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Awad A, Pena R. An improved method for extraction of soil fungal mycelium. MethodsX 2023; 11:102477. [PMID: 38023315 PMCID: PMC10679939 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal mycelium is a major component of the soil microbiome. The soil hyphosphere represents a complex and dynamic niche for specific microorganisms, where multitrophic interactions occur, affecting ecosystem processes. However, extracting fungal mycelium from the soil to enable its taxonomical, chemical, and structural characterisation is challenging in the absence of a fast, efficient, and low-cost procedure. In this study, an old method (Bingle and Paul 1985), based on successive soil wet filtrations and density gradient centrifugation, was improved and tested in three different soil types (silty clay, silty clay loam, and loamy sand). The improved method reduced the number of filtrations by about five times and the centrifugation time from 40 min to 1 min. It avoided using any chemical substance which may impair further chemical analyses or DNA isolation and amplification. The method efficiency was about 50 % in the clay and 23 % in the sandy soils. However, a pre-step consisting of removing the fine-root fragments and other debris under the stereomicroscope may increase the method efficiency to more than 65 %, independent of the soil type.•A simple, efficient, and low-cost method suitable for extracting soil mycelium from a large number of samples.•The protocol includes successive soil wet filtrations and sucrose gradient centrifugation.•The method efficiency increases if the fine-root fragments and other debris are previously removed from the soil.
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Rivas-Ferreiro M, Otero A, Morán P. It's what's inside that counts: DNA-barcoding of porcini (Boletus sp., Basidiomycota) commercial products reveals product mislabelling. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Venice F, Vizzini A, Frascella A, Emiliani G, Danti R, Della Rocca G, Mello A. Localized reshaping of the fungal community in response to a forest fungal pathogen reveals resilience of Mediterranean mycobiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149582. [PMID: 34426333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean forests are facing the impact of pests such as the soilborne Phytophthora cambivora, the causal agent of Ink disease, and this impact is made more severe by global changes. The status and resilience of the soil microbial ecosystem in areas with such a disturbance are little known; however, the assessment of the microbial community is fundamental to preserve the ecosystem functioning under emerging challenges. We profile soil fungal communities in a chestnut stand affected by ink disease in Italy using metabarcoding, and couple high-throughput sequencing with physico-chemical parameters and dendrometric measurements. Since the site also includes an area where the disease symptoms seem to be suppressed, we performed several analyses to search for determinants that may contribute to such difference. We demonstrate that neither pathogen presence nor trees decline associate with the reduction of the residing community diversity and functions, but rather with microbial network reshaping through substitutions and new interactions, despite a conservation of core taxa. We predict interactions between taxa and parameters such as soil pH and C/N ratio, and suggest that disease incidence may also relate with disappearance of pathogen antagonists, including ericoid- and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. By combining metabarcoding and field studies, we infer the resilient status of the fungal community towards a biotic stressor, and provide a benchmark for the study of other threatened ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Venice
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-SS Turin-National Research Council (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vizzini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-SS Turin-National Research Council (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy; Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Arcangela Frascella
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Giovanni Emiliani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Roberto Danti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Gianni Della Rocca
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Antonietta Mello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP)-SS Turin-National Research Council (CNR), Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Santolamazza-Carbone S, Iglesias-Bernabé L, Sinde-Stompel E, Gallego PP. Ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure in a young orchard of grafted and ungrafted hybrid chestnut saplings. MYCORRHIZA 2021; 31:189-201. [PMID: 33502579 PMCID: PMC7910378 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-01015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community of the European chestnut has been poorly investigated, and mostly by sporocarp sampling. We proposed the study of the ECM fungal community of 2-year-old chestnut hybrids Castanea × coudercii (Castanea sativa × Castanea crenata) using molecular approaches. By using the chestnut hybrid clones 111 and 125, we assessed the impact of grafting on ECM colonization rate, species diversity, and fungal community composition. The clone type did not have an impact on the studied variables; however, grafting significantly influenced ECM colonization rate in clone 111. Species diversity and richness did not vary between the experimental groups. Grafted and ungrafted plants of clone 111 had a different ECM fungal species composition. Sequence data from ITS regions of rDNA revealed the presence of 9 orders, 15 families, 19 genera, and 27 species of ECM fungi, most of them generalist, early-stage species. Thirteen new taxa were described in association with chestnuts. The basidiomycetes Agaricales (13 taxa) and Boletales (11 taxa) represented 36% and 31%, of the total sampled ECM fungal taxa, respectively. Scleroderma citrinum, S. areolatum, and S. polyrhizum (Boletales) were found in 86% of the trees and represented 39% of total ECM root tips. The ascomycete Cenococcum geophilum (Mytilinidiales) was found in 80% of the trees but accounted only for 6% of the colonized root tips. These results could help to unveil the impact of grafting on fungal symbionts, improving management of chestnut agro-ecosystems and production of edible fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Santolamazza-Carbone
- Applied Plant & Soil Biology, Plant Biology and Soil Science Department, Biology Faculty, University of Vigo, E-36310, Vigo, Spain.
- CITACA - Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain.
| | - Laura Iglesias-Bernabé
- Applied Plant & Soil Biology, Plant Biology and Soil Science Department, Biology Faculty, University of Vigo, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Pedro Pablo Gallego
- Applied Plant & Soil Biology, Plant Biology and Soil Science Department, Biology Faculty, University of Vigo, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
- CITACA - Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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Liu D, Herrera M, Yu F, Pèrez-Moreno J. Provenances originate morphological and microbiome variation of Tuber pseudobrumale in southwestern China despite strong genetic consistency. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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6
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Tremble K, Suz LM, Dentinger BTM. Lost in translation: Population genomics and long-read sequencing reveals relaxation of concerted evolution of the ribosomal DNA cistron. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 148:106804. [PMID: 32247883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Concerted evolution of the ribosomal DNA array has been studied in numerous eukaryotic taxa, yet is still poorly understood. rDNA genes are repeated dozens to hundreds of times in the eukaryotic genome (Eickbush and Eickbush, 2007) and it is believed that these arrays are homogenized through concerted evolution (Zimmer et al., 1980; Dover, 1993) preventing the accumulation of intragenomic, and intraspecific, variation. However, numerous studies have reported rampant intragenomic and intraspecific variation in the rDNA array (Ganley and Kobayashi, 2011; Naidoo et al., 2013; Hughes and Petersen, 2001; Lindner and Banik, 2011; Li et al., 2013; Lindner et al., 2013; Hughes et al., 2018), contradicting our current understanding of concerted evolution. The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the rDNA cistron are the most commonly used DNA barcoding region in Fungi (Schoch et al., 2012), and rely on concerted evolution to homogenize the rDNA array leading to a "barcode gap" (Puillandre et al., 2012). Here we show that in Boletus edulis Bull., ITS intragenomic variation persists at low allele frequencies throughout the rDNA array, this variation does not correlate with genomic relatedness between populations, and rDNA genes may not evolve in a strictly concerted fashion despite the presence of unequal recombination and gene conversion. Under normal assumptions, heterozygous positions found in ITS sequences represent hybridization between populations, yet through allelic mapping of the rDNA array we found numerous heterozygous alleles to be stochastically introgressed throughout, presenting a dishonest signal of gene flow. Moreover, despite the signal of gene flow in ITS, our organisms were highly inbred, indicating a disconnect between true gene flow and barcoding signals. In addition, we show that while the mechanisms of concerted evolution are ongoing in pseudo-heterozygous individuals, they are not fully homogenizing the ITS array. Concerted evolution of the rDNA array may insufficiently homogenize the ITS gene, allowing for misleading signals of gene flow to persist, vastly complicating the use of the ITS locus for DNA barcoding in Fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Tremble
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, 301 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
| | - Laura M Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Bryn T M Dentinger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, 301 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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Svantesson S, Larsson KH, Kõljalg U, W. May T, Patrik Cangren, Henrik Nilsson R, Larsson E. Solving the taxonomic identity of Pseudotomentellatristis s.l. (Thelephorales, Basidiomycota) - a multi-gene phylogeny and taxonomic review, integrating ecological and geographical data. MycoKeys 2019; 50:1-77. [PMID: 31043855 PMCID: PMC6477855 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.50.32432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
P.tristis is an ectomycorrhizal, corticioid fungus whose name is frequently assigned to collections of basidiomata as well as root tip and soil samples from a wide range of habitats and hosts across the northern hemisphere. Despite this, its identity is unclear; eight heterotypic taxa have in major reviews of the species been considered synonymous with or morphologically similar to P.tristis, but no sequence data from type specimens have been available. With the aim to clarify the taxonomy, systematics, morphology, ecology and geographical distribution of P.tristis and its morphologically similar species, we studied their type specimens as well as 147 basidiomata collections of mostly North European material. We used gene trees generated in BEAST 2 and PhyML and species trees estimated in STACEY and ASTRAL to delimit species based on the ITS, LSU, Tef1α and mtSSU regions. We enriched our sampling with environmental ITS sequences from the UNITE database. We found the P.tristis group to contain 13 molecularly and morphologically distinct species. Three of these, P.tristis, P.umbrina and P.atrofusca, are already known to science, while ten species are here described as new: P.sciastra sp. nov., P.tristoides sp. nov., P.umbrinascens sp. nov., P.pinophila sp. nov., P.alnophila sp. nov., P.alobata sp. nov., P.pluriloba sp. nov., P.abundiloba sp. nov., P.rotundispora sp. nov. and P.media sp. nov. We discovered P.rhizopunctata and P.atrofusca to form a sister clade to all other species in P.tristis s.l. These two species, unlike all other species in the P.tristis complex, are dimitic. In this study, we designate epitypes for P.tristis, P.umbrina and Hypochnopsisfuscata and lectotypes for Auriculariaphylacteris and Thelephorabiennis. We show that the holotype of Hypochnussitnensis and the lectotype of Hypochnopsisfuscata are conspecific with P.tristis, but in the absence of molecular information we regard Pseudotomentellalongisterigmata and Hypochnusrhacodium as doubtful taxa due to their aberrant morphology. We confirm A.phylacteris, Tomentellabiennis and Septobasidiumarachnoideum as excluded taxa, since their morphology clearly show that they belong to other genera. A key to the species of the P.tristis group is provided. We found P.umbrina to be a common species with a wide, Holarctic distribution, forming ectomycorrhiza with a large number of host species in habitats ranging from tropical forests to the Arctic tundra. The other species in the P.tristis group were found to be less common and have narrower ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten Svantesson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Ave, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Karl-Henrik Larsson
- The Mycological Herbarium, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Urmas Kõljalg
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tom W. May
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Ave, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Patrik Cangren
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - R. Henrik Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ellen Larsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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8
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DNA analysis reveals rich diversity of Hydnotrya with emphasis on the species found in China. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Montoya L, Bandala VM, Ramos A, Garay-Serrano E. The ectomycorrhizae of Lactarius rimosellus and Lactarius acatlanensis with the endangered Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Baptista P, Reis F, Pereira E, Tavares RM, Santos PM, Richard F, Selosse MA, Lino-Neto T. Soil DNA pyrosequencing and fruitbody surveys reveal contrasting diversity for various fungal ecological guilds in chestnut orchards. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 7:946-954. [PMID: 26391727 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fungal diversity in Mediterranean forest soils is poorly documented, particularly when considering saprobic and pathogenic organisms. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods applied to soil fungi provide the opportunity to unveil the most inconspicuous functional guilds (e.g. saprobes) and life forms (e.g. Corticiaceae) of this tremendous diversity. We used fruitbody surveys over 2 years and soil 454 metabarcoding in Castanea sativa orchards to evaluate respectively the reproductive (fruitbodies) and vegetative (mycelia) parts of fungal communities in three 100-year-old stands. Analysis of 839 fruitbodies and 210 291 ITS1 reads revealed high fungal diversity, mainly shown by belowground analysis, with high (dominant) abundance of mycorrhizal fruitbodies and reads. Both methods displayed contrasted composition and structure of fungal communities, with Basidio- and Ascomycetes dominating above- and belowground, respectively. For the two dominant fungal guilds (i.e. ectomycorrhizal and saprobic), diversity above- and belowground overlapped weakly. This study is the first assessment of the complementarity of fruitbody surveys and NGS for analysing fungal diversity in Mediterranean ecosystems and shows that belowground methods still need to be completed by fruiting diversity to provide a comprehensive overview of the different fungal guilds. The results shed light on chestnut soil biodiversity and question the spatial distribution and synergies among fungal guilds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Baptista
- CIMO / School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301-854, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Francisca Reis
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eric Pereira
- CIMO / School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301-854, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Rui M Tavares
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Santos
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Franck Richard
- UMR 5175 CEFE, Université Montpellier - Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34 293, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP50, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Teresa Lino-Neto
- BioSystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Centre, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Iotti M, Leonardi M, Lancellotti E, Salerni E, Oddis M, Leonardi P, Perini C, Pacioni G, Zambonelli A. Spatio-temporal dynamic of Tuber magnatum mycelium in natural truffle grounds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115921. [PMID: 25535741 PMCID: PMC4275250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuber magnatum produces the world's most expensive truffle. This fungus produces very rare ectomycorrhizas which are difficult or even impossible to detect in the field. A “real-time” PCR assay was recently developed to quantify and to track T. magnatum mycelium in soil. Here, this technique was used to investigate the spatial distribution of T. magnatum extra-radical mycelium in soil productive patches and its dynamic across seasons. This study was carried out in four different natural T. magnatum truffle grounds located in different Italian regions. During the fruiting seasons, the amount of T. magnatum mycelium was significantly higher around the fruiting points and decreased going farther away from them. Moreover, T. magnatum mycelium inside the productive patches underwent seasonal fluctuations. In early spring, the amount of T. magnatum mycelium was significantly higher than in summer. In summer, probably due to the hot and dry season, T. magnatum mycelium significantly decreased, whereas in autumn it increased again and was concentrated at the putative fruiting points. These results give new insights on T. magnatum ecology and are useful to plan the most appropriate sampling strategy for evaluating the management of a truffle ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Iotti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Elena Salerni
- Department of Life Science, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Marilena Oddis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Perini
- Department of Life Science, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
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Guerin-Laguette A, Cummings N, Butler RC, Willows A, Hesom-Williams N, Li S, Wang Y. Lactarius deliciosus and Pinus radiata in New Zealand: towards the development of innovative gourmet mushroom orchards. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:511-523. [PMID: 24676792 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of Lactarius deliciosus (saffron milk cap) in New Zealand began in 2002 when fruiting bodies were produced in an Otago plantation of Pinus radiata seedlings artificially mycorrhized by L. deliciosus. In 2007, 42 P. radiata seedlings mycorrhized by L. deliciosus under controlled conditions were planted in a grass field at Plant and Food Research (Lincoln, Canterbury). The effects of pine bark mulch application and initial degree of mycorrhization of seedlings were examined to determine their influence on tree growth, development of mycorrhizae (i.e. their multiplication on the root system and their degree of branching) and fruiting body production. Mulch application increased tree growth significantly over 4 years. High initial mycorrhization slightly stimulated tree growth over 2 years. The initial degree of mycorrhization was positively, but not strongly, related to the persistence and development of L. deliciosus mycorrhizae and rhizomorphs based on root sample analyses 2 years after planting. However, mulching strongly reduced the proportion of highly branched L. deliciosus mycorrhizae compared with poorly ramified ones. A positive correlation was observed between the fruiting of L. deliciosus and the development of mycorrhizae. Mulching delayed the onset of fruiting body production. In 2010, fruiting bodies were produced only from non-mulched trees with eight of these (38 %) producing a total of 12 fruiting bodies. In 2011, 19 non-mulched trees (90 %) and 9 mulched trees (45 %) produced 143 and 47 fruiting bodies, respectively, totalling 190 fruiting bodies. By 2012, 19 non-mulched trees (90 %) and 13 mulched trees (65 %) produced 333 and 236 fruiting bodies, respectively, totalling 569 fruiting bodies (c. 30 kg). This study presents new information on factors influencing the onset of fruiting and the development of yields in a plantation of P. radiata mycorrhized by L. deliciosus. Projected yields as high as c. 300 kg/ha from the third year of production reiterate the feasibility of farming saffron milk cap in P. radiata plantations in New Zealand. Continued monitoring of this site and development of similar trials will provide important knowledge for the optimisation of yields in commercial saffron milk cap orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Guerin-Laguette
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Gerald Street, Lincoln, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand,
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De la Varga H, Águeda B, Ágreda T, Martínez-Peña F, Parladé J, Pera J. Seasonal dynamics of Boletus edulis and Lactarius deliciosus extraradical mycelium in pine forests of central Spain. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:391-402. [PMID: 23392533 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The annual belowground dynamics of extraradical soil mycelium and sporocarp production of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Boletus edulis and Lactarius deliciosus, have been studied in two different pine forests (Pinar Grande and Pinares Llanos, respectively) in Soria (central Spain). Soil samples (five per plot) were taken monthly (from September 2009 to August 2010 in Pinar Grande and from September 2010 to September 2011 in Pinares Llanos) in eight permanent plots (four for each site). B. edulis and L. deliciosus extraradical soil mycelium was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction, with DNA extracted from soil samples, using specific primers and TaqMan® probes. The quantities of B. edulis soil mycelium did not differ significantly between plots, but there was a significant difference over time with a maximum in February (0.1576 mg mycelium/g soil) and a minimum in October (0.0170 mg mycelium/g soil). For L. deliciosus, significant differences were detected between plots and over time. The highest amount of mycelium was found in December (1.84 mg mycelium/g soil) and the minimum in February (0.0332 mg mycelium/g soil). B. edulis mycelium quantities were positively correlated with precipitation of the current month and negatively correlated with the mean temperature of the previous month. Mycelium biomass of L. deliciosus was positively correlated with relative humidity and negatively correlated with mean temperature and radiation. No significant correlation between productivity of the plots with the soil mycelium biomass was observed for any of the two species. No correlations were found between B. edulis sporocarp production and weather parameters. Sporocarp production of L. deliciosus was positively correlated with precipitation and relative humidity and negatively correlated with maximum and minimum temperatures. Both species have similar distribution over time, presenting an annual dynamics characterized by a seasonal variability, with a clear increase on the amounts of biomass during the coldest months of the year. Soil mycelial dynamics of both species are strongly dependent on the weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herminia De la Varga
- IRTA, Sustainable Plant Protection, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. de Cabrils, Km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
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Leonardi M, Iotti M, Oddis M, Lalli G, Pacioni G, Leonardi P, Maccherini S, Perini C, Salerni E, Zambonelli A. Assessment of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the natural habitats of Tuber magnatum (Ascomycota, Pezizales). MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:349-58. [PMID: 23299664 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities of four natural Tuber magnatum truffle grounds, located in different Italian regions (Abruzzo, Emilia-Romagna, Molise, and Tuscany), were studied. The main objective of this study was to characterize and compare the ECM fungal communities in the different regions and in productive (where T. magnatum ascomata were found) and nonproductive points. More than 8,000 (8,100) colonized root tips were counted in 73 soil cores, and 129 operational taxonomic units were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Although the composition of the ECM fungal communities studied varied, we were able to highlight some common characteristics. The most plentiful ECM fungal taxa belong to the Thelephoraceae and Sebacinaceae families followed by Inocybaceae and Russulaceae. Although several ectomycorrhizas belonging to Tuber genus were identified, no T. magnatum ectomycorrhizas were found. The putative ecological significance of some species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Kuhnert R, Oberkofler I, Peintner U. Fungal growth and biomass development is boosted by plants in snow-covered soil. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 64:79-90. [PMID: 22234510 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-0001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial communities follow distinct seasonal cycles which result in drastic changes in processes involving soil nutrient availability. The biomass of fungi has been reported to be highest during winter, but is fungal growth really occurring in frozen soil? And what is the effect of plant cover on biomass formation and on the composition of fungal communities? To answer these questions, we monitored microbial biomass N, ergosterol, and the amount of fungal hyphae during summer and winter in vegetated and unvegetated soils of an alpine primary successional habitat. The winter fungal communities were identified by rDNA ITS clone libraries. Winter soil temperatures ranged between -0.6°C and -0.1°C in snow-covered soil. We found distinct seasonal patterns for all biomass parameters, with highest biomass concentrations during winter in snow-covered soil. The presence of plant cover had a significant positive effect on the amount of biomass in the soil, but the type of plant cover (plant species) was not a significant factor. A mean hyphal ingrowth of 5.6 m g(-1) soil was detected in snow-covered soil during winter, thus clearly proving fungal growth during winter in snow-covered soil. Winter fungal communities had a typical species composition: saprobial fungi were dominating, among them many basidiomycete yeasts. Plant cover had no influence on the composition of winter fungal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Kuhnert
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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De la Varga H, Agueda B, Martínez-Peña F, Parladé J, Pera J. Quantification of extraradical soil mycelium and ectomycorrhizas of Boletus edulis in a Scots pine forest with variable sporocarp productivity. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:59-68. [PMID: 21494822 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The availability of most edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms depends on their natural fructification. Sporocarp formation of these fungi is linked to habitat characteristics and climate conditions, but these data alone do not explain all the trends of fungal fruiting and dynamics. It could be hypothesized that the amount of soil mycelia could also be related to the production of carpophores. Soil samples (five cylinders of 250 cm(3) per plot) were taken monthly, from September to November, in five fenced permanent plots (5 × 5 m) in Pinar Grande (Soria, Spain), a Pinus sylvestris stand situated in the north of the Sistema Ibérico mountain range. Plots were chosen to establish a gradient of Boletus edulis productivity from 0 to 38.5 kg/ha year, according to the mean fresh weight of sporocarps collected during the last 10 years. B. edulis ectomycorrhizal root tips were identified in each soil sample according to its morphology and counted. DNA extractions were performed with the PowerSoil(TM) DNA Isolation Kit and quantification of extraradical soil mycelium by real-time polymerase chain reaction using specific primers and a TaqMan® probe. The concentration of soil mycelium of B. edulis (mg mycelium/g soil) did not differ significantly between plots (p = 0.1397), and sampling time (p = 0.7643) within the fructification period. The number of mycorrhizal short roots per soil volume showed significant differences between the plots (p = 0.0050) and the three sampling times (p < 0.0001). No significant correlation between the number of mycorrhizas and the productivity of the plot (kg of B. edulis/ha year) was detected (p = 0.615). A statistically significant positive correlation (p = 0.0481) was detected between the concentration of mycelia of B. edulis in the soil samples and the presence of short roots mycorrhizal with B. edulis in these samples. The productivity of the plots, in terms of sporocarps produced during the last 10 years, was not correlated either with the concentration of soil mycelium or with the presence or abundance of ectomycorrhizas.
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Production of edible mushrooms in forests: trends in development of a mycosilviculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:971-9. [PMID: 21132290 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing the production of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mushrooms in forest has become a challenge. Only a few ECM species are currently cultivable. Controlled mycorrhization practices offer promising advance to produce currently uncultivable ECM mushrooms. The persistence of the production of edible species, either cultivated or wild, depends on both the tree and the ecological environment (fungal communities, climate, soil, tree development). Developing adapted forest management practices appears to be means to improve production of edible ECM mushrooms. This review summarises current knowledge on the development of a science-based mycosilviculture for the production of edible ECM mushrooms.
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Tóth BB, Barta Z. Ecological studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi: an analysis of survey methods. FUNGAL DIVERS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-010-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Iotti M, Lancellotti E, Hall I, Zambonelli A. The ectomycorrhizal community in naturalTuber borchii grounds. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 72:250-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Hynes MM, Smith ME, Zasoski RJ, Bledsoe CS. A molecular survey of ectomycorrhizal hyphae in a California Quercus-Pinus woodland. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:265-274. [PMID: 19826841 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) hyphal communities have not been well characterized. Furthermore, there have been few studies where the ECM hyphal community is compared to fungi detected as sporocarps or ECM-colonized root tips. We investigated fungi present as hyphae in a well-studied California Quercus-Pinus woodland. Hyphal species present were compared to those found as sporocarps and ECM root tips at the same site. Hyphae were extracted from root-restrictive nylon mesh in-growth bags buried in the soil near mature Quercus douglasii, Quercus wislizeni, and Pinus sabiniana. Taxa were identified using PCR, cloning, and DNA sequencing of internal transcribed spacer and 28s rDNA. Among the 33 species detected, rhizomorph-forming ECM fungi dominated the hyphal community, especially species of Thelephoraceae and Boletales. Most fungi in soils near Quercus spp. and P. sabiniana were ECM basidiomycetes, but we detected two ECM ascomycetes and three non-mycorrhizal fungi. Many ECM species present as hyphae were also previously detected at this site as sporocarps (18%) or on ECM root tips (58%). However, the hyphal community was mostly dominated by different taxa than either the sporocarp or ECM root communities.
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MESH Headings
- Biodiversity
- California
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
- Fungi/classification
- Fungi/genetics
- Fungi/isolation & purification
- Genes, rRNA
- Hyphae/classification
- Hyphae/genetics
- Hyphae/isolation & purification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mycorrhizae/growth & development
- Phylogeny
- Pinus/microbiology
- Quercus/microbiology
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 28S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan M Hynes
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89512, USA.
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The neglected hypogeous fungus Hydnotrya bailii Soehner (1959) is a widespread sister taxon of Hydnotrya tulasnei (Berk.) Berk. & Broome (1846). Mycol Prog 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-009-0625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hortal S, Pera J, Parladé J. Field persistence of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungus Lactarius deliciosus: effects of inoculation strain, initial colonization level, and site characteristics. MYCORRHIZA 2009; 19:167-177. [PMID: 19153778 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-009-0228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pinus pinea plants were inoculated with different strains of the edible ectomycorrhizal fungus Lactarius deliciosus. The inoculated plants were established in six experimental plantations in two sites located in the Mediterranean area to determine the effect of the initial colonization level and the inoculated strain on fungal persistence in the field. Ectomycorrhizal root colonization was determined at transplantation time and monitored at different times from uprooted plants. Extraradical soil mycelium biomass was determined from soil samples by TaqMan(R) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results obtained indicate that the field site played a decisive role in the persistence of L. deliciosus after outplanting. The initial colonization level and the selection of the suitable strain were also significant factors but their effect on the persistence and spread of L. deliciosus was conditioned by the physical-chemical and biotic characteristics of the plantation soil and, possibly, by their influence in root growth. Molecular techniques based on real-time PCR allowed a precise quantification of extraradical mycelium of L. deliciosus in the field. The technique is promising for non-destructive assessment of fungal persistence since soil mycelium may be a good indicator of root colonization. However, the accuracy of the technique will ultimately depend on the development of appropriate soil sampling methods because of the high variability observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hortal
- IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils, km. 2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
- UMR 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA de Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Joan Pera
- IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils, km. 2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Parladé
- IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils, km. 2, 08348, Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
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Krpata D, Fitz W, Peintner U, Langer I, Schweiger P. Bioconcentration of zinc and cadmium in ectomycorrhizal fungi and associated aspen trees as affected by level of pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:280-6. [PMID: 18706745 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of Zn and Cd were measured in fruitbodies of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and leaves of co-occurring accumulator aspen. Samples were taken on three metal-polluted sites and one control site. Fungal bioconcentration factors (BCF = fruitbody concentration: soil concentration) were calculated on the basis of total metal concentrations in surface soil horizons (BCF(tot)) and NH(4)NO(3)-extractable metal concentrations in mineral soil (BCF(lab)). When plotted on log-log scale, values of BCF decreased linearly with increasing soil metal concentrations. BCF(lab) for both Zn and Cd described the data more closely than BCF(tot). Fungal genera differed in ZnBCF but not in CdBCF. The information on differences between fungi with respect to their predominant occurrence in different soil horizons did not improve relations of BCF with soil metal concentrations. Aspen trees accumulated Zn and Cd to similar concentrations as the ECM fungi. Apparently, the fungi did not act as an effective barrier against aspen metal uptake by retaining the metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Krpata
- Institute of Microbiology, Innsbruck University, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Detection of soil fungal communities in an alpine primary successional habitat: Does pooling of DNA extracts affect investigations? ANN MICROBIOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03175562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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