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Mohan AG, Calenic B, Ghiurau NA, Duncea-Borca RM, Constantinescu AE, Constantinescu I. The Golgi Apparatus: A Voyage through Time, Structure, Function and Implication in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:1972. [PMID: 37566051 PMCID: PMC10417163 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review article dives deep into the Golgi apparatus, an essential organelle in cellular biology. Beginning with its discovery during the 19th century until today's recognition as an important contributor to cell function. We explore its unique organization and structure as well as its roles in protein processing, sorting, and lipid biogenesis, which play key roles in maintaining homeostasis in cellular biology. This article further explores Golgi biogenesis, exploring its intricate processes and dynamics that contribute to its formation and function. One key focus is its role in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's, where changes to the structure or function of the Golgi apparatus may lead to their onset or progression, emphasizing its key importance in neuronal health. At the same time, we examine the intriguing relationship between Golgi stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, providing insights into their interplay as two major cellular stress response pathways. Such interdependence provides a greater understanding of cellular reactions to protein misfolding and accumulation, hallmark features of many neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, this review offers an exhaustive examination of the Golgi apparatus, from its historical background to its role in health and disease. Additionally, this examination emphasizes the necessity of further research in this field in order to develop targeted therapeutic approaches for Golgi dysfunction-associated conditions. Furthermore, its exploration is an example of scientific progress while simultaneously offering hope for developing innovative treatments for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel George Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bihor County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 410167 Oradea, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine, Oradea University, 410610 Oradea, Romania
| | - Bogdan Calenic
- Immunology and Transplant Immunology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicu Adrian Ghiurau
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410610 Oradea, Romania;
| | | | | | - Ileana Constantinescu
- Immunology and Transplant Immunology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
- Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Honfozo A, Houngue R, Vandeputte A, Dechavanne S, Nouatin O, Atindehou MC, Fanou LA, Massougbodji A, Dechavanne C, Brodin P, Tomavo S. An image-based high-content screening for compounds targeting Toxoplasma gondii repurposed inhibitors effective against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1102551. [PMID: 36936758 PMCID: PMC10020723 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1102551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexa phylum includes numerous obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that are life threatening for humans and animals. In this context, Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii are of particular interest, as they are responsible for malaria and toxoplasmosis, respectively, for which efficient vaccines are presently lacking and therapies need to be improved. Apicomplexan parasites have a highly polarized morphology, with their apical end containing specific secretory organelles named rhoptries and micronemes, which depend on the unique receptor and transporter sortilin TgSORT for their biogenesis. In the present study, we took advantage of the subcellular polarity of the parasite to engineer a clonal transgenic Toxoplasma line that expresses simultaneously the green fluorescent protein TgSORT-GFP in the post-Golgi-endosome-like compartment and the red fluorescent protein rhoptry ROP1-mCherry near the apical end. We utilized this fluorescent transgenic T. gondii to develop a miniaturized image-based phenotype assay coupled to an automated image analysis. By applying this methodology to 1,120 compounds, we identified 12 that are capable of disrupting the T. gondii morphology and inhibiting intracellular replication. Analysis of the selected compounds confirmed that all 12 are kinase inhibitors and intramembrane pumps, with some exhibiting potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Our findings highlight the advantage of comparative and targeted phenotypic analysis involving two related parasite species as a means of identifying molecules with a conserved mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Honfozo
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9198-CEA, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Rodrigue Houngue
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9198-CEA, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Vandeputte
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 9017, INSERM U 1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 − UAR 2014 − PLBS, CIIL − Center for Immunity and Infection of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Odilon Nouatin
- Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Lucie Ayi Fanou
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, FAST/UAC, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Célia Dechavanne
- Université de Paris Cité, IRD, MERIT, Paris, France
- CERPAGE, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 9017, INSERM U 1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 − UAR 2014 − PLBS, CIIL − Center for Immunity and Infection of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stanislas Tomavo
- Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9198-CEA, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif sur Yvette, France
- *Correspondence: Stanislas Tomavo,
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Kibria KMK, Ferdous J, Sardar R, Panda A, Gupta D, Mohmmed A, Malhotra P. A genome-wide analysis of coatomer protein (COP) subunits of apicomplexan parasites and their evolutionary relationships. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:98. [PMID: 30704415 PMCID: PMC6357402 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein secretion is an essential process in all eukaryotes including organisms belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, which includes many intracellular parasites. The apicomplexan parasites possess a specialized collection of secretory organelles that release a number of proteins to facilitate the invasion of host cells and some of these proteins also participate in immune evasion. Like in other eukaryotes, these parasites possess a series of membrane-bound compartments, namely the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the intermediate compartments (IC) or vesicular tubular clusters (VTS) and Golgi complex through which proteins pass in a sequential and vectorial fashion. Two sets of proteins; COPI and COPII are important for directing the sequential transfer of material between the ER and Golgi complex. Results Here, using in silico approaches, we identify the components of COPI and COPII complexes in the genome of apicomplexan organisms. The results showed that the COPI and COPII protein complexes are conserved in most apicomplexan genomes with few exceptions. Diversity among the components of COPI and COPII complexes in apicomplexan is either due to the absence of a subunit or due to the difference in the number of protein domains. For example, the COPI epsilon subunit and COPII sec13 subunit is absent in Babesia bovis, Theileria parva, and Theileria annulata genomes. Phylogenetic and domain analyses for all the proteins of COPI and COPII complexes was performed to predict their evolutionary relationship and functional significance. Conclusions The study thus provides insights into the apicomplexan COPI and COPII coating machinery, which is crucial for parasites secretory network needed for the invasion of host cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5463-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kaderi Kibria
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh.
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Rahila Sardar
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P. O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Panda
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, 29, India
| | - Dinesh Gupta
- Translational Bioinformatics Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P. O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P. O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P. O. Box 10504, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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4
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Yavuz S, Warren G. A role for Sar1 and ARF1 GTPases during Golgi biogenesis in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1782-1791. [PMID: 28495798 PMCID: PMC5491186 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-03-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A single Golgi stack is duplicated and partitioned into two daughter cells during the cell cycle of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei The source of components required to generate the new Golgi and the mechanism by which it forms are poorly understood. Using photoactivatable GFP, we show that the existing Golgi supplies components directly to the newly forming Golgi in both intact and semipermeabilized cells. The movement of a putative glycosyltransferase, GntB, requires the Sar1 and ARF1 GTPases in intact cells. In addition, we show that transfer of GntB from the existing Golgi to the new Golgi can be recapitulated in semipermeabilized cells and is sensitive to the GTP analogue GTPγS. We suggest that the existing Golgi is a key source of components required to form the new Golgi and that this process is regulated by small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Yavuz
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Graham Warren
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna A-1030, Austria
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Hughes L, Borrett S, Towers K, Starborg T, Vaughan S. Patterns of organelle ontogeny through a cell cycle revealed by whole-cell reconstructions using 3D electron microscopy. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:637-647. [PMID: 28049718 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The major mammalian bloodstream form of the African sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma brucei multiplies rapidly, and it is important to understand how these cells divide. Organelle inheritance involves complex spatiotemporal re-arrangements to ensure correct distribution to daughter cells. Here, serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) was used to reconstruct whole individual cells at different stages of the cell cycle to give an unprecedented temporal, spatial and quantitative view of organelle division, inheritance and abscission in a eukaryotic cell. Extensive mitochondrial branching occurred only along the ventral surface of the parasite, but the mitochondria returned to a tubular form during cytokinesis. Fission of the mitochondrion occurred within the cytoplasmic bridge during the final stage of cell division, correlating with cell abscission. The nuclei were located underneath each flagellum at mitosis and the mitotic spindle was located along the ventral surface, further demonstrating the asymmetric arrangement of cell cleavage in trypanosomes. Finally, measurements demonstrated that multiple Golgi bodies were accurately positioned along the flagellum attachment zone, suggesting a mechanism for determining the location of Golgi bodies along each flagellum during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Hughes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Samantha Borrett
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Katie Towers
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Tobias Starborg
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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6
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Growth of the Mammalian Golgi Apparatus during Interphase. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2344-59. [PMID: 27325676 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00046-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the cell cycle, genetic materials and organelles are duplicated to ensure that there is sufficient cellular content for daughter cells. While Golgi growth in interphase has been observed in lower eukaryotes, the elaborate ribbon structure of the mammalian Golgi apparatus has made it challenging to monitor. Here we demonstrate the growth of the mammalian Golgi apparatus in its protein content and volume during interphase. Through ultrastructural analyses, physical growth of the Golgi apparatus was revealed to occur by cisternal elongation of the individual Golgi stacks. By examining the timing and regulation of Golgi growth, we established that Golgi growth starts after passage through the cell growth checkpoint at late G1 phase and continues in a manner highly correlated with cell size growth. Finally, by identifying S6 kinase 1 as a major player in Golgi growth, we revealed the coordination between cell size and Golgi growth via activation of the protein synthesis machinery in early interphase.
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7
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Sangaré LO, Alayi TD, Westermann B, Hovasse A, Sindikubwabo F, Callebaut I, Werkmeister E, Lafont F, Slomianny C, Hakimi MA, Van Dorsselaer A, Schaeffer-Reiss C, Tomavo S. Unconventional endosome-like compartment and retromer complex in Toxoplasma gondii govern parasite integrity and host infection. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11191. [PMID: 27064065 PMCID: PMC4831018 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways play critical roles in Apicomplexa, a phylum of protozoan parasites that cause life-threatening diseases worldwide. Here we report the first retromer-trafficking interactome in Toxoplasma gondii. This retromer complex includes a trimer Vps35-Vps26-Vps29 core complex that serves as a hub for the endosome-like compartment and parasite-specific proteins. Conditional ablation of TgVps35 reveals that the retromer complex is crucial for the biogenesis of secretory organelles and for maintaining parasite morphology. We identify TgHP12 as a parasite-specific and retromer-associated protein with functions unrelated to secretory organelle formation. Furthermore, the major facilitator superfamily homologue named TgHP03, which is a multiple spanning and ligand transmembrane transporter, is maintained at the parasite membrane by retromer-mediated endocytic recycling. Thus, our findings highlight that both evolutionarily conserved and unconventional proteins act in concert in T. gondii by controlling retrograde transport that is essential for parasite integrity and host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamba Omar Sangaré
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U 1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Tchilabalo Dilezitoko Alayi
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, IPHC, CNRS UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Plateforme de Protéomique et des Peptides Modifiés (P3M), Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Westermann
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, IPHC, CNRS UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Agnes Hovasse
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, IPHC, CNRS UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Isabelle Callebaut
- CNRS UMR7590, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, MNHN, IRD-IUC, Paris 75005, France
| | | | - Frank Lafont
- Bioimaging Platform, IBL, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Christian Slomianny
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, INSERM U 1003, Université de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, IPHC, CNRS UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Schaeffer-Reiss
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, IPHC, CNRS UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stanislas Tomavo
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, INSERM U 1019, CNRS UMR 8204, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
- Plateforme de Protéomique et des Peptides Modifiés (P3M), Institut Pasteur de Lille, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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8
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Gheiratmand L, He CY. Proteomic analyses of a bi-lobed structure in Trypanosoma brucei. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1270:427-36. [PMID: 25702133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2309-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The position and function of the Golgi apparatus are tightly coupled with the microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) that play important roles in cell growth and polarity. In the unicellular parasite Trypanosoma brucei, the single Golgi apparatus is adjacent to a novel, bilobed structure located at the proximal base of the flagellum, near to the basal body that nucleates the flagellar axoneme. The duplication and segregation of the bilobed structure are tightly coupled to the duplication and segregation of Golgi, ER exit site, basal bodies, and flagellum, suggesting a role of this unique structure in the precise positioning, biogenesis, and inheritance of these single-copied structures during the cell cycle of procyclic T. brucei. Here, we describe in details two different isolation and proteomic methods to characterize the protein components present on or associated with the bilobed structure, which allow further understanding of its function and association with other membranous and cytoskeletal organelles in the parasite.
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9
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Jongsma MLM, Berlin I, Neefjes J. On the move: organelle dynamics during mitosis. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 25:112-24. [PMID: 25466831 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A cell constitutes the minimal self-replicating unit of all organisms, programmed to propagate its genome as it proceeds through mitotic cell division. The molecular processes entrusted with ensuring high fidelity of DNA replication and subsequent segregation of chromosomes between daughter cells have therefore been studied extensively. However, to process the information encoded in its genome a cell must also pass on its non-genomic identity to future generations. To achieve productive sharing of intracellular organelles, cells have evolved complex mechanisms of organelle inheritance. Many membranous compartments undergo vast spatiotemporal rearrangements throughout mitosis. These controlled organizational changes are crucial to enabling completion of the division cycle and ensuring successful progeny. Herein we review current understanding of intracellular organelle segregation during mitotic division in mammalian cells, with a focus on compartment organization and integrity throughout the inheritance process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlieke L M Jongsma
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Sealey-Cardona M, Schmidt K, Demmel L, Hirschmugl T, Gesell T, Dong G, Warren G. Sec16 Determines the Size and Functioning of the Golgi in the Protist Parasite,Trypanosoma brucei. Traffic 2014; 15:613-29. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sealey-Cardona
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories; University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna; Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3 1030, Vienna Austria
| | - Katy Schmidt
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories; University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna; Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3 1030, Vienna Austria
| | - Lars Demmel
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories; University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna; Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3 1030, Vienna Austria
| | - Tatjana Hirschmugl
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (CeMM); 1090, Vienna Austria
| | - Tanja Gesell
- Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories; University of Vienna; Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9 1030, Vienna Austria
| | - Gang Dong
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Medical University of Vienna; Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3 1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Graham Warren
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories; University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna; Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3 1030, Vienna Austria
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11
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Evolutionary repurposing of endosomal systems for apical organelle biogenesis in Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum are important human pathogens. These parasites and many of their apicomplexan relatives undergo a complex developmental process in the cells of their hosts, which includes genome replication, cell division and the assembly of new invasive stages. Apicomplexan cell cycle progression is both globally and locally regulated. Global regulation is carried out throughout the cytoplasm by diffusible factors that include cell cycle-specific kinases, cyclins and transcription factors. Local regulation acts on individual nuclei and daughter cells that are developing inside the mother cell. We propose that the centrosome is a master regulator that physically tethers cellular components and that provides spatial and temporal control of apicomplexan cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Francia
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Boris Striepen
- 1] Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA. [2] Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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13
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Tomavo S, Slomianny C, Meissner M, Carruthers VB. Protein trafficking through the endosomal system prepares intracellular parasites for a home invasion. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003629. [PMID: 24204248 PMCID: PMC3812028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis) and Plasmodium (malaria) use unique secretory organelles for migration, cell invasion, manipulation of host cell functions, and cell egress. In particular, the apical secretory micronemes and rhoptries of apicomplexan parasites are essential for successful host infection. New findings reveal that the contents of these organelles, which are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi, also require the parasite endosome-like system to access their respective organelles. In this review, we discuss recent findings that demonstrate that these parasites reduced their endosomal system and modified classical regulators of this pathway for the biogenesis of apical organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Tomavo
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM U 1019, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Slomianny
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, INSERM U 1003, Université Lille Nord de France, Villeneuve d'Ascq, Lille, France
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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14
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Yagisawa F, Fujiwara T, Ohnuma M, Kuroiwa H, Nishida K, Imoto Y, Yoshida Y, Kuroiwa T. Golgi inheritance in the primitive red alga, Cyanidioschyzon merolae. PROTOPLASMA 2013. [PMID: 23197134 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Golgi body has important roles in modifying, sorting, and transport of proteins and lipids. Eukaryotic cells have evolved in various ways to inherit the Golgi body from mother to daughter cells, which allows the cells to function properly immediately after mitosis. Here we used Cyanidioschyzon merolae, one of the most suitable systems for studies of organelle dynamics, to investigate the inheritance of the Golgi. Two proteins, Sed5 and Got1, were used as Golgi markers. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that C. merolae contains one to two Golgi bodies per cell. The Golgi body was localized to the perinuclear region during the G1 and S phases and next to the spindle poles in a microtubule-dependent manner during M phase. It was inherited together with spindle poles upon cytokinesis. These observations suggested that Golgi inheritance is dependent on microtubules in C. merolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Yagisawa
- Research Information Center for Extremophiles, Rikkyo (St. Paul's) University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
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15
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Egea G, Serra-Peinado C, Salcedo-Sicilia L, Gutiérrez-Martínez E. Actin acting at the Golgi. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:347-60. [PMID: 23807268 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The organization, assembly and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton provide force and tracks for a variety of (endo)membrane-associated events such as membrane trafficking. This review illustrates in different cellular models how actin and many of its numerous binding and regulatory proteins (actin and co-workers) participate in the structural organization of the Golgi apparatus and in trafficking-associated processes such as sorting, biogenesis and motion of Golgi-derived transport carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Egea
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Casanova, 143, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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Silverman JS, Bangs JD. Form and function in the trypanosomal secretory pathway. Curr Opin Microbiol 2012; 15:463-8. [PMID: 22445359 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in secretory biology of African trypanosomes reveal both similarities and striking differences with other model eukaryotic organisms. Secretion is streamlined for rapid and selective transport of the major cargo, VSG. Selectivity in the early and post-Golgi compartments is dependent on glycosylphosphatidyl inositol anchors. Streamlining includes reduced organellar abundance, and close association of ER exit sites with Golgi and with unique flagellar cytoskeletal elements that govern organellar replication and segregation. These elements include a novel centrin containing bilobe structure. Innate signals for post-Golgi sorting of biosynthetic lysosomal cargo trafficking have been defined, as have pathways for both biosynthetic and endocytic trafficking to the lysosome. Less well-defined secretory organelles such as the multivesicular body and acidocalcisomes are receiving closer scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Silverman
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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17
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Abstract
The biogenesis of the ER Exit Site/Golgi Junction (EGJ) in bloodstream-form African trypanosomes is investigated using tagged markers for ER Exit Sites, the Golgi and the bilobe structure. The typical pattern is two EGJ in G1 phase (1 kinetoplast/1 nucleus, 1K1N) through S-phase (2K1N), duplication to four EGJ in post-mitotic cells (2K2N) and segregation of two EGJ to each daughter. Lesser cell percentages have elevated EGJ copy numbers in all stages, and blocking cell cycle progression results in even higher copy numbers. EGJs are closely aligned with the flagellar attachment zone (FAZ) indicating nucleation on the FAZ-associated ER (FAZ:ER). Only the most posterior EGJ in each cell is in proximity to the bilobe, which is located at the base of the FAZ filament near the mouth of the flagellar pocket. These results indicate that EGJ replication in bloodstream trypanosomes is not tightly coupled to the cell cycle. Furthermore, segregation of EGJ is not obligately mediated by the bilobe, rather assembly of the EGJ on the FAZ:ER, which is coupled to the flagellar cytoskeleton, apparently ensures segregation with fidelity during cytokinesis. These findings differ markedly from procyclic-form trypanosomes, and models highlighting these stage-specific differences in EGJ biogenesis are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Bangs
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus lies at the heart of the secretory pathway where it receives, modifies and sorts protein cargo to the proper intracellular or extracellular location. Although this secretory function is highly conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom, the structure of the Golgi complex is arranged very differently among species. In particular, Golgi membranes in vertebrate cells are integrated into a single compact entity termed the Golgi ribbon that is normally localized in the perinuclear area and in close vicinity to the centrosomes. This organization poses a challenge for cell division when the single Golgi ribbon needs to be partitioned into the two daughter cells. To ensure faithful inheritance in the progeny, the Golgi ribbon is divided in three consecutive steps in mitosis, namely disassembly, partitioning and reassembly. However, the structure of the Golgi ribbon is only present in higher animals and Golgi disassembly during mitosis is not ubiquitous in all organisms. Therefore, there must be unique reasons to build up the Golgi in this particular conformation and to preserve it over generations. In this review, we first highlight the diversity of the Golgi architecture in different organisms and revisit the concept of the Golgi ribbon. Following on, we discuss why the ribbon is needed and how it forms in vertebrate cells. Lastly, we conclude with likely purposes of mitotic ribbon disassembly and further propose mechanisms by which it regulates mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsuan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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19
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Serricchio M, Bütikofer P. Trypanosoma brucei: a model micro-organism to study eukaryotic phospholipid biosynthesis. FEBS J 2011; 278:1035-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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20
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Szöor B, Ruberto I, Burchmore R, Matthews KR. A novel phosphatase cascade regulates differentiation in Trypanosoma brucei via a glycosomal signaling pathway. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1306-16. [PMID: 20551176 DOI: 10.1101/gad.570310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian bloodstream, the sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma brucei is held poised for transmission by the activity of a tyrosine phosphatase, TbPTP1. This prevents differentiation of the transmissible "stumpy forms" until entry into the tsetse fly, whereupon TbPTP1 is inactivated and major changes in parasite physiology are initiated to allow colonization of the arthropod vector. Using a substrate-trapping approach, we identified the downstream step in this developmental signaling pathway as a DxDxT phosphatase, TbPIP39, which is activated upon tyrosine phosphorylation, and hence is negatively regulated by TbPTP1. In vitro, TbPIP39 promotes the activity of TbPTP1, thereby reinforcing its own repression, this being alleviated by the trypanosome differentiation triggers citrate and cis-aconitate, generating a potentially bistable regulatory switch. Supporting a role in signal transduction, TbPIP39 becomes rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated during differentiation, and RNAi-mediated transcript ablation in stumpy forms inhibits parasite development. Interestingly, TbPIP39 localizes in glycosomes, peroxisome-like organelles that compartmentalize the trypanosome glycolytic reactions among other enzymatic activities. Our results invoke a phosphatase signaling cascade in which the developmental signal is trafficked to a unique metabolic organelle in the parasite: the glycosome. This is the first characterized environmental signaling pathway targeted directly to a peroxisome-like organelle in any eukaryotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Szöor
- Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
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21
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Wei JH, Seemann J. Mitotic division of the mammalian Golgi apparatus. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:810-6. [PMID: 19508856 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful cell reproduction requires faithful duplication and proper segregation of cellular contents, including not only the genome but also intracellular organelles. Since the Golgi apparatus is an essential organelle of the secretory pathway, its accurate inheritance is therefore of importance to sustain cellular function. Regulation of Golgi division and its coordination with cell cycle progression involves a series of sequential events that are subjected to a precise spatiotemporal control. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the underlying mechanisms, the molecular players and the biological relevance of this process, particularly in mammalian cells, and discuss the unsolved problems and future perspectives opened by the recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsuan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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22
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Persico A, Cervigni RI, Barretta ML, Colanzi A. Mitotic inheritance of the Golgi complex. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:3857-62. [PMID: 19879264 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Mowbrey K, Dacks JB. Evolution and diversity of the Golgi body. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:3738-45. [PMID: 19837068 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Often considered a defining eukaryotic feature, the Golgi body is one of the most recognizable and functionally integrated cellular organelles. It is therefore surprising that some unicellular eukaryotes do not, at first glance, appear to possess Golgi stacks. Here we review the molecular evolutionary, genomic and cell biological evidence for Golgi bodies in these organisms, with the organelle likely present in some form in all cases. This, along with the overwhelming prevalence of stacked cisternae in most eukaryotes, implies that the ancestral eukaryote possessed a stacked Golgi body, with at least eight independent instances of Golgi unstacking in our cellular history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mowbrey
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2H7
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24
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Nevin WD, Dacks JB. Repeated secondary loss of adaptin complex genes in the Apicomplexa. Parasitol Int 2009; 58:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Field MC, Lumb JH, Adung'a VO, Jones NG, Engstler M. Chapter 1 Macromolecular Trafficking and Immune Evasion in African Trypanosomes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 278:1-67. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)78001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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de Graffenried CL, Ho HH, Warren G. Polo-like kinase is required for Golgi and bilobe biogenesis in Trypanosoma brucei. J Cell Biol 2008; 181:431-8. [PMID: 18443217 PMCID: PMC2364693 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200708082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A bilobed structure marked by TbCentrin2 regulates Golgi duplication in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. This structure must itself duplicate during the cell cycle for Golgi inheritance to proceed normally. We show here that duplication of the bilobed structure is dependent on the single polo-like kinase (PLK) homologue in T. brucei (TbPLK). Depletion of TbPLK leads to malformed bilobed structures, which is consistent with an inhibition of duplication and an increase in the number of dispersed Golgi structures with associated endoplasmic reticulum exit sites. These data suggest that the bilobe may act as a scaffold for the controlled assembly of the duplicating Golgi.
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27
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28
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Abstract
Apicomplexans are pathogens responsible for malaria, toxoplasmosis, and crytposporidiosis in humans, and a wide range of livestock diseases. These unicellular eukaryotes are stealthy invaders, sheltering from the immune response in the cells of their hosts, while at the same time tapping into these cells as source of nutrients. The complexity and beauty of the structures formed during their intracellular development have made apicomplexans the darling of electron microscopists. Dramatic technological progress over the last decade has transformed apicomplexans into respectable genetic model organisms. Extensive genomic resources are now available for many apicomplexan species. At the same time, parasite transfection has enabled researchers to test the function of specific genes through reverse and forward genetic approaches with increasing sophistication. Transfection also introduced the use of fluorescent reporters, opening the field to dynamic real time microscopic observation. Parasite cell biologists have used these tools to take a fresh look at a classic problem: how do apicomplexans build the perfect invasion machine, the zoite, and how is this process fine-tuned to fit the specific niche of each pathogen in this ancient and very diverse group? This work has unearthed a treasure trove of novel structures and mechanisms that are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and the Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
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29
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Hammarton TC, Kramer S, Tetley L, Boshart M, Mottram JC. Trypanosoma brucei Polo-like kinase is essential for basal body duplication, kDNA segregation and cytokinesis. Mol Microbiol 2007; 65:1229-48. [PMID: 17662039 PMCID: PMC2169650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) are conserved eukaryotic cell cycle regulators, which play multiple roles, particularly during mitosis. The function of Trypanosoma brucei PLK was investigated in procyclic and bloodstream-form parasites. In procyclic trypanosomes, RNA interference (RNAi) of PLK, or overexpression of TY1-epitope-tagged PLK (PLKty), but not overexpression of a kinase-dead variant, resulted in the accumulation of cells that had divided their nucleus but not their kinetoplast (2N1K cells). Analysis of basal bodies and flagella in these cells suggested the defect in kinetoplast division arose because of an inhibition of basal body duplication, which occurred when PLK expression levels were altered. Additionally, a defect in kDNA replication was observed in the 2N1K cells. However, the 2N1K cells obtained by each approach were not equivalent. Following PLK depletion, the single kinetoplast was predominantly located between the two divided nuclei, while in cells overexpressing PLKty, the kinetoplast was mainly found at the posterior end of the cell, suggesting a role for PLK kinase activity in basal body and kinetoplast migration. PLK RNAi in bloodstream trypanosomes also delayed kinetoplast division, and was further observed to inhibit furrow ingression during cytokinesis. Notably, no additional roles were detected for trypanosome PLK in mitosis, setting this protein kinase apart from its counterparts in other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansy C Hammarton
- Infection and Immunity, Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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30
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Adisa A, Frankland S, Rug M, Jackson K, Maier AG, Walsh P, Lithgow T, Klonis N, Gilson PR, Cowman AF, Tilley L. Re-assessing the locations of components of the classical vesicle-mediated trafficking machinery in transfected Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:1127-41. [PMID: 17428488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, exports proteins beyond the confines of its own plasma membrane, however there is debate regarding the machinery used for these trafficking events. We have generated transgenic parasites expressing chimeric proteins and used immunofluorescence studies to determine the locations of plasmodial homologues of the COPII component, Sar1p, and the Golgi-docking protein, Bet3p. The P. falciparum Sar1p (PfSar1p) chimeras bind to the endoplasmic reticulum surface and define a network of membranes wrapped around parasite nuclei. As the parasite matures, the endomembrane systems of individual merozoites remain interconnected until very late in schizogony. Antibodies raised against plasmodial Bet3p recognise two foci of reactivity in early parasite stages that increase in number as the parasite matures. Some of the P. falciparum Bet3p (PfBet3p) compartments are juxtaposed to compartments defined by the cis Golgi marker, PfGRASP, while others are distributed through the cytoplasm. The compartments defined by the trans Golgi marker, PfRab6, are separate, suggesting that the Golgi is dispersed. Bet3p-green fluorescent protein (GFP) is partly associated with punctate structures but a substantial population diffuses freely in the parasite cytoplasm. By contrast, yeast Bet3p is very tightly associated with immobile structures. This study challenges the view that the COPII complex and the Golgi apparatus are exported into the infected erythrocyte cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinola Adisa
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Vic., Australia
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31
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Kirk SJ, Ward TH. COPII under the microscope. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:435-47. [PMID: 17693103 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transport through the secretory pathway begins with COPII regulation of ER export. Driven by the Sar1 GTPase cycle, cytosolic COPII proteins exchange on and off the membrane at specific sites on the ER to regulate cargo exit. Here recent developments in COPII research are discussed, particularly the use of live-cell imaging, which has revealed surprising insights into the coat's role. The seemingly static ER exit sites are in fact highly dynamic, and the ability to visualise trafficking processes in intact living cells has highlighted the adaptable nature of COPII in cargo transport and the emerging roles of auxiliary factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra J Kirk
- Immunology Unit, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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