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Sun ZB, Yu SF, Sun MH, Li SD, Hu YF, Song HJ. Transcriptomic Response of Clonostachys rosea Mycoparasitizing Rhizoctonia solani. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:818. [PMID: 37623589 PMCID: PMC10455738 DOI: 10.3390/jof9080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is an important mycoparasitism biocontrol agent that exhibits excellent control efficacy against numerous fungal plant pathogens. Transcriptomic sequencing may be used to preliminarily screen mycoparasitism-related genes of C. rosea against fungal pathogens. The present study sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of C. rosea mycoparasitizing a Basidiomycota (phylum) fungal pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani, under three touch stages: the pre-touch stage, touch stage and after-touch stage. The results showed that a number of genes were differentially expressed during C. rosea mycoparasitization of R. solani. At the pre-touch stage, 154 and 315 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively. At the touch stage, the numbers of up- and down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were 163 and 188, respectively. The after-touch stage obtained the highest number of DEGs, with 412 and 326 DEGs being up- and down-regulated, respectively. Among these DEGs, ABC transporter-, glucanase- and chitinase-encoding genes were selected as potential mycoparasitic genes according to a phylogenetic analysis. A comparative transcriptomic analysis between C. rosea mycoparasitizing R. solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum showed that several DEGs, including the tartrate transporter, SDR family oxidoreductase, metallophosphoesterase, gluconate 5-dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase, were uniquely expressed in C. rosea mycoparasitizing R. solani. These results significantly expand our knowledge of mycoparasitism-related genes in C. rosea and elucidate the mycoparasitism mechanism of C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bin Sun
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shu-Fan Yu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shi-Dong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Feng Hu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Han-Jian Song
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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2
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Zou M, Xin B, Sun X, Lin R, Lu J, Qi J, Xie B, Cheng X. URA3 as a Selectable Marker for Disruption and Functional Assessment of PacC Gene in the Entomopathogenic Fungus Isaria javanica. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010092. [PMID: 36675913 PMCID: PMC9860623 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective selection marker is necessary for genetic engineering and functional genomics research in the post-genomic era. Isaria javanica is an important entomopathogenic fungus with a broad host range and prospective biocontrol potentials. Given that no antibiotic marker is available currently in this fungus, developing an effective selection marker is necessary. In this study, by applying overlap PCR and split-marker deletion strategy, combining PEG-mediated protoplasm transformation method, the uridine auxotrophy gene (ura3) in the I. javanica genome was knocked out. Then, using this transformation system, the pH response transcription factor gene (IjpacC) was disrupted successfully. Loss of IjpacC gene results in an obvious decrease in conidial production, but little impact on mycelial growth. The virulence of the ΔIjpacC mutant on caterpillars is similar to that of the wild-type strain. RT-qPCR detection shows that expression level of an acidic-expressed S53 gene (IF1G_06234) in ΔIjpacC mutant is more significantly upregulated than in the wild-type strain during the fungal infection on caterpillars. Our results indicate that a markerless transformation system based upon complementation of uridine auxotrophy is successfully developed in I. javanica, which is useful for exploring gene function and for genetic engineering to enhance biological control potential of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manling Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bei Xin
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Runmao Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junru Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (X.C.); Tel.: +86-10-82109546 (B.X.); +86-10-58809696 (X.C.)
| | - Xinyue Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Beijing 100080, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (X.C.); Tel.: +86-10-82109546 (B.X.); +86-10-58809696 (X.C.)
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cAMP Signalling Pathway in Biocontrol Fungi. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:2622-2634. [PMID: 35735620 PMCID: PMC9221721 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol is a complex process, in which a variety of physiological and biochemical characteristics are altered. The cAMP signalling pathway is an important signal transduction pathway in biocontrol fungi and consists of several key components. The G-protein system contains G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), heterotrimeric G-proteins, adenylate cyclase (AC), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and downstream transcription factors (TFs). The cAMP signalling pathway can regulate fungal growth, development, differentiation, sporulation, morphology, secondary metabolite production, environmental stress tolerance, and the biocontrol of pathogens. However, few reviews of the cAMP signalling pathway in comprehensive biocontrol processes have been reported. This work reviews and discusses the functions and applications of genes encoding each component in the cAMP signalling pathway from biocontrol fungi, including the G-protein system components, AC, PKA, and TFs, in biocontrol behaviour. Finally, future suggestions are provided for constructing a complete cAMP signalling pathway in biocontrol fungi containing all the components and downstream effectors involved in biocontrol behavior. This review provides useful information for the understanding the biocontrol mechanism of biocontrol fungi by utilising the cAMP signalling pathway.
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Pecundo MH, Chang ACG, Chen T, dela Cruz TEE, Ren H, Li N. Full-Length 16S rRNA and ITS Gene Sequencing Revealed Rich Microbial Flora in Roots of Cycas spp. in China. Evol Bioinform Online 2021; 17:1176934321989713. [PMID: 33613025 PMCID: PMC7868495 DOI: 10.1177/1176934321989713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycads have developed a complex root system categorized either as normal or coralloid roots. Past literatures revealed that a great diversity of key microbes is associated with these roots. This recent study aims to comprehensively determine the diversity and community structure of bacteria and fungi associated with the roots of two Cycas spp. endemic to China, Cycas debaoensis Zhong & Chen and Cycas fairylakea D.Y. Wang using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA (V1-V9 hypervariable) and short fragment ITS region. The total DNA from 12 root samples were extracted, amplified, sequenced, and analyzed. Resulting sequences were clustered into 61 bacteria and 2128 fungal OTUs. Analysis of community structure revealed that the coralloid roots were dominated mostly by the nitrogen-fixer Nostocaceae but also contain other non-diazotrophic bacteria. The sequencing of entire 16S rRNA gene identified four different strains of cyanobacteria under the heterocystous genera Nostoc and Desmonostoc. Meanwhile, the top bacterial families in normal roots were Xanthobacteraceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Bacillaceae. Moreover, a diverse fungal community was also found in the roots of cycads and the predominating families were Ophiocordycipitaceae, Nectriaceae, Bionectriaceae, and Trichocomaceae. Our results demonstrated that bacterial diversity in normal roots of C. fairylakea is higher in richness and abundance than C. debaoensis. On the other hand, a slight difference, albeit insignificant, was noted for the diversity of fungi among root types and host species as the number of shared taxa is relatively high (67%). Our results suggested that diverse microbes are present in roots of cycads which potentially interact together to support cycads survival. Our study provided additional knowledge on the microbial diversity and composition in cycads and thus expanding our current knowledge on cycad-microbe association. Our study also considered the possible impact of ex situ conservation on cyanobiont community of cycads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Pecundo
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aimee Caye G Chang
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Tao Chen
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas Edison E dela Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Hai Ren
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Iqbal M, Broberg M, Haarith D, Broberg A, Bushley KE, Brandström Durling M, Viketoft M, Funck Jensen D, Dubey M, Karlsson M. Natural variation of root lesion nematode antagonism in the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea and identification of biocontrol factors through genome-wide association mapping. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2264-2283. [PMID: 33005223 PMCID: PMC7513725 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological control is a promising approach to reduce plant diseases caused by nematodes to ensure high productivity in agricultural production. Large-scale analyses of genetic variation in fungal species used for biocontrol can generate knowledge regarding interaction mechanisms that can improve efficacy of biocontrol applications. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for in vitro antagonism against the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in 53 previously genome re-sequenced strains of the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea. Nematode mortality in C. rosea potato dextrose broth (PDB) culture filtrates was highly variable and showed continuous variation (p < .001) between strains, indicating a polygenic inheritance. Twenty-one strains produced culture filtrates with higher (p ≤ .05) nematode mortality compared with the PDB control treatment, while ten strains lowered (p ≤ .05) the mortality. The difference in in vitro antagonism against P. penetrans correlated with antagonism against the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, indicating lack of host specificity in C. rosea. An empirical Bayesian multiple hypothesis testing approach identified 279 single nucleotide polymorphism markers significantly (local false sign rate < 10-10) associated with the trait. Genes present in the genomic regions associated with nematicidal activity included several membrane transporters, a chitinase and genes encoding proteins predicted to biosynthesize secondary metabolites. Gene deletion strains of the predicted nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes nps4 and nps5 were generated and showed increased (p ≤ .001) fungal growth and conidiation rates compared to the wild type. Deletion strains also exhibited reduced (p < .001) nematicidal activity and reduced (p ≤ .05) biocontrol efficacy against nematode root disease and against fusarium foot rot on wheat. In summary, we show that the GWAS approach can be used to identify biocontrol factors in C. rosea, specifically the putative nonribosomal peptide synthetases NPS4 and NPS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin Broberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Deepak Haarith
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Kathryn E Bushley
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | - Mikael Brandström Durling
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala BioCenter Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden
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6
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Sun ZB, Wang Q, Sun MH, Li SD. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Gene Crmapk Is Involved in Clonostachys chloroleuca Mycoparasitism. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:902-910. [PMID: 32282260 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-20-0062-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Clonostachys chloroleuca is a mycoparasite used for biocontrol of numerous fungal plant pathogens. Sequencing of the transcriptome of C. chloroleuca following mycoparasitization of the sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum revealed significant upregulation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-encoding gene, crmapk. Although MAPKs are known to regulate fungal growth and development, the function of crmapk in C. chloroleuca mycoparasitism is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of crmapk in C. chloroleuca mycoparasitism through gene knockout and complementation. Deletion of crmapk had no influence on the C. chloroleuca morphological characteristics but could significantly reduce the mycoparasitic ability to sclerotia and biocontrol capacity to soybean Sclerotinia stem rot; crmapk complementation restored these abilities. Transcriptome analysis between Δcrmapk and the wild-type strain revealed numerous genes were significantly down-regulated after crmapk deletion, including cytochrome P450, transporters, and cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs). Our findings indicate that crmapk influences C. chloroleuca mycoparasitism by regulation of genes controlling the activity of CWDEs or antibiotic production. This study provides a basis for further studies of the molecular mechanism of C. chloroleuca mycoparasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bin Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shi-Dong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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7
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Iqbal M, Dubey M, Broberg A, Viketoft M, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Deletion of the Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene nps1 in the Fungus Clonostachys rosea Attenuates Antagonism and Biocontrol of Plant Pathogenic Fusarium and Nematodes. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1698-1709. [PMID: 31120795 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-19-0042-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites produced by biological control agents may influence the outcome of their interactions with plant pathogenic microorganisms and plants. In the present study, we investigated the role of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene nps1 expressed by the biocontrol fungus Clonostachys rosea. A gene expression analysis showed that nps1 was induced during confrontations with the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Gene deletion strains of nps1 displayed increased growth rates and conidiation. However, the nematicidal activity of culture filtrates from C. rosea Δnps1 strains was significantly weaker than that from wild-type filtrates (P ≤ 0.001); after 24 h of incubation with culture filtrates from nps1 deletion strains, only 13 to 33% of a mixed community of nematodes were dead compared with 42% of nematodes incubated with wild-type culture filtrates. The Δnps1 strains also showed reduced biocontrol efficacy during pot experiments, thus failing to protect wheat seedlings from foot rot disease caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Furthermore, C. rosea Δnps1 strains were not able to reduce populations of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil or in roots of wheat as efficiently as the wild-type strain. Both C. rosea wild-type and Δnps1 strains increased the dry shoot weight and shoot length of wheat by 20 and 13%, respectively. We showed that NPS1, a putative nonribosomal peptide synthetase encoded by nps1, is a biocontrol factor, presumably by producing a hitherto unknown nonribosomal peptide compound with antifungal and nematicidal properties that contributes to the biocontrol properties of C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chen Y, Li B, Xu X, Zhang Z, Tian S. The pH-responsive PacC transcription factor plays pivotal roles in virulence and patulin biosynthesis in Penicillium expansum. Environ Microbiol 2019; 20:4063-4078. [PMID: 30370586 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The PacC (loss or reduction in phosphatase activity at acid but not at alkaline pH [Pac]) transcription factor regulates environmental adaptation, secondary metabolism and virulence in many fungal pathogens. Here, we report the functions of PacC in Penicillium expansum, a postharvest pathogenic fungus in horticultural crops, and ascertain that the gene expression and proteolytic processing of PePacC are strictly pH-dependent. Loss of PePacC resulted in an obvious decrease in growth and conidiation of P. expansum cultured in both acidic and alkaline conditions. The ΔPePacC mutant lost the ability of patulin production at pH values above 6.0 because expressions of all the genes in patulin cluster were significantly down-regulated. Additionally, virulence of the ΔPePacC mutant was obviously reduced in pear and apple fruits. Proteome analysis revealed that PePacC could function as an activator or repressor for different target proteins, including calreticulin (PeCRT) and sulfate adenylyltransferase (PeSAT), which were further proved to be involved in virulence of P. expansum. Our results demonstrate important roles for PePacC in patulin biosynthesis via limiting expressions of the genes in the cluster, and in pathogenesis via mediating a known virulence factor glucose oxidase (PeGOD) and new virulence factors, such as PeCRT and PeSAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaodi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116600, China
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Snyman C, Theron LW, Divol B. Understanding the regulation of extracellular protease gene expression in fungi: a key step towards their biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5517-5532. [PMID: 31129742 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of proteases by certain species of yeast and filamentous fungi is of importance not only for their biological function and survival, but also for their biotechnological application to various processes in the food, beverage, and bioprocessing industries. A key step towards understanding the role that these organisms play in their environment, and how their protease-secreting ability may be optimally utilised through industrial applications, involves an evaluation of those factors which influence protease production. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the findings from investigations directed at elucidating the regulatory mechanisms underlying extracellular protease secretion in yeast and filamentous fungi, and the environmental stimuli that elicit these responses. The influence of nitrogen-, carbon-, and sulphur-containing compounds, as well as proteins, temperature, and pH, on extracellular protease regulation, which is frequently exerted at the transcriptional level, is discussed in particular depth. Protease-secreting organisms of biotechnological interest are also presented in this context, in an effort to explore the areas of industrial significance that could possibly benefit from such knowledge. In this way, the establishment of a platform of existing knowledge regarding fungal protease regulation is attempted, with the particular goal of aiding in the practical application of these organisms to processes that require secretion of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Snyman
- Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - L W Theron
- Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - B Divol
- Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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10
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The pH sensing receptor AopalH plays important roles in the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:547-554. [PMID: 31196524 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is well-conserved PacC/Rim101 signaling among ascomycete fungi to mediate environmental pH sensing. For pathogenic fungi, this pathway not only enables fungi to grow over a wide pH range, but it also determines whether these fungi can successfully colonize and invade the targeted host. Within the pal/PacC pathway, palH is a putative ambient pH sensor with a seven-transmembrane domain. To characterize the function of a palH homolog, AopalH, in the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora, we knocked out the encoding gene of AopalH through homologous recombination, and the transformants exhibited slower growth rates, greater sensitivities to cationic and hyperoxidation stresses, as well as reduced conidiation and reduced trap formation, suggesting that the pH regulatory system has critical functions in nematophagous fungi. Our results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of pH response and regulation in fungi.
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11
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Yang J, Wang Y, Liu L, Liu L, Wang C, Wang C, Li C. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and pH on pathogenicity of biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1)-overexpressing strain, Magnaporthe oryzae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13725-13737. [PMID: 29931642 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress can influence the interactions between a pathogen and its host. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and pH on the morphological development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen that causes rice (Oryza sativa) blast. A strain of rice blast that overexpresses biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1) and a wild-type (WT) strain were pretreated with different levels of pH and different concentrations of SA to analyze M. oryzae colony growth, sporulation, spore germination, dry weight of hypha, and appressorium formation. Disease incidence and the expression of defense-related genes in infected rice were analyzed after pretreatment with pH 5.00 or pH 8.00 and 200 μM SA. The results showed that both SA and pH had some influence on morphological development, including sporulation and appressorium formation of the BAS1-overexpression strain. In the 200 μM SA pretreatment, there was a lower incidence of disease and higher expression levels of the rice defense-related genes PR1a, PAL, HSP90, and PR5 on leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT strain, whereas, LOX2 appeared to be downregulated in the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT. In both pH treatments, disease incidence and expression of HSP90 were higher and the expression of PR1a and PR10a and LOX2 and PAL was lower in leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpression strain compared with leaves inoculated with the WT strain. We conclude that SA and pH affect morphological development of the BAS1-overexpression blast strain, but that these factors have little influence on the pathogenicity of the strain, indicating that BAS1-overexpression may have enhanced the tolerance of this rice blast strain to abiotic stressors. This work suggests new molecular mechanisms that exogenous SA and pH affect the interactions between M. oryzae and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Changmi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Yang J, Wang Y, Liu L, Liu L, Wang C, Wang C, Li C. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and pH on pathogenicity of biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1)-overexpressing strain, Magnaporthe oryzae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:13725-13737. [PMID: 29931642 PMCID: PMC6499755 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress can influence the interactions between a pathogen and its host. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of salicylic acid (SA) and pH on the morphological development and pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the pathogen that causes rice (Oryza sativa) blast. A strain of rice blast that overexpresses biotrophy-associated secreted protein 1 (BAS1) and a wild-type (WT) strain were pretreated with different levels of pH and different concentrations of SA to analyze M. oryzae colony growth, sporulation, spore germination, dry weight of hypha, and appressorium formation. Disease incidence and the expression of defense-related genes in infected rice were analyzed after pretreatment with pH 5.00 or pH 8.00 and 200 μM SA. The results showed that both SA and pH had some influence on morphological development, including sporulation and appressorium formation of the BAS1-overexpression strain. In the 200 μM SA pretreatment, there was a lower incidence of disease and higher expression levels of the rice defense-related genes PR1a, PAL, HSP90, and PR5 on leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT strain, whereas, LOX2 appeared to be downregulated in the BAS1-overexpession strain compared with the WT. In both pH treatments, disease incidence and expression of HSP90 were higher and the expression of PR1a and PR10a and LOX2 and PAL was lower in leaves inoculated with the BAS1-overexpression strain compared with leaves inoculated with the WT strain. We conclude that SA and pH affect morphological development of the BAS1-overexpression blast strain, but that these factors have little influence on the pathogenicity of the strain, indicating that BAS1-overexpression may have enhanced the tolerance of this rice blast strain to abiotic stressors. This work suggests new molecular mechanisms that exogenous SA and pH affect the interactions between M. oryzae and rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lina Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Changmi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Toju H, Tanaka Y. Consortia of anti-nematode fungi and bacteria in the rhizosphere of soybean plants attacked by root-knot nematodes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181693. [PMID: 31032023 PMCID: PMC6458363 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyst and root-knot nematodes are major risk factors of agroecosystem management, often causing devastating impacts on crop production. The use of microbes that parasitize or prey on nematodes has been considered as a promising approach for suppressing phytopathogenic nematode populations. However, effects and persistence of those biological control agents often vary substantially depending on regions, soil characteristics and agricultural practices: more insights into microbial community processes are required to develop reproducible control of nematode populations. By performing high-throughput sequencing profiling of bacteria and fungi, we examined how root and soil microbiomes differ between benign and nematode-infected plant individuals in a soybean field in Japan. Results indicated that various taxonomic groups of bacteria and fungi occurred preferentially on the soybean individuals infected by root-knot nematodes or those uninfected by nematodes. Based on a network analysis of potential microbe-microbe associations, we further found that several fungal taxa potentially preying on nematodes (Dactylellina (Orbiliales), Rhizophydium (Rhizophydiales), Clonostachys (Hypocreales), Pochonia (Hypocreales) and Purpureocillium (Hypocreales)) co-occurred in the soybean rhizosphere at a small spatial scale. This study suggests how 'consortia' of anti-nematode microbes can derive from indigenous (resident) microbiomes, providing basic information for managing anti-nematode microbial communities in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Toju
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2133, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Iqbal M, Dubey M, Gudmundsson M, Viketoft M, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Comparative evolutionary histories of fungal proteases reveal gene gains in the mycoparasitic and nematode-parasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:171. [PMID: 30445903 PMCID: PMC6240243 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ascomycete fungus Clonostachys rosea (order Hypocreales) can control several important plant diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi and nematodes. Subtilisin-like serine proteases are considered to play an important role in pathogenesis in entomopathogenic, mycoparasitic, and nematophagous fungi used for biological control. In this study, we analysed the evolutionary histories of protease gene families, and investigated sequence divergence and regulation of serine protease genes in C. rosea. Results Proteases of selected hypocrealean fungal species were classified into families based on the MEROPS peptidase database. The highest number of protease genes (590) was found in Fusarium solani, followed by C. rosea with 576 genes. Analysis of gene family evolution identified non-random changes in gene copy numbers in the five serine protease gene families S1A, S8A, S9X, S12 and S33. Four families, S1A, S8A, S9X, and S33, displayed gene gains in C. rosea. A gene-tree / species-tree reconciliation analysis of the S8A family revealed that the gene copy number increase in C. rosea was primarily associated with the S08.054 (proteinase K) subgroup. In addition, regulatory and predicted structural differences, including twelve sites evolving under positive selection, among eighteen C. rosea S8A serine protease paralog genes were also observed. The C. rosea S8A serine protease gene prs6 was induced during interaction with the plant pathogenic species F. graminearum. Conclusions Non-random increases in S8A, S9X and S33 serine protease gene numbers in the mycoparasitic species C. rosea, Trichoderma atroviride and T. virens suggests an involvement in fungal-fungal interactions. Regulatory and predicted structural differences between C. rosea S8A paralogs indicate that functional diversification is driving the observed increase in gene copy numbers. The induction of prs6 expression in C. rosea during confrontation with F. graminearum suggests an involvement of the corresponding protease in fungal-fungal interactions. The results pinpoint the importance of serine proteases for ecological niche adaptation in C. rosea, including a potential role in the mycoparasitic attack on fungal prey. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1291-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gudmundsson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Atanasova L, Dubey M, Grujić M, Gudmundsson M, Lorenz C, Sandgren M, Kubicek CP, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Evolution and functional characterization of pectate lyase PEL12, a member of a highly expanded Clonostachys rosea polysaccharide lyase 1 family. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:178. [PMID: 30404596 PMCID: PMC6223089 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pectin is one of the major and most complex plant cell wall components that needs to be overcome by microorganisms as part of their strategies for plant invasion or nutrition. Microbial pectinolytic enzymes therefore play a significant role for plant-associated microorganisms and for the decomposition and recycling of plant organic matter. Recently, comparative studies revealed significant gene copy number expansion of the polysaccharide lyase 1 (PL1) pectin/pectate lyase gene family in the Clonostachys rosea genome, while only low numbers were found in Trichoderma species. Both of these fungal genera are widely known for their ability to parasitize and kill other fungi (mycoparasitism) and certain species are thus used for biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi. Results In order to understand the role of the high number of pectin degrading enzymes in Clonostachys, we studied diversity and evolution of the PL1 gene family in C. rosea compared with other Sordariomycetes with varying nutritional life styles. Out of 17 members of C. rosea PL1, we could only detect two to be secreted at acidic pH. One of them, the pectate lyase pel12 gene was found to be strongly induced by pectin and, to a lower degree, by polygalacturonic acid. Heterologous expression of the PEL12 in a PL1-free background of T. reesei revealed direct enzymatic involvement of this protein in utilization of pectin at pH 5 without a requirement for Ca2+. The mutants showed increased utilization of pectin compounds, but did not increase biocontrol ability in detached leaf assay against the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea compared to the wild type. Conclusions In this study, we aimed to gain insight into diversity and evolution of the PL1 gene family in C. rosea and other Sordariomycete species in relation to their nutritional modes. We show that C. rosea PL1 expansion does not correlate with its mycoparasitic nutritional mode and resembles those of strong plant pathogenic fungi. We further investigated regulation, specificity and function of the C. rosea PEL12 and show that this enzyme is directly involved in degradation of pectin and pectin-related compounds, but not in C. rosea biocontrol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1310-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Atanasova
- Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Research division of Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria. .,Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marica Grujić
- Research division of Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikael Gudmundsson
- Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cindy Lorenz
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian P Kubicek
- Research division of Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorferstrasse 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,, Present address: Steinschötelgasse 7, 1100, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7026, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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Regulatory Networks Governing Methionine Catabolism into Volatile Organic Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Clonostachys rosea. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01840-18. [PMID: 30217835 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01840-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to environmental perturbations requires living systems to coordinately regulate signaling pathways, gene expression, and metabolism. To better understand the mechanisms underlying adaptation, the regulatory nodes within networks must be elucidated. Here, ARO8-2 (which encodes an aminotransferase), PDC (which encodes a decarboxylase), and STR3 (which encodes a demethiolase) were identified as key genes involved in the catabolism of methionine in the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea, isolated from Tuber melanosporum ascocarps. Exogenous Met induced the transcription of ARO8-2 and PDC but repressed the transcription of STR3, which is controlled by the putative MSN2 and GLN3 binding sites responding to nitrogen catabolite repression. Met and its structural derivatives function as glutamine synthetase inhibitors, resulting in the downregulation of STR3 expression. The putative GLN3 binding site was necessary for STR3 downregulation. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Met and its structural derivatives also triggered downregulation of demethiolase gene expression. Altogether, the results indicated that exogenous Met triggered nitrogen catabolite repression, which stimulated the Ehrlich pathway and negatively regulated the demethiolation pathway via the methionine sulfoximine-responsive regulatory pathway. This finding revealed the regulatory nodes within the networks controlling the catabolism of Met into volatile organic sulfur-containing compounds, thereby enhancing our understanding of adaptation.IMPORTANCE Methionine shuttles organic nitrogen and plays a central role in nitrogen metabolism. Exogenous Met strongly induces the expression of ARO8-2 and PDC, represses the expression of STR3, and generates volatile organic sulfur-containing compounds via the Ehrlich and demethiolation pathways. In this study, we used genetic, bioinformatic, and metabolite-based analyses to confirm that transcriptional control of the aminotransferase gene ARO8-2, the decarboxylase gene PDC, and the demethiolase gene STR3 modulates Met catabolism into volatile organic sulfur-containing compounds. Importantly, we found that, in addition to the Ehrlich pathway, the demethiolation pathway was regulated by a nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive regulatory pathway that controlled the transcription of genes required to catabolize poor nitrogen sources. This work significantly advances our understanding of nitrogen catabolite repression-sensitive transcriptional regulation of sulfur-containing amino acid catabolism and provides a basis for engineering Met catabolism pathways for the production of fuel and valuable flavor alcohols.
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17
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Demissie ZA, Foote SJ, Tan Y, Loewen MC. Profiling of the Transcriptomic Responses of Clonostachys rosea Upon Treatment With Fusarium graminearum Secretome. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1061. [PMID: 29930539 PMCID: PMC5999785 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea strain ACM941 is a fungal bio-control agent patented against the causative agent of Fusarium Head Blight, Fusarium graminearum. Although the molecular details remain enigmatic, previous studies have suggested that C. rosea may secrete F. graminearum growth inhibitors. Further toward this, experiments described herein show that induction of C. rosea cultures by the addition of an aliquot of F. graminearum(Fg)-spent media (including macroconidia), yield C. rosea (Cr)-spent media that elicited higher anti-F. graminearum activity than either control or deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced Cr-spent media. To gain additional insight into the genetic and metabolic factors modulating this interaction, transcriptomic (RNAseq) profiles of C. rosea in response to DON and Fg-spent media treatment, were developed. This analysis revealed 24,112 C. rosea unigenes, of which 5,605 and 6,285 were differentially regulated by DON and F-spent media, respectively. More than half of these unigenes were up-regulated, with annotations, most notably in the Fg-spent media treatment data, suggesting enhancement of polyketide (PK) and non-ribosomal peptide (NRP) secondary metabolite precursor synthesis, and PK/NRP-like synthases. Four ABC transporters were also up-regulated in response to Fg-spent media. Further analysis showed that the PK and NRP-like synthases belong to three gene clusters that also include ABC transporters, and other genes known to tailor secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The RNAseq data was further validated using quantitative RT-qPCR. Taken together, these results show that C. rosea responds to the presence of Fg-spent media (and to a lesser extent, DON-alone) by up-regulating unique aspects of its secondary metabolism-related genetic repertoire. The identities and roles of C. rosea secondary metabolites produced by the targeted gene clusters are now under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A. Demissie
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simon J. Foote
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yifang Tan
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michele C. Loewen
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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18
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Sun ZB, Wang Q, Zhang J, Jiang WZ, Wang Q, Li SD, Ma GZ, Sun MH. The transcription factor-encoding gene crtf is involved in Clonostachys chloroleuca mycoparasitism on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Microbiol Res 2018; 210:6-11. [PMID: 29625660 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Clonostachys chloroleuca 67-1 (formerly C. rosea 67-1) is a potential biocontrol fungus active against various fungal plant pathogens. From transcriptome sequencing of 67-1 parasitizing sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, we identified the transcription factor-encoding gene crtf that is significantly up-regulated during mycoparasitism. Transcription factors are widely distributed in fungi and involved in multiple biological processes. However, their role and regulatory mechanisms in mycoparasitism remain poorly understood. In this study, the function of crtf during 67-1 mycoparasitism was verified through gene knockout and complementation. The results showed that deletion of crtf did not influence fungal morphological characteristics, but the ability of the Δcrtf mutant to parasitize sclerotia and suppress soybean Sclerotinia white mold in the greenhouse was markedly diminished compared with the wild type strain. The biocontrol activity of Δcrtf recovered wild type levels when complemented with a plasmid expressing the crtf gene. These findings suggest that crtf plays a crucial role in C. chloroleuca mycoparasitism and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying C. chloroleuca mycoparasitism on plant pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Bin Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei-Zhi Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shi-Dong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Ma
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Man-Hong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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19
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Chen D, Wang D, Xu C, Chen C, Li J, Wu W, Huang X, Xie H. Nematicidal protease genes screened from a soil metagenomic library to control Radopholus similis mediated by Pseudomonas fluorescens pf36. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3301-3314. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Zhang J, Sun Z, Li S, Sun M. Identification of suitable reference genes during the formation of chlamydospores in Clonostachys rosea 67-1. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6. [PMID: 28677248 PMCID: PMC5635156 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a potential biocontrol fungus that can produce highly resistant chlamydospores under specific conditions. To investigate the genes related to chlamydospore formation, we identified reliable reference genes for quantification of gene expression in C. rosea 67-1 during sporulation. In this study, nine reference genes, actin (ACT), elongation factor 1 (EF1), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), histone (HIS), RNA polymerase II CTD phosphatase Fcp1 (RPP), succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSD), TATA-binding protein (TBP), ubiquitin (UBQ), and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UCE), were selected and cloned from 67-1, and their expression stability during chlamydospore formation was determined using reverse transcription quantitative PCR and assessed using the software geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. The Ct values of the candidates ranged from 19.9 to 29.7, among which HIS, ACT and SSD exhibited high expression levels. The statistical analysis showed that ACT and SSD were most stably expressed, while UBQ and GAPDH showed relatively large variations under different culture conditions. Calculation of pairwise variation value indicated that two reference genes were required for precise quantification. Finally, ACT and SSD were selected to normalize gene expression during chlamydospore production in C. rosea 67-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of SSD as a reference gene. This study will facilitate the accurate quantification of differentially expressed genes during the generation of chlamydospores and contribute to the investigation of the molecular mechanism underlying chlamydospore formation in C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanbin Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shidong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Brown AJP, Cowen LE, di Pietro A, Quinn J. Stress Adaptation. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0048-2016. [PMID: 28721857 PMCID: PMC5701650 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0048-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal species display an extraordinarily diverse range of lifestyles. Nevertheless, the survival of each species depends on its ability to sense and respond to changes in its natural environment. Environmental changes such as fluctuations in temperature, water balance or pH, or exposure to chemical insults such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species exert stresses that perturb cellular homeostasis and cause molecular damage to the fungal cell. Consequently, fungi have evolved mechanisms to repair this damage, detoxify chemical insults, and restore cellular homeostasis. Most stresses are fundamental in nature, and consequently, there has been significant evolutionary conservation in the nature of the resultant responses across the fungal kingdom and beyond. For example, heat shock generally induces the synthesis of chaperones that promote protein refolding, antioxidants are generally synthesized in response to an oxidative stress, and osmolyte levels are generally increased following a hyperosmotic shock. In this article we summarize the current understanding of these and other stress responses as well as the signaling pathways that regulate them in the fungi. Model yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae are compared with filamentous fungi, as well as with pathogens of plants and humans. We also discuss current challenges associated with defining the dynamics of stress responses and with the elaboration of fungal stress adaptation under conditions that reflect natural environments in which fungal cells may be exposed to different types of stresses, either sequentially or simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Antonio di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Gregor Mendel C5, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Janet Quinn
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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22
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Bondarenko SA, Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Grum-Grzhimaylo AA, Kotlova ER, Kamzolkina OV, Bilanenko EN, Tereshina VM. Membrane lipids and soluble sugars dynamics of the alkaliphilic fungus Sodiomyces tronii in response to ambient pH. Extremophiles 2017; 21:743-754. [PMID: 28478604 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-017-0940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alkaliphily, the ability of an organism to thrive optimally at high ambient pH, has been well-documented in several lineages: archaea, bacteria and fungi. The molecular mechanics of such adaptation has been extensively addressed in alkaliphilic bacteria and alkalitolerant fungi. In this study, we consider an additional property that may have enabled fungi to prosper at alkaline pH: altered contents of membrane lipids and cytoprotectant molecules. In the alkaliphilic Sodiomyces tronii, we showed that at its optimal growth pH 9.2, the fungus accumulates abundant cytosolic trehalose (4-10% dry weight) and phosphatidic acids in the membrane lipids, properties not normally observed in neutrophilic species. At a very high pH 10.2, the major carbohydrate, glucose, was rapidly substituted by mannitol and arabitol. Conversely, lowering the pH to 5.4-7.0 had major implications both on the content of carbohydrates and membrane lipids. It was shown that trehalose dominated at pH 5.4. Fractions of sphingolipids and sterols of plasma membranes rapidly elevated possibly indicating the formation of membrane structures called rafts. Overall, our results reveals complex dynamics of the contents of membrane lipids and cytoplasmic sugars in alkaliphilic S. tronii, suggesting their adaptive functionality against pH stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya A Bondarenko
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.,Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Grum-Grzhimaylo
- Laboratory of Genetics, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina R Kotlova
- Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Kamzolkina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena N Bilanenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
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Zhu J, Ying SH, Feng MG. The Pal pathway required for ambient pH adaptation regulates growth, conidiation, and osmotolerance of Beauveria bassiana in a pH-dependent manner. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4423-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Identification of mycoparasitism-related genes in Clonostachys rosea 67-1 active against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18169. [PMID: 26657839 PMCID: PMC4677357 DOI: 10.1038/srep18169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea is a mycoparasite that has shown great potential in controlling various plant fungal pathogens. In order to find mycoparasitism-related genes in C. rosea, the transcriptome of the efficient isolate 67-1 in association with sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was sequenced and analysed. The results identified 26,351 unigenes with a mean length of 1,102 nucleotides, among which 18,525 were annotated in one or more databases of NR, KEGG, Swiss-Prot, GO and COG. Differentially expressed genes at 8 h, 24 h and 48 h after sclerotial induction were analysed, and 6,890 unigenes were upregulated compared with the control without sclerotia. 713, 1,008 and 1,929 genes were specifically upregulated expressed, while 1,646, 283 and 529 genes were specifically downregulated, respectively. Gene ontology terms analysis indicated that these genes were mainly involved in metabolism of biological process, catalysis of molecular function and cellular component. The expression levels of 12 genes that were upregulated after encountering with S. sclerotiorum were monitored using real-time PCR. The results indicated that the quantitative detection was consistent with the transcriptome analysis. The study provides transcriptional gene expression information on C. rosea parasitizing S. sclerotiorum and forms the basis for further investigation of mycoparasitism-related genes of C. rosea.
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25
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Lou Y, Han Y, Yang L, Wu M, Zhang J, Cheng J, Wang M, Jiang D, Chen W, Li G. CmpacC regulates mycoparasitism, oxalate degradation and antifungal activity in the mycoparasitic fungus Coniothyrium minitans. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4711-29. [PMID: 26278965 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The PacC/Rim101 pH-responsive transcription factor is an important pathogenicity element for many plant-pathogenic fungi. In this study, we investigated the roles of a PacC homologue, CmpacC, in the mycoparasitic fungus Coniothyrium minitans. CmpacC was confirmed to have the transcriptional activation activity by the transcriptional activation test in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Disruption of CmpacC resulted in impaired fungal responses to ambient pH. Compared to the wild-type, the CmpacC-disruption mutant ΔCmpacC-29 was significantly suppressed for activities of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase at pH 5 and 7, consistent with reduced expression levels of Cmch1 and Cmg1 coding for the two enzymes respectively. However, the mutant displayed acidity-mimicking phenotypes such as improved oxalate degradation and increased antifungal activity at pH 6 or higher. Improved efficacy in oxalate degradation by ΔCmpacC-29 was consistent with the enhanced expression level of Cmoxdc1 coding for oxalate decarboxylase. CmpacC transcriptional activation of Cmch1 and Cmg1 and repression of Cmoxdc1 were verified by the presence of the PacC/Rim101 consensus binding-motifs in gene promoter regions and by the promoter DNA-binding assays. This study suggests that CmpacC plays an activator role in regulation of C. minitans mycoparasitism, whereas plays a repressor role in regulation of oxalate degradation and possibly antifungal activity of C. minitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongchao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,The Institute of Industrial Crops of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mingde Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Moying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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26
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Bussink HJ, Bignell EM, Múnera-Huertas T, Lucena-Agell D, Scazzocchio C, Espeso EA, Bertuzzi M, Rudnicka J, Negrete-Urtasun S, Peñas-Parilla MM, Rainbow L, Peñalva MÁ, Arst HN, Tilburn J. Refining the pH response in Aspergillus nidulans: a modulatory triad involving PacX, a novel zinc binuclear cluster protein. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:1051-72. [PMID: 26303777 PMCID: PMC4832277 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Aspergillus nidulans PacC transcription factor mediates gene regulation in response to alkaline ambient pH which, signalled by the Pal pathway, results in the processing of PacC72 to PacC27 via PacC53. Here we investigate two levels at which the pH regulatory system is transcriptionally moderated by pH and identify and characterise a new component of the pH regulatory machinery, PacX. Transcript level analysis and overexpression studies demonstrate that repression of acid‐expressed palF, specifying the Pal pathway arrestin, probably by PacC27 and/or PacC53, prevents an escalating alkaline pH response. Transcript analyses using a reporter and constitutively expressed pacC
trans‐alleles show that pacC preferential alkaline‐expression results from derepression by depletion of the acid‐prevalent PacC72 form. We additionally show that pacC repression requires PacX. pacX mutations suppress PacC processing recalcitrant mutations, in part, through derepressed PacC levels resulting in traces of PacC27 formed by pH‐independent proteolysis. pacX was cloned by impala transposon mutagenesis. PacX, with homologues within the Leotiomyceta, has an unusual structure with an amino‐terminal coiled‐coil and a carboxy‐terminal zinc binuclear cluster. pacX mutations indicate the importance of these regions. One mutation, an unprecedented finding in A. nidulans genetics, resulted from an insertion of an endogenous Fot1‐like transposon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk-Jan Bussink
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elaine M Bignell
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute for Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Tatiana Múnera-Huertas
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Daniel Lucena-Agell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Claudio Scazzocchio
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Eduardo A Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Margherita Bertuzzi
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute for Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Joanna Rudnicka
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Susana Negrete-Urtasun
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maria M Peñas-Parilla
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lynne Rainbow
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Miguel Á Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Herbert N Arst
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Joan Tilburn
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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27
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A perilipin gene from Clonostachys rosea f. Catenulata HL-1-1 is related to sclerotial parasitism. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5347-62. [PMID: 25761240 PMCID: PMC4394479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata is a promising biocontrol agent against many fungal plant pathogens. To identify mycoparasitism-related genes from C. rosea f. catenulata, a suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library of C. rosea f. catenulata HL-1-1 that parasitizes the sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum was constructed. 502 clones were sequenced randomly, and thereby 472 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified. Forty-three unigenes were annotated and exhibited similarity to a wide diversity of genes. Quantitative real -time PCR showed that a perilipin-like protein encoding gene, Per3, was up-regulated by 6.6-fold over the control at 96 h under the induction of sclerotia. The full-length sequence of Per3 was obtained via 5' and 3' rapid identification of cDNA ends. Overexpression of Per3 in HL-1-1 significantly enhanced the parasitic ability on sclerotia. The results indicated that Per3 might be involved in the mycoparasitism of C. rosea f. catenulata HL-1-1. This is the first report of a perilipin as a potential biocontrol gene in mycoparasites. The study provides usefu l insights into the interaction between C. rosea f. catenulata and fungal plant pathogens.
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28
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Li J, Zou C, Xu J, Ji X, Niu X, Yang J, Huang X, Zhang KQ. Molecular mechanisms of nematode-nematophagous microbe interactions: basis for biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 53:67-95. [PMID: 25938277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080614-120336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes cause significant damage to a broad range of vegetables and agricultural crops throughout the world. As the natural enemies of nematodes, nematophagous microorganisms offer a promising approach to control the nematode pests. Some of these microorganisms produce traps to capture and kill the worms from the outside. Others act as internal parasites to produce toxins and virulence factors to kill the nematodes from within. Understanding the molecular basis of microbe-nematode interactions provides crucial insights for developing effective biological control agents against plant-parasitic nematodes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the interactions between nematodes and nematophagous microorganisms, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms by which nematophagous microorganisms infect nematodes and on the nematode defense against pathogenic attacks. We conclude by discussing several key areas for future research and development, including potential approaches to apply our recent understandings to develop effective biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China;
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29
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Huang W, Shang Y, Chen P, Gao Q, Wang C. MrpacC regulates sporulation, insect cuticle penetration and immune evasion inMetarhizium robertsii. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:994-1008. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yanfang Shang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Peilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology; Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
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30
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Dubey MK, Jensen DF, Karlsson M. Hydrophobins are required for conidial hydrophobicity and plant root colonization in the fungal biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:18. [PMID: 24483277 PMCID: PMC3922079 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi produce small cysteine rich surface active amphiphilic hydrophobins on the outer surface of cell walls that mediate interactions between the fungus and the environment. The role of hydrophobins in surface hydrophobicity, sporulation, fruit body formation, recognition and adhesion to host surface and virulence have been reported. The aim of the present study was to characterize the biological function of hydrophobins in the fungal biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea in order to understand their potential roles in biocontrol mechanisms. RESULTS Based on the presence of hydrophobin domains, cysteine spacing patterns and hydropathy plots, we identified three class II hydrophobin genes in C. rosea. Gene expression analysis showed basal expression of Hyd1, Hyd2 and Hyd3 in all conditions tested with the exception of induced Hyd1 expression in conidiating mycelium. Interestingly, up-regulation of Hyd1, Hyd2 and Hyd3 was found during C. rosea self interaction compared to interactions with the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea or Fusarium graminearum in dual culture assays. Phenotypic analysis of C. rosea deletion and complementation strains showed that Hyd1 and Hyd3 are jointly required for conidial hydrophobicity, although no difference in mycelia hydrophobicity was found between wild type (WT) and mutant strains. Interestingly, mutant strains showed increased growth rates, conidiation and enhanced tolerances of conidia to abiotic stresses. Antagonism tests using in vitro dual culture and detached leaf assays showed that the mutant strains were more aggressive towards B. cinerea, F. graminearum or Rhizoctonia solani, and that aggression was partly related to earlier conidial germination and enhanced tolerance of mutant strains to secreted fungal metabolites. Furthermore, in vitro Arabidopsis thaliana root colonization assays revealed reduced root colonization ability of the ΔHyd3 strain, but not for the ΔHyd1 strain. Furthermore, enhanced root colonization ability for the ΔHyd1ΔHyd3 strain was found in comparison to WT. CONCLUSIONS These results show a role for hydrophobins in conidial hydrophobicity, control of conidial germination under stress conditions, and in root colonization in C. rosea. However, functional studies of Hyd2 remains to be performed in order to fully assess the role of hydrophobins in C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Dubey
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dan Funck Jensen
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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The pH signaling transcription factor PacC is required for full virulence in Penicillium digitatum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:9087-98. [PMID: 23917633 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum is the most important postharvest pathogen of citrus fruits. Along disease progression, the infected citrus peel tissue is acidified due to the accumulation of organic acids. So far, relatively little is known about the environmental factors that regulate pathogenicity in this fungus. In this study, the role of the pH signaling transcription factor PacC in the pathogenesis of P. digitatum was investigated. We identified the pacC ortholog (PdpacC) in P. digitatum and found that its transcript levels were elevated under alkaline conditions (pH ≥ 7) in vitro, as well as during the infection of citrus fruits in spite of the low pH (about 3.0 to 3.5) of the macerated tissue. Na(+) and pectin also induced the expression of PdpacC. Disruption of PdpacC resulted in impaired mycelial growth under neutral or alkaline pH conditions and on synthetic medium supplemented with pectin as the sole carbon source, and attenuated virulence towards citrus fruits. Introducing the full length of PdpacC into the ΔPdpacC mutant restored all these phenotypes. The expression of the polygalacturonase gene Pdpg2 and pectin lyase gene Pdpnl1 in P. digitatum was upregulated in the wild type strain but not or weakly upregulated in the ΔPdpacC mutant during infection. Disruption of Pdpg2 also resulted in attenuated virulence of P. digitatum towards citrus fruits. Collectively, we conclude that PdPacC plays an important role in pathogenesis of P. digitatum via regulation of the expression of cell wall degradation enzyme genes, such as Pdpg2 and Pdpnl1.
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32
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Landraud P, Chuzeville S, Billon-Grande G, Poussereau N, Bruel C. Adaptation to pH and role of PacC in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69236. [PMID: 23874922 PMCID: PMC3712939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are known to adapt to pH partly via specific activation of the Pal signaling pathway and subsequent gene regulation through the transcription factor PacC. The role of PacC in pathogenic fungi has been explored in few species, and each time its partaking in virulence has been found. We studied the impact of pH and the role of PacC in the biology of the rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Conidia formation and germination were affected by pH whereas fungal growth and appressorium formation were not. Growth in vitro and in planta was characterized by alkalinization and ammonia accumulation in the surrounding medium. Expression of the MoPACC gene increased when the fungus was placed under alkaline conditions. Except for MoPALF, expression of the MoPAL genes encoding the pH-signaling components was not influenced by pH. Deletion of PACC caused a progressive loss in growth rate from pH 5 to pH 8, a loss in conidia production at pH 8 in vitro, a loss in regulation of the MoPALF gene, a decreased production of secreted lytic enzymes and a partial loss in virulence towards barley and rice. PacC therefore plays a significant role in M. oryzae’s biology, and pH is revealed as one component at work during interaction between the fungus and its host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Landraud
- UMR 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sarah Chuzeville
- UMR 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Geneviève Billon-Grande
- UMR 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- UMR 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- UMR 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail:
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33
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Nematicidal enzymes from microorganisms and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:7081-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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34
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Ward E, Kerry BR, Manzanilla-López RH, Mutua G, Devonshire J, Kimenju J, Hirsch PR. The Pochonia chlamydosporia serine protease gene vcp1 is subject to regulation by carbon, nitrogen and pH: implications for nematode biocontrol. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35657. [PMID: 22558192 PMCID: PMC3338732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaline serine protease VCP1 of the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia belongs to a family of subtilisin-like enzymes that are involved in infection of nematode and insect hosts. It is involved early in the infection process, removing the outer proteinaceous vitelline membrane of nematode eggs. Little is known about the regulation of this gene, even though an understanding of how nutrients and other factors affect its expression is critical for ensuring its efficacy as a biocontrol agent. This paper provides new information on the regulation of vcp1 expression. Sequence analysis of the upstream regulatory region of this gene in 30 isolates revealed that it was highly conserved and contained sequence motifs characteristic of genes that are subject to carbon, nitrogen and pH-regulation. Expression studies, monitoring enzyme activity and mRNA, confirmed that these factors affect VCP1 production. As expected, glucose reduced VCP1 expression and for a few hours so did ammonium chloride. Surprisingly, however, by 24 h VCP1 levels were increased in the presence of ammonium chloride for most isolates. Ambient pH also regulated VCP1 expression, with most isolates producing more VCP1 under alkaline conditions. There were some differences in the response of one isolate with a distinctive upstream sequence including a variant regulatory-motif profile. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy studies indicated that the presence of nematode eggs stimulates VCP1 production by P. chlamydosporia, but only where the two are in close contact. Overall, the results indicate that readily-metabolisable carbon sources and unfavourable pH in the rhizosphere/egg-mass environment may compromise nematode parasitism by P. chlamydosporia. However, contrary to previous indications using other nematophagous and entomopathogenic fungi, ammonium nitrate (e.g. from fertilizers) may enhance biocontrol potential in some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Ward
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom.
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35
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Bertuzzi M, Bignell EM. Sensory perception in fungal pathogens: Applications of the split-ubiquitin Membrane Yeast Two-Hybrid (MYTH) technique. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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36
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Yang J, Wang L, Ji X, Feng Y, Li X, Zou C, Xu J, Ren Y, Mi Q, Wu J, Liu S, Liu Y, Huang X, Wang H, Niu X, Li J, Liang L, Luo Y, Ji K, Zhou W, Yu Z, Li G, Liu Y, Li L, Qiao M, Feng L, Zhang KQ. Genomic and proteomic analyses of the fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora provide insights into nematode-trap formation. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002179. [PMID: 21909256 PMCID: PMC3164635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode-trapping fungi are "carnivorous" and attack their hosts using specialized trapping devices. The morphological development of these traps is the key indicator of their switch from saprophytic to predacious lifestyles. Here, the genome of the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora Fres. (ATCC24927) was reported. The genome contains 40.07 Mb assembled sequence with 11,479 predicted genes. Comparative analysis showed that A. oligospora shared many more genes with pathogenic fungi than with non-pathogenic fungi. Specifically, compared to several sequenced ascomycete fungi, the A. oligospora genome has a larger number of pathogenicity-related genes in the subtilisin, cellulase, cellobiohydrolase, and pectinesterase gene families. Searching against the pathogen-host interaction gene database identified 398 homologous genes involved in pathogenicity in other fungi. The analysis of repetitive sequences provided evidence for repeat-induced point mutations in A. oligospora. Proteomic and quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses revealed that 90 genes were significantly up-regulated at the early stage of trap-formation by nematode extracts and most of these genes were involved in translation, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall and membrane biogenesis. Based on the combined genomic, proteomic and qPCR data, a model for the formation of nematode trapping device in this fungus was proposed. In this model, multiple fungal signal transduction pathways are activated by its nematode prey to further regulate downstream genes associated with diverse cellular processes such as energy metabolism, biosynthesis of the cell wall and adhesive proteins, cell division, glycerol accumulation and peroxisome biogenesis. This study will facilitate the identification of pathogenicity-related genes and provide a broad foundation for understanding the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying fungi-nematodes interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkui Yang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xinglai Ji
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yun Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Chenggang Zou
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Ren
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Qili Mi
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Science, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Junli Wu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Shuqun Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Niu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Lianming Liang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yanlu Luo
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Kaifang Ji
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Zefen Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Guohong Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Min Qiao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Lu Feng
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, P. R. China
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Zou CG, Tao N, Liu WJ, Yang JK, Huang XW, Liu XY, Tu HH, Gan ZW, Zhang KQ. Regulation of subtilisin-like protease prC expression by nematode cuticle in the nematophagous fungus Clonostachys rosea. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:3243-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zou CG, Xu YF, Liu WJ, Zhou W, Tao N, Tu HH, Huang XW, Yang JK, Zhang KQ. Expression of a serine protease gene prC is up-regulated by oxidative stress in the fungus Clonostachys rosea: implications for fungal survival. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13386. [PMID: 20976223 PMCID: PMC2954792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Soil fungi face a variety of environmental stresses such as UV light, high temperature, and heavy metals. Adaptation of gene expression through transcriptional regulation is a key mechanism in fungal response to environmental stress. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the transcription factors Msn2/4 induce stress-mediated gene expression by binding to the stress response element. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of extracellular proteases is up-regulated in response to heat shock in fungi. However, the physiological significance of regulation of these extracellular proteases by heat shock remains unclear. The nematophagous fungus Clonostachys rosea can secret an extracellular serine protease PrC during the infection of nematodes. Since the promoter of prC has three copies of the stress response element, we investigated the effect of environmental stress on the expression of prC. Methodology/Principal Findings Our results demonstrated that the expression of prC was up-regulated by oxidants (H2O2 or menadione) and heat shock, most likely through the stress response element. After oxidant treatment or heat shock, the germination of conidia in the wild type strain was significantly higher than that in the prC mutant strain in the presence of nematode cuticle. Interestingly, the addition of nematode cuticle significantly attenuated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by oxidants and heat shock in the wild type strain, but not in prC mutant strain. Moreover, low molecule weight (<3 kD) degradation products of nematode cuticle suppressed the inhibitory effect of conidial germination induced by oxidants and heat shock. Conclusions/Significance These results indicate that PrC plays a protective role in oxidative stress in C. rosea. PrC degrades the nematode cuticle to produce degradation products, which in turn offer a protective effect against oxidative stress by scavenging ROS. Our study reveals a novel strategy for fungi to adapt to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Gang Zou
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yong-Fang Xu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Center for Human Reproduction, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Jing Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Nan Tao
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hui-Hui Tu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Huang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail:
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