Can a failed ileal pouch anal anastomosis be left in situ?

Management of pouch neoplasia: consensus guidelines from the International Ileal Pouch Consortium

Surveillance pouchoscopy is recommended for patients with restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis, with the surveillance interval depending on the risk of neoplasia. Neoplasia in patients with ileal pouches mainly have a glandular source and less often are of squamous cell origin. Various grades of neoplasia can occur in the prepouch ileum, pouch body, rectal cuff, anal transition zone, anus, or perianal skin. The main treatment modalities are endoscopic polypectomy, endoscopic ablation, endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection, surgical local excision, surgical circumferential resection and re-anastomosis, and pouch excision. The choice of the treatment modality is determined by the grade, location, size, and features of neoplastic lesions, along with patients' risk of neoplasia and comorbidities, and local endoscopic and surgical expertise.

Complications and functional outcomes after ileo-anal pouch excision-a systematic review of 14 retrospective observational studies

PURPOSE

The ileo-anal pouch (IAP) has been the gold standard procedure for maintenance of bowel continuity after panproctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis, familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. However, the IAP has an estimated failure rate of 13% at 10 years post-procedure (Tulchinsky et al., Ann Surg 238(2):229-34, 2003), which can result in pouch excision (P.E.). This systematic review aims to synthesise all the available studies reporting post-operative outcomes of P.E. and its impact on patient quality of life (QoL), when available, which have not previously been summarised.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, Medline and the Cochrane library databases were searched with terms 'Pouch AND excision' OR 'Pouch AND removal' OR 'Pouch AND remove' OR 'IAP AND excision'. All studies reporting post-operative morbidity, mortality or functional outcomes in patients who had P.E. were included. Studies with < 5 patients, non-English studies and conference abstracts were excluded.

RESULTS

14 studies comprising 1601 patients were included. Overall complications varied from 18 to 63% with the most common being persistent perineal sinus (9-40%) or surgical site infection (wound-2 to 30%; intra-abdominal collection-3 to 24%). The mortality rate was between 0.58 and 1.4%. QoL is generally lower in P.E. patients compared to the normal population across various QoL measures and P.E. patients often had urinary and sexual dysfunction post-operatively.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a substantial incidence of complications after P.E.; however, there is no evidence describing QoL pre- and post-P.E. Further longitudinal research comparing QoL in patients undergoing P.E. and other treatment options such as indefinite diversion is required to definitively assess QoL post-procedure.

Short-term and Long-term Outcomes Following Pelvic Pouch Excision: The Mount Sinai Hospital Experience

BACKGROUND

Few studies have reported surgical outcomes following pouch excision and fewer have described the long-term sequelae. Given the debate regarding optimal surgical management following pouch failure, an accurate estimation of the morbidity associated with this procedure addresses a critical knowledge gap.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to review our institutional experience with pouch excision with a focus on indications, short-term outcomes, and long-term reintervention rates.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

This study was conducted at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario Canada.

PARTICIPANTS

Adult patients registered in the prospectively maintained IBD database with a diagnosis of pelvic pouch failure between 1991 and 2018 were selected.

INTERVENTION

The patients had undergone pelvic pouch excision was measured.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Indications for excision, incidence of short-term and long-term complications, and long-term surgical reintervention were the primary outcomes. In addition, multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to identify predictors of chronic perineal wound complications and the effect of preoperative diversion. The positive predictive value of a clinical suspicion of Crohn's disease of the pouch was also evaluated.

RESULTS

One hundred forty cases were identified. Fifty-nine percent of patients experienced short-term complications and 49.3% experienced delayed morbidity. Overall, one-third of patients required long-term reoperation related to perineal wound, stoma, and hernia complications. On multivariable regression, immunosuppression was associated with increased odds of perineal wound complications, and preoperative diversion was not associated with perineal wound healing. Crohn's disease was suspected in 24 patients preoperatively but confirmed on histopathology in only 6 patients.

LIMITATIONS

This is a retrospective chart review of a single institution's experience, whereby complication rates may be underestimates of the true event rates.

CONCLUSIONS

Pouch excision is associated with high postoperative morbidity and long-term reintervention due to nonhealing perineal wounds, stoma complications, and hernias. Further study is required to clarify risk reduction strategies to limit perineal wound complications and the appropriate selection of patients for diversion alone vs pouch excision in IPAA failure. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B348. RESULTADOS A CORTO Y LARGO PLAZO DESPUÉS DE LA EXTIRPACIÓN DE LA BOLSA PéLVICA: LA EXPERIENCIA DEL HOSPITAL MOUNT SINAÍ: Pocos estudios han informado resultados quirúrgicos después de la escisión de bolsa pélvica (reservorio ileoanal) y menos han descrito las secuelas a largo plazo. Dado el debate sobre el manejo quirúrgico óptimo después de la falla de la bolsa, una estimación precisa de la morbilidad asociada con este procedimiento aborda una brecha crítica de conocimiento.El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar nuestra experiencia institucional con la extirpación de la bolsa con un enfoque en las indicaciones, los resultados a corto plazo y las tasas de reintervención a largo plazo.Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.Hospital Mt Sinaí, Toronto, Ontario, Canadá.Pacientes adultos registrados en la base de datos de EII mantenida prospectivamente con un diagnóstico de falla de la bolsa pélvica entre 1991 y 2018.Escisión de bolsa pélvica.Las indicaciones para la escisión, la incidencia de complicaciones a corto y largo plazo y la reintervención quirúrgica a largo plazo fueron los resultados primarios valorados. Además, se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística multivariable para identificar predictores de complicaciones de la herida perineal crónica y el efecto de la derivación preoperatoria. También se evaluó el valor predictivo positivo de una sospecha clínica de enfermedad de Crohn de la bolsa.Se identificaron 140 casos. El 59% de los pacientes desarrollaron complicaciones a corto plazo y el 49,3% con morbilidad tardía. En general, 1/3 de los pacientes requirieron una reoperación a largo plazo relacionada con complicaciones de herida perineal, estoma y hernia. En la regresión multivariable, la inmunosupresión se asoció con mayores probabilidades de complicaciones de la herida perineal y la derivación preoperatoria no se asoció con la cicatrización de la herida perineal. La enfermedad de Crohn se sospechó en 24 pacientes antes de la operación, pero se confirmó por histopatología en solo 6 pacientes.Revisión retrospectiva del cuadro de la experiencia de una sola institución por la cual las tasas de complicaciones pueden ser subestimadas de las tasas de eventos reales.La escisión de la bolsa se asocia con una alta morbilidad postoperatoria y una reintervención a largo plazo debido a complicaciones de heridas perineales, complicaciones del estoma y hernias. Se requieren más estudios para aclarar las estrategias de reducción de riesgos para limitar las complicaciones de la herida perineal y la selección adecuada de pacientes para la derivación sola versus la escisión de la bolsa en caso de falla de reservorio ileoanal. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B348.

Pouch failures following restorative proctocolectomy in ulcerative colitis

PURPOSE

Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) is the most common operation in ulcerative colitis. Nevertheless, permanent ileostomy will sometimes be unavoidable. The aim was to evaluate the reasons for pouch failure and early morbidity after pouch excision.

METHODS

The number and the reasons for pouch failures were analysed in patients undergoing RPC 1985-2016.

RESULTS

Out of 491 RPC patients, 53 experienced pouch failure (10 women, 43 men); 52 out of 53 underwent pouch excision. The cumulative risk for excision at 5, 10 and 20 years was 5.6, 9.4 and 15.5%, respectively. The reasons for failure included septic events such as fistula in 12 (23%), chronic pouchitis in 11 (21%) and leakage in 8 (15%) patients. Functional reasons for pouch failure were recorded as poor function in 16 (30%), incontinence in 12 (23%) and stricture in 12 (23%) patients. Multiple causes for pouch failure were recorded for individual patients. Seven cases of Crohn's disease were found among the failure cases: two before pouch excision and five after. Altogether, 15 Crohn's disease diagnoses were set in the RPC cohort, giving a percentage of 47% of pouch failure in this disorder. A complication occurred in 23 (44%) patients within 30 days after surgery; 16 were mild (Clavien-Dindo grades I-II).

CONCLUSIONS

Eleven percent of RPC patients suffered pouch failure: more men than women. The reasons were multiple. Crohn's disease created a risk of failure, but a half of these patients maintained the pouch. Morbidity after pouch excision was moderate, but in most cases slight.

Colectomy for patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis - what next?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) occurs in 2%-8% of patients who suffer from ulcerative colitis (UC). For patients who require colectomy, ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) or ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) is employed to preserve continence.We evaluated the outcomes after IPAA and IRA for patients with UC-PSC, using patients with UC but without PSC as controls (UC-only group).

PATIENTS

In a case-control study conducted at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden, patients with UC-PSC (N=48; 31 IPAA and 17 IRA) were compared to patients with UC only (N=113; 62 IPAA and 51 IRA). Functional outcomes (Öresland score), pouchitis, surgical complications, and failure were evaluated.

RESULTS

For patients with IPAA, the median Öresland scores were similar for the two groups: 5 (range, 0-13) for the UC-PSC group and 5 for the UC-only group (range, 0-12; p>0.05). However, the IRA scores were significantly different at 7 (range, 2-11) and 3 (range, 0-11) for the respective groups (p=0.005). Pouchitis was more frequent in patients with UC-PSC. Complication rates did not differ. For patients with IPAA, the failure rate was 16% for those in the UC-PSC group versus 6% for those in the UC-only group (p>0.05); the corresponding results for IRA were 53% versus 22% (p=0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

For cases of IPAA, pouchitis seems to be more common in patients with UC-PSC. However, the functional outcomes and failure rates are unaffected by concurrent PSC. For patients with UC-PSC, functional outcome is poor and the failure rate is high after IRA.

Can ileal pouch anal anastomosis be used in Crohn's disease?

Restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA is now accepted as the standard of care in most patients with a diagnosis of mucosal ulcerative or IndC requiring surgery. In patients with Crohn's colitis needing intervention, proctocolectomy with end ileostomy or subtotal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis is still the treatment of choice. In the authors' institution they consider performing an ileal pouch for a diagnosis of Crohn's colitis requiring rectal resection provided there is no existing or previous evidence of perianal or small bowel CD. They only perform this in a well-motivated patient who understands the potential sequelae, including an increased incidence of adverse effects and reduced functional outcome, if they develop CD of the pouch. A significant amount of time must be allocated to the patient and their family when counseling them with regards to the potential surgical options and outcomes associated with each. The development of CD of the pouch is associated with a considerable pouch failure rate requiring pouch excision or indefinite ileostomy formation. It does not always herald disaster, however, and a large percentage of patients can be salvaged using a combination of medical and surgical therapy. In this patient group the maintenance of intestinal continuity and avoidance of an ostomy is often the most important factor in their perception toward quality of life. The search for a serologic or genetic marker that will predict disease outcome in this select patient group and thereby direct surgical decision making should continue. It is recommended that in the presence of Crohn's colitis the decision to perform an ileal pouch should only be made in a tertiary center under the care of gastroenterologists, histopathologists, and colorectal surgeons with experience in the management of these complex cases.