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Tan M, Li S, Juillard F, Chitas R, Custódio TF, Xue H, Szymula A, Sun Q, Liu B, Álvarez ÁL, Chen S, Huang J, Simas JP, McVey CE, Kaye KM. MLL1 is regulated by KSHV LANA and is important for virus latency. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12895-12911. [PMID: 34850113 PMCID: PMC8682764 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) is a histone methyltransferase. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a leading cause of malignancy in AIDS. KSHV latently infects tumor cells and its genome is decorated with epigenetic marks. Here, we show that KSHV latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) recruits MLL1 to viral DNA where it establishes H3K4me3 modifications at the extensive KSHV terminal repeat elements during primary infection. LANA interacts with MLL1 complex members, including WDR5, integrates into the MLL1 complex, and regulates MLL1 activity. We describe the 1.5-Å crystal structure of N-terminal LANA peptide complexed with MLL1 complex member WDR5, which reveals a potential regulatory mechanism. Disruption of MLL1 expression rendered KSHV latency establishment highly deficient. This deficiency was rescued by MLL1 but not by catalytically inactive MLL1. Therefore, MLL1 is LANA regulable and exerts a central role in virus infection. These results suggest broad potential for MLL1 regulation, including by non-host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tan
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shijun Li
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Franceline Juillard
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rute Chitas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Tânia F Custódio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Han Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031 Shanghai, China
| | - Agnieszka Szymula
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiming Sun
- Departments of Biochemistry and Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ángel L Álvarez
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - She Chen
- Proteomics Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 200125 Shanghai, China
| | - J Pedro Simas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.,Católica Biomedical Research, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Palma de Cima, 1649-023 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Colin E McVey
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Kenneth M Kaye
- Departments of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
The traditional view that recurrent episodes of diverticulitis lead to progressively complicated disease resulting in a disadvantageous course, more difficult, complicated operations and lethal outcomes did not stand the test of evidence. Only a minority of patients with acute diverticulitis will ever require surgery, and if so, this occurs during or early after the first episode. Complications and recurrence of disease after surgery are enumerable. Strong indicators favoring sigmoid colectomy are major abscess, free air, and fistula, i.e. perforating disease. This occurs predominantly at the initial presentation, frequently in younger or immunosuppressed patients. Important differential diagnoses must be considered both for initial diagnosis of diverticulitis and for recurrent episodes. Conservative management of recurrent diverticulitis is safe and best guided by gastroenterological expertise. Sophisticated ultrasound experience as a part of this competence allows detailed evaluation of the local status and the best evidence in the literature for diagnosing diverticulitis is on US. In practice, however, the question of perforating diverticulitis is adequately answered by subtle CT scan. Medical therapy is usually the treatment of choice for recurrent diverticulitis. Avoidance of drugs bearing the hazard of perforation (e.g. NSAIDs) is emphasized, and smoking is strongly discouraged. A mathematical model based on published data shows that patients with recurrent diverticulitis overall (only) profit from surgery if they are hit by four episodes during the course of disease. This is where theory and reality (should) meet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Lembcke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, KKEL, St. Barbara-Hospital Gladbeck, Gladbeck, Germany.
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