouldian Finch (Chloebia gouldiae): Involvement of Red-Headed Birds Increases Vigilance. BIRDS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/birds2040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals invest in costly vigilance to detect threats. Joining groups reduces these costs, which can be further reduced in mixed-species assemblages. In colour-polymorphic species, morphs often experience different predation pressure and vary in a variety of traits. However, little is known about differences in vigilance or how group composition affects vigilance. The aim was to investigate whether higher conspicuousness increased vigilance and whether vigilance was reduced in mixed-morph groups like in mixed-species assemblages. I tested vigilance in the colour-polymorphic Gouldian Finch (Chloebia gouldiae). Same sex pairs of different age and of either pure (red-red or black-black) or mixed head colour were exposed to three contexts (familiar, changed and novel environment) and head movements were recorded. All birds reduced the frequency of head movements with increasing novelty, indicating different vigilance strategies (switching from a searching to a tracking strategy) depending on the situation. While vigilance did not differ between morphs, morph composition mattered. Black-headed pairs made fewer head movements than mixed-head colour pairs. Results indicated that conspicuousness did not affect vigilance, possibly due to existing adaptations to reduce predation risk. However, whenever red-headed birds were involved, vigilance increased either because of higher group conspicuousness or prevalence of aggression.
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11
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Hagen R, Ortmann S, Elliger A, Arnold J. Advanced roe deer (
Capreolus capreolus
) parturition date in response to climate change. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hagen
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Elliger
- Wildlife Research Unit Agricultural Centre Baden‐Württemberg Aulendorf Germany
| | - Janosch Arnold
- Wildlife Research Unit Agricultural Centre Baden‐Württemberg Aulendorf Germany
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12
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MacGregor HEA, Ioannou CC. Collective motion diminishes, but variation between groups emerges, through time in fish shoals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210655. [PMID: 34703618 PMCID: PMC8527212 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive interest in the dynamic interactions between individuals that drive collective motion in animal groups, the dynamics of collective motion over longer time frames are understudied. Using three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, randomly assigned to 12 shoals of eight fish, we tested how six key traits of collective motion changed over shorter (within trials) and longer (between days) timescales under controlled laboratory conditions. Over both timescales, groups became less social with reduced cohesion, polarization, group speed and information transfer. There was consistent inter-group variation (i.e. collective personality variation) for all collective motion parameters, but groups also differed in how their collective motion changed over days in their cohesion, polarization, group speed and information transfer. This magnified differences between groups, suggesting that over time the 'typical' collective motion cannot be easily characterized. Future studies are needed to understand whether such between-group differences in changes over time are adaptive and represent improvements in group performance or are suboptimal but represent a compromise between individuals in their preferences for the characteristics of collective behaviour.
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13
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Suppression of personality variation in boldness during foraging in three-spined sticklebacks. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Consistent inter-individual variation in behaviour within a population, widely referred to as personality variation, can be affected by environmental context. Feedbacks between an individual’s behaviour and state can strengthen (positive feedback) or weaken (negative feedback) individual differences when experiences such as predator encounters or winning contests are dependent on behavioural type. We examined the influence of foraging on individual-level consistency in refuge use (a measure of risk-taking, i.e. boldness) in three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and particularly whether changes in refuge use depended on boldness measured under control conditions. In the control treatment trials with no food, individuals were repeatable in refuge use across repeated trials, and this behavioural consistency did not differ between the start and end of these trials. In contrast, when food was available, individuals showed a higher degree of consistency in refuge use at the start of the trials versus controls but this consistency significantly reduced by the end of the trials. The effect of the opportunity to forage was dependent on behavioural type, with bolder fish varying more in their refuge use between the start and the end of the feeding trials than shyer fish, and boldness positively predicted the likelihood of feeding at the start but not at the end of the trials. This suggests a state-behaviour feedback, but there was no overall trend in how bolder individuals changed their behaviour. Our study shows that personality variation can be suppressed in foraging contexts and a potential but unpredictable role of feedbacks between state and behaviour.
Significance statement
In this experimental study, we examined how foraging influences consistency in risk-taking in individual three-spined sticklebacks. We show that bolder individuals become less consistent in their risk-taking behaviour than shyer individuals during foraging. Some bolder individuals reinforce their risk-taking behaviour, suggesting a positive feedback between state and behaviour, while others converge on the behaviour of shyer individuals, suggesting a negative feedback. In support of a role of satiation in driving negative feedback effects, we found that bolder individuals were more likely to feed at the start but not at the end of the trials. Overall, our findings suggest that foraging can influence personality variation in risk-taking behaviour; however, the role of feedbacks may be unpredictable.
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Hansen M, Burns A, Monk C, Schutz C, Lizier J, Ramnarine I, Ward A, Krause J. The effect of predation risk on group behaviour and information flow during repeated collective decisions. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Henriksen R, Höglund A, Fogelholm J, Abbey-Lee R, Johnsson M, Dingemanse NJ, Wright D. Intra-Individual Behavioural Variability: A Trait under Genetic Control. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218069. [PMID: 33138119 PMCID: PMC7663371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When individuals are measured more than once in the same context they do not behave in exactly the same way each time. The degree of predictability differs between individuals, with some individuals showing low levels of variation around their behavioural mean while others show high levels of variation. This intra-individual variability in behaviour has received much less attention than between-individual variability in behaviour, and very little is known about the underlying mechanisms that affect this potentially large but understudied component of behavioural variation. In this study, we combine standardized behavioural tests in a chicken intercross to estimate intra-individual behavioural variability with a large-scale genomics analysis to identify genes affecting intra-individual behavioural variability in an avian population. We used a variety of different anxiety-related behavioural phenotypes for this purpose. Our study shows that intra-individual variability in behaviour has a direct genetic basis that is largely unique compared to the genetic architecture for the standard behavioural measures they are based on (at least in the detected quantitative trait locus). We identify six suggestive candidate genes that may underpin differences in intra-individual behavioural variability, with several of these candidates having previously been linked to behaviour and mental health. These findings demonstrate that intra-individual variability in behaviour appears to be a heritable trait in and of itself on which evolution can act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Henriksen
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Andrey Höglund
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
| | - Jesper Fogelholm
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
| | - Robin Abbey-Lee
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
| | - Martin Johnsson
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niels J. Dingemanse
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU), 82152 Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;
| | - Dominic Wright
- AVIAN Behavioural Genomics and Physiology Group, IFM Biology, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (A.H.); (R.A.-L.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (D.W.)
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17
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Barou Dagues M, Hall CL, Giraldeau LA. Individual differences in learning ability are negatively linked to behavioural plasticity in a frequency-dependent game. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Ehlman SM, Halpin R, Jones C, Munson A, Pollack L, Sih A. Intermediate turbidity elicits the greatest antipredator response and generates repeatable behaviour in mosquitofish. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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DiSciullo RA, Basolo AL. Body size, but not age‐at‐maturation or context, affects the expression of predator‐induced behavioural plasticity in female green swordtails (
Xiphophorus hellerii
). Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Jolles JW, Briggs HD, Araya-Ajoy YG, Boogert NJ. Personality, plasticity and predictability in sticklebacks: bold fish are less plastic and more predictable than shy fish. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Herczeg G, Urszán TJ, Orf S, Nagy G, Kotrschal A, Kolm N. Brain size predicts behavioural plasticity in guppies (Poecilia reticulata): An experiment. J Evol Biol 2018; 32:218-226. [PMID: 30474900 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how animal personality (consistent between-individual behavioural differences) arises has become a central topic in behavioural sciences. This endeavour is complicated by the fact that not only the mean behaviour of individuals (behavioural type) but also the strength of their reaction to environmental change (behavioural plasticity) varies consistently. Personality and cognitive abilities are linked, and we suggest that behavioural plasticity could also be explained by differences in brain size (a proxy for cognitive abilities), since accurate decisions are likely essential to make behavioural plasticity beneficial. We test this idea in guppies (Poecilia reticulata), artificially selected for large and small brain size, which show clear cognitive differences between selection lines. To test whether those lines differed in behavioural plasticity, we reared them in groups in structurally enriched environments and then placed adults individually into empty tanks, where we presented them daily with visual predator cues and monitored their behaviour for 20 days with video-aided motion tracking. We found that individuals differed consistently in activity and risk-taking, as well as in behavioural plasticity. In activity, only the large-brained lines demonstrated habituation (increased activity) to the new environment, whereas in risk-taking, we found sensitization (decreased risk-taking) in both brain size lines. We conclude that brain size, potentially via increasing cognitive abilities, may increase behavioural plasticity, which in turn can improve habituation to novel environments. However, the effects seem to be behaviour-specific. Our results suggest that brain size likely explains some of the variation in behavioural plasticity found at the intraspecific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Herczeg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, EötvösLoránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás J Urszán
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, EötvösLoránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stephanie Orf
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, EötvösLoránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, EötvösLoránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Boujja-Miljour H, Leighton PA, Beauchamp G. Individual vigilance profiles in flocks of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Individual vigilance against threats typically decreases with group size. However, group size often explains a small amount of variation in vigilance, suggesting that other factors such as individual differences might contribute. For instance, individuals could maintain different vigilance levels overall and also respond differently to variation in group size. We investigated individual variation in vigilance and its patterns of plasticity in flocks of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)). We carried out observations at one provisioned site and used multiple observations of the same individuals (n = 14) in flocks of different sizes over two consecutive months. The typical decline in vigilance with flock size occurred at the population level. Controlling for food density, flock size, time of year, and sex, we documented consistent individual differences in various measurements of vigilance. Plasticity of vigilance adjustments to variation in flock size occurred for the frequency of high vigilance postures. Male House Sparrows with larger bibs, which signal higher dominance status, tended to spend less time vigilant and obtained food at a higher rate, supporting a state-dependent explanation for the origin of individual vigilance profiles. Individual differences can contribute to explaining the large scatter in the relationship between vigilance and group size in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakima Boujja-Miljour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Patrick A. Leighton
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, 3200, rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
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Montiglio PO, Dammhahn M, Dubuc Messier G, Réale D. The pace-of-life syndrome revisited: the role of ecological conditions and natural history on the slow-fast continuum. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Urszán TJ, Garamszegi LZ, Nagy G, Hettyey A, Török J, Herczeg G. Experience during development triggers between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1264-1273. [PMID: 29752882 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural consistency within and across behaviours (animal personality and behavioural syndrome, respectively) has been vigorously studied in the last decade, leading to the emergence of "animal personality" research. It has been proposed recently that not only mean behaviour (behavioural type), but the environmentally induced behavioural change (behavioural plasticity) might also differ between individuals within populations. While case studies presenting between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity have started to accumulate, the mechanisms behind its emergence are virtually unknown. We have recently demonstrated that ecologically relevant environmental stimuli during ontogeny are necessary for the development of animal personality and behavioural syndromes. However, it is unknown whether between-individual variation in behavioural plasticity is hard-wired or induced. Here, we tested whether experience with predation during development affected predator-induced behavioural plasticity in Rana dalmatina tadpoles. We ran a common garden experiment with two ontogenetic predation treatments: tadpoles developed from hatching in either the presence or absence of olfactory predator stimuli. Then, we assayed all tadpoles repeatedly for activity and risk-taking both in the absence and presence of olfactory predator stimuli. We found that (a) between-individual variation in predator-induced behavioural plasticity was present only in the group that developed in the presence of olfactory stimuli from predators and (b) previous experience with predatory stimuli resulted in lower plastic response at the group level. The latter pattern resulted from increased between-individual variation and not from universally lower individual responses. We also found that experience with predation during development increased the predictability (i.e. decreased the within-individual variation unrelated to environmental change) of activity, but not risk-taking. In line with this, tadpoles developing under perceived predatory risk expressed their activity with higher repeatability. We suggest that ecologically relevant environmental stimuli are not only fundamental for the development of animal personality and behavioural syndromes, but also for individual variation in behavioural plasticity. Thus, experience is of central importance for the emergence of individual behavioural variation at many levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás János Urszán
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estacion Biologica de Donana - CSIC, Seville, Spain.,MTA-ELTE, Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, MTA ATK NÖVI, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Török
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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O’Brien PP, Webber QMR, Vander Wal E. Consistent individual differences and population plasticity in network-derived sociality: An experimental manipulation of density in a gregarious ungulate. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193425. [PMID: 29494640 PMCID: PMC5832262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In many taxa, individual social traits appear to be consistent across time and context, thus meeting the criteria for animal personality. How these differences are maintained in response to changes in population density is unknown, particularly in large mammals, such as ungulates. Using a behavioral reaction norm (BRN) framework, we examined how among- and within-individual variation in social connectedness, measured using social network analyses, change as a function of population density. We studied a captive herd of elk (Cervus canadensis) separated into a group of male elk and a group of female elk. Males and females were exposed to three different density treatments and we recorded social associations between individuals with proximity-detecting radio-collars fitted to elk. We constructed social networks using dyadic association data and calculated three social network metrics reflective of social connectedness: eigenvector centrality, graph strength, and degree. Elk exhibited consistent individual differences in social connectedness across densities; however, they showed little individual variation in their response to changes in density, i.e., individuals oftentimes responded plastically, but in the same manner to changes in density. Female elk had highest connectedness at an intermediate density. In contrast, male elk increased connectedness with increasing density. Whereas this may suggest that the benefits of social connectedness outweigh the costs of increased competition at higher density for males, females appear to exhibit a threshold in social benefits (e.g. predator detection and forage information). Our study illustrates the importance of viewing social connectedness as a density-dependent trait, particularly in the context of plasticity. Moreover, we highlight the need to revisit our understanding of density dependence as a population-level phenomenon by accounting for consistent individual differences not only in social connectedness, but likely in other ecological processes (e.g., predator-prey dynamics, mate choice, disease transfer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P. O’Brien
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Quinn M. R. Webber
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Interdisciplinary Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Eric Vander Wal
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Interdisciplinary Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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28
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Zsebők S, Herczeg G, Blázi G, Laczi M, Nagy G, Szász E, Markó G, Török J, Garamszegi LZ. Short- and long-term repeatability and pseudo-repeatability of bird song: sensitivity of signals to varying environments. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Montiglio PO, Wey TW, Chang AT, Fogarty S, Sih A. Correlational selection on personality and social plasticity: morphology and social context determine behavioural effects on mating success. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:213-226. [PMID: 27859289 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite a central line of research aimed at quantifying relationships between mating success and sexually dimorphic traits (e.g., ornaments), individual variation in sexually selected traits often explains only a modest portion of the variation in mating success. Another line of research suggests that a significant portion of the variation in mating success observed in animal populations could be explained by correlational selection, where the fitness advantage of a given trait depends on other components of an individual's phenotype and/or its environment. We tested the hypothesis that interactions between multiple traits within an individual (phenotype dependence) or between an individual's phenotype and its social environment (context dependence) can select for individual differences in behaviour (i.e., personality) and social plasticity. To quantify the importance of phenotype- and context-dependent selection on mating success, we repeatedly measured the behaviour, social environment and mating success of about 300 male stream water striders, Aquarius remigis. Rather than explaining individual differences in long-term mating success, we instead quantified how the combination of a male's phenotype interacted with the immediate social context to explain variation in hour-by-hour mating decisions. We suggest that this analysis captures more of the mechanisms leading to differences in mating success. Males differed consistently in activity, aggressiveness and social plasticity. The mating advantage of these behavioural traits depended on male morphology and varied with the number of rival males in the pool, suggesting mechanisms selecting for consistent differences in behaviour and social plasticity. Accounting for phenotype and context dependence improved the amount of variation in male mating success we explained statistically by 30-274%. Our analysis of the determinants of male mating success provides important insights into the evolutionary forces that shape phenotypic variation. In particular, our results suggest that sexual selection is likely to favour individual differences in behaviour, social plasticity (i.e., individuals adjusting their behaviour), niche preference (i.e., individuals dispersing to particular social conditions) or social niche construction (i.e., individuals modifying the social environment). The true effect of sexual traits can only be understood in interaction with the individual's phenotype and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Olivier Montiglio
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Policy, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Biology & Redpath Museum, McGill University, 1205 Dr-Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Tina W Wey
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Policy, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, 141 Avenue du Président-Kennedy, Montreal, QC, H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Ann T Chang
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Policy, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sean Fogarty
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Policy, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Andrew Sih
- Department of Environmental Sciences & Policy, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Royauté R, Dochtermann NA. When the mean no longer matters: developmental diet affects behavioral variation but not population averages in the house cricket (Acheta domesticus). Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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31
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Pilakouta N, Correa MA, Alonzo SH. Predation Risk Reduces a Female Preference for Heterospecific Males in the Green Swordtail. Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Pilakouta
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Glasgow UK
| | - Maria A. Correa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
| | - Suzanne H. Alonzo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of California Santa Cruz; Santa Cruz CA USA
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32
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Kain MP, McCoy MW. Anti-predator behavioral variation among Physa acuta in response to temporally fluctuating predation risk by Procambarus. Behav Processes 2016; 133:S0376-6357(16)30318-7. [PMID: 27984081 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Research in behavioral ecology routinely quantifies individual variation in behavior using transitions between discrete environments, for example prey moving from a no predator to predator treatment. This research often ignores behavioral variation in response to temporal fluctuations in environmental conditions around an unchanging mean environment. In this study we evaluate the effects of temporal fluctuations in predation risk (predator cue concentration of Procambarus spp.), without the confounding effects of a changing mean, on among-individual variation in anti-predator behavior in freshwater snails (Physa acuta). We also evaluate how the interaction between environmental and individual variation affects snail survival and reproduction by exposing snails to lethal predators following the behavioral assays. Our analyses revealed a trend towards higher among-individual variation in mean behavior when snails were exposed to intermediate levels of environmental variation compared to highly variable or constant environments. However, because of large uncertainty in estimates of among-individual variation, differences among treatments were indistinguishable from noise for most, but not all behaviors. In the lethal predator trials, snail survival and time to mortality was the lowest in the high variation environment. Also, as environmental variation increased snail egg production decreased and snails laid more of their eggs underneath a provided shelter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan P Kain
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, LSB-215, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Michael W McCoy
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, N108 Howell Science Complex, Greenville, NC 27858, United States
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33
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Rudin FS, Tomkins JL, Simmons LW. Changes in dominance status erode personality and behavioral syndromes. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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34
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Kareklas K, Arnott G, Elwood RW, Holland RA. Plasticity varies with boldness in a weakly-electric fish. Front Zool 2016; 13:22. [PMID: 27274354 PMCID: PMC4895794 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of animal personality is indicated by patterns of consistency in individual behaviour. Often, the differences exhibited between individuals are consistent across situations. However, between some situations, this can be biased by variable levels of individual plasticity. The interaction between individual plasticity and animal personality can be illustrated by examining situation-sensitive personality traits such as boldness (i.e. risk-taking and exploration tendency). For the weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii, light condition is a major factor influencing behaviour. Adapted to navigate in low-light conditions, this species chooses to be more active in dark environments where risk from visual predators is lower. However, G. petersii also exhibit individual differences in their degree of behavioural change from light to dark. The present study, therefore, aims to examine if an increase of motivation to explore in the safety of the dark, not only affects mean levels of boldness, but also the variation between individuals, as a result of differences in individual plasticity. RESULTS Boldness was consistent between a novel-object and a novel-environment situation in bright light. However, no consistency in boldness was noted between a bright (risky) and a dark (safe) novel environment. Furthermore, there was a negative association between boldness and the degree of change across novel environments, with shier individuals exhibiting greater behavioural plasticity. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that individual plasticity can vary with personality. In addition, the effect of light suggests that variation in boldness is situation specific. Finally, there appears to be a trade-off between personality and individual plasticity with shy but plastic individuals minimizing costs when perceiving risk and bold but stable individuals consistently maximizing rewards, which can be maladaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriacos Kareklas
- />School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Gareth Arnott
- />School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Robert W. Elwood
- />School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
| | - Richard A. Holland
- />School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL UK
- />School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
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Kain MP, Bolker BM, McCoy MW. A practical guide and power analysis for GLMMs: detecting among treatment variation in random effects. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1226. [PMID: 26401446 PMCID: PMC4579019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In ecology and evolution generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) are becoming increasingly used to test for differences in variation by treatment at multiple hierarchical levels. Yet, the specific sampling schemes that optimize the power of an experiment to detect differences in random effects by treatment/group remain unknown. In this paper we develop a blueprint for conducting power analyses for GLMMs focusing on detecting differences in variance by treatment. We present parameterization and power analyses for random-intercepts and random-slopes GLMMs because of their generality as focal parameters for most applications and because of their immediate applicability to emerging questions in the field of behavioral ecology. We focus on the extreme case of hierarchically structured binomial data, though the framework presented here generalizes easily to any error distribution model. First, we determine the optimal ratio of individuals to repeated measures within individuals that maximizes power to detect differences by treatment in among-individual variation in intercept, among-individual variation in slope, and within-individual variation in intercept. Second, we explore how power to detect differences in target variance parameters is affected by total variation. Our results indicate heterogeneity in power across ratios of individuals to repeated measures with an optimal ratio determined by both the target variance parameter and total sample size. Additionally, power to detect each variance parameter was low overall (in most cases >1,000 total observations per treatment needed to achieve 80% power) and decreased with increasing variance in non-target random effects. With growing interest in variance as the parameter of inquiry, these power analyses provide a crucial component for designing experiments focused on detecting differences in variance. We hope to inspire novel experimental designs in ecology and evolution investigating the causes and implications of individual-level phenotypic variance, such as the adaptive significance of within-individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan P Kain
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University , Greenville, NC , USA
| | - Ben M Bolker
- Departments of Mathematics & Statistics and Biology, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Michael W McCoy
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University , Greenville, NC , USA
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36
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Araya‐Ajoy YG, Mathot KJ, Dingemanse NJ. An approach to estimate short‐term, long‐term and reaction norm repeatability. Methods Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yimen G. Araya‐Ajoy
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany
| | - Kimberley J. Mathot
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany
- Marine Ecology Department Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) 1790 AB Den Burg PO Box 59 Texel The Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Dingemanse
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Max Planck Institute for Ornithology Seewiesen Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Department of Biology Ludwig‐Maximilians University of Munich Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
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37
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Rangassamy M, Dalmas M, Féron C, Gouat P, Rödel HG. Similarity of personalities speeds up reproduction in pairs of a monogamous rodent. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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38
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Stamps JA. Individual differences in behavioural plasticities. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:534-67. [PMID: 25865135 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interest in individual differences in animal behavioural plasticities has surged in recent years, but research in this area has been hampered by semantic confusion as different investigators use the same terms (e.g. plasticity, flexibility, responsiveness) to refer to different phenomena. The first goal of this review is to suggest a framework for categorizing the many different types of behavioural plasticities, describe examples of each, and indicate why using reversibility as a criterion for categorizing behavioural plasticities is problematic. This framework is then used to address a number of timely questions about individual differences in behavioural plasticities. One set of questions concerns the experimental designs that can be used to study individual differences in various types of behavioural plasticities. Although within-individual designs are the default option for empirical studies of many types of behavioural plasticities, in some situations (e.g. when experience at an early age affects the behaviour expressed at subsequent ages), 'replicate individual' designs can provide useful insights into individual differences in behavioural plasticities. To date, researchers using within-individual and replicate individual designs have documented individual differences in all of the major categories of behavioural plasticities described herein. Another important question is whether and how different types of behavioural plasticities are related to one another. Currently there is empirical evidence that many behavioural plasticities [e.g. contextual plasticity, learning rates, IIV (intra-individual variability), endogenous plasticities, ontogenetic plasticities) can themselves vary as a function of experiences earlier in life, that is, many types of behavioural plasticity are themselves developmentally plastic. These findings support the assumption that differences among individuals in prior experiences may contribute to individual differences in behavioural plasticities observed at a given age. Several authors have predicted correlations across individuals between different types of behavioural plasticities, i.e. that some individuals will be generally more plastic than others. However, empirical support for most of these predictions, including indirect evidence from studies of relationships between personality traits and plasticities, is currently sparse and equivocal. The final section of this review suggests how an appreciation of the similarities and differences between different types of behavioural plasticities may help theoreticians formulate testable models to explain the evolution of individual differences in behavioural plasticities and the evolutionary and ecological consequences of individual differences in behavioural plasticities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy A Stamps
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A
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Li C, Zhou L, Xu L, Zhao N, Beauchamp G. Vigilance and activity time-budget adjustments of wintering hooded cranes, Grus monacha, in human-dominated foraging habitats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118928. [PMID: 25768111 PMCID: PMC4359144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to loss and degradation of natural wetlands, waterbirds increasingly rely on surrounding human-dominated habitats to obtain food. Quantifying vigilance patterns, investigating the trade-off among various activities, and examining the underlying mechanisms will help us understand how waterbirds adapt to human-caused disturbances. During two successive winters (November-February of 2012–13 and 2013–14), we studied the hooded crane, Grus monacha, in the Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve (NNR), China, to investigate how the species responds to human disturbances through vigilance and activity time-budget adjustments. Our results showed striking differences in the behavior of the cranes when foraging in the highly disturbed rice paddy fields found in the buffer zone compared with the degraded natural wetlands in the core area of the NNR. Time spent vigilant decreased with flock size and cranes spent more time vigilant in the human-dominated buffer zone. In the rice paddy fields, the birds were more vigilant but also fed more at the expense of locomotion and maintenance activities. Adult cranes spent more time vigilant and foraged less than juveniles. We recommend habitat recovery in natural wetlands and community co-management in the surrounding human-dominated landscape for conservation of the hooded crane and, generally, for the vast numbers of migratory waterbirds wintering in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River floodplain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Biodiversity Information Center, Hefei, China
| | - Lizhi Zhou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Biodiversity Information Center, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Li Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Niannian Zhao
- Shengjin Lake National Nature Reserve Management Center, Chizhou, China
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, P.O. Québec, Canada
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Dingemanse NJ, Araya-Ajoy YG. Interacting personalities: behavioural ecology meets quantitative genetics. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Bonnot N, Verheyden H, Blanchard P, Cote J, Debeffe L, Cargnelutti B, Klein F, Hewison AJM, Morellet N. Interindividual variability in habitat use: evidence for a risk management syndrome in roe deer? Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Favreau FR, Goldizen AW, Fritz H, Blomberg SP, Best EC, Pays O. Within-population differences in personality and plasticity in the trade-off between vigilance and foraging in kangaroos. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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43
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Liebl AL, Martin LB. Living on the edge: range edge birds consume novel foods sooner than established ones. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Dosmann A, Mateo JM. Food, sex and predators: animal personality persists with multidimensional plasticity across complex environments. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Laskowski KL, Bell AM. Strong personalities, not social niches, drive individual differences in social behaviours in sticklebacks. Anim Behav 2014; 90:287-295. [PMID: 25076789 PMCID: PMC4112482 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms responsible for consistent individual differences in behaviour is a recent challenge for behavioural ecology. Although theory is rapidly developing in this area, there are few empirical tests. There are at least two hypotheses to explain why individuals behave differently from one another in a dynamic social environment. The social niche specialization hypothesis proposes that repeated social interactions generate consistent individual differences in social behaviour. The behavioural type hypothesis proposes that an individual's social behaviour reflects its behavioural type. We tested these two hypotheses by manipulating the opportunity for repeated social interactions in groups of three spine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and by measuring the behavioural types of the same individuals in three contexts: when in a novel environment, when presented with an opportunity to associate with conspecifics and when confronted by an intruder. We found no evidence that repeated social interactions increased between-individual variation in social foraging behaviour. Instead, individuals' social foraging behaviour was related to their behavioural type, specifically their shoaling behaviour. In addition, the behavioural types of the members of a group strongly influenced a group's average foraging behaviour. Together, these results do not support the hypothesis that social dynamics within groups generates individual differences in behaviour. Instead, they suggest the reverse: individual differences in behaviour drive group-level dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Laskowski
- Department of Biology & Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
| | - Alison M. Bell
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, U.S.A
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46
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Laskowski KL, Pruitt JN. Evidence of social niche construction: persistent and repeated social interactions generate stronger personalities in a social spider. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20133166. [PMID: 24671972 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are now a number of theoretical models predicting how consistent individual differences in behaviour may be generated and maintained, so far, there are few empirical tests. The social niche specialization hypothesis predicts that repeated social interactions among individuals may generate among-individual differences and reinforce within-individual consistency through positive feedback mechanisms. Here, we test this hypothesis using groups of the social spider Stegodyphus mimosarum that differ in their level of familiarity. In support of the social niche specialization hypothesis, individuals in groups of spiders that were more familiar with each other showed greater repeatable among-individual variation in behaviour. Additionally, individuals that were more familiar with each other exhibited lower within-individual variation in behaviour, providing one of the first examples of how the social environment can influence behavioural consistency. Our study demonstrates the potential for the social environment to generate and reinforce consistent individual differences in behaviour and provides a potentially general mechanism to explain this type of behavioural variation in animals with stable social groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Laskowski
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, , Müggelseedamm 310, Berlin 12587, Germany, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, , Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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47
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Beyond risk, resilience, and dysregulation: Phenotypic plasticity and human development. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25:1243-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s095457941300059x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWe provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the claim that individual differences exist in developmental plasticity and that phenotypic plasticity should be a subject of study in its own right. To advance this argument, we begin by highlighting challenges that evolutionary thinking poses for a science of development and psychopathology, including for the diathesis–stress framework that has (fruitfully) guided so much empirical inquiry on developmental risk, resilience, and dysregulation. With this foundation laid, we raise a series of issues that the differential-susceptibility hypothesis calls attention to, while highlighting findings that have emerged over just the past several years and are pertinent to some of the questions posed. Even though it is clear that this new perspective on Person × Environment interaction is stimulating research and influencing how hypotheses are framed and data interpreted, a great many topics remain that need empirical attention. Our intention is to encourage students of development and psychopathology to treat phenotypic plasticity as an individual-difference construct while exploring unknowns in the differential-susceptibility equation.
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48
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Mathot KJ, Dall SRX. Metabolic rates can drive individual differences in information and insurance use under the risk of starvation. Am Nat 2013; 182:611-20. [PMID: 24107368 DOI: 10.1086/673300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Variation in how individuals invest in acquiring information (sampling) and in insuring themselves against potential negative consequences of uncertainty (e.g., by storing energy reserves) has been suggested to underlie consistent individual differences in suites of behavioral traits. However, the key drivers of individual differences in information use remain poorly understood. We use dynamic programming to explore how existing variation in metabolic rates (MRs) affects the use of sampling and insurance under starvation risk. Our analysis reveals nonlinear effects of MRs on diurnal patterns of sampling and insurance. Individuals with low MRs accrue reserves quickly, because they invest in sampling and are able to exploit profitable options when they arise. Individuals with intermediate MRs initially lose reserves, because sampling, while optimal, is relatively expensive; however, they later build reserves due to efficient exploitation of alternative foraging options. Sampling rarely pays for individuals with the highest MRs, which show relatively constant levels of energy reserves throughout the foraging period. Thus, individual variation in MRs on the scale observed in natural populations can lead to important differences in investment in sampling and insurance and may underpin consistent individual differences in suites of other behavioral traits, including individual differences in behavioral responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley J Mathot
- Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Strasse Haus 7, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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Nicolaus M, Brommer JE, Ubels R, Tinbergen JM, Dingemanse NJ. Exploring patterns of variation in clutch size-density reaction norms in a wild passerine bird. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:2031-43. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nicolaus
- Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Group; Max Planck Institute for Ornithology; Seewiesen Germany
| | - J. E. Brommer
- Bird Ecology Unit; Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - R. Ubels
- Animal Ecology Group; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies; University of Groningen; CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Tinbergen
- Animal Ecology Group; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies; University of Groningen; CC Groningen The Netherlands
| | - N. J. Dingemanse
- Evolutionary Ecology of Variation Group; Max Planck Institute for Ornithology; Seewiesen Germany
- Department Biologie II; Behavioural Ecology Group; Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich; Planegg-Martinsried Germany
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50
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Brommer JE. Variation in plasticity of personality traits implies that the ranking of personality measures changes between environmental contexts: calculating the cross-environmental correlation. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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