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AnvariFar H, Amirkolaie AK, Miandare HK, Ouraji H, Jalali MA, Üçüncü Sİ. Apoptosis in fish: environmental factors and programmed cell death. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:425-439. [PMID: 28035476 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is a critical component in maintaining homeostasis and growth in all tissues and plays a significant role in immunity and cytotoxicity. In contrast to necrosis or traumatic cell death, apoptosis is a well-controlled and vital process characterized mainly by cytoplasmic shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, membrane blebbing and apoptotic bodies. Our understanding of apoptosis is partly based on observations in invertebrates but mainly in mammals. Despite the great advantages of fish models in studying vertebrate development and diseases and the tremendous interest observed in recent years, reports on apoptosis in fish are still limited. Although apoptotic machinery is well conserved between aquatic and terrestrial organisms throughout the history of evolution, some differences exist in key components of apoptotic pathways. Core parts of apoptotic machinery in fish are virtually expressed as equivalent to the mammalian models. Some differences are, however, evident, such as the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis including lack of a C-terminal region in the Fas-associated protein with a death domain in fish. Aquatic species inhabit a complex and highly fluctuating environment, making these species good examples to reveal features of apoptosis that may not be easily investigated in mammals. Therefore, in order to gain a wider view on programmed cell death in fish, interactions between the main environmental factors, chemicals and apoptosis are discussed in this review. It is indicated that apoptosis can be induced in fish by exposure to environmental stressors during different stages of the fish life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein AnvariFar
- Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran. .,University of Applied Science and Technology, Provincial Unit, P.O. Box: 4916694338, Golestan, Iran.
| | - Abdolsamad Keramat Amirkolaie
- Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamed Kolangi Miandare
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran
| | - Hossein Ouraji
- Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran
| | - M Ali Jalali
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran.,Sturgeon Affairs Management, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran.,Center for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, 3280, Australia
| | - Sema İşisağ Üçüncü
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey
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Krumschnabel G, Podrabsky JE. Fish as model systems for the study of vertebrate apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 14:1-21. [PMID: 19082731 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a process of pivotal importance for multi-cellular organisms and due to its implication in the development of cancer and degenerative disease it is intensively studied in humans and mammalian model systems. Invertebrate models of apoptosis have been well-studied, especially in C. elegans and D. melanogaster, but as these are evolutionarily distant from mammals the relevance of findings for human research is sometimes limited. Presently, a non-mammalian vertebrate model for studying apoptosis is missing. However, in the past few years an increasing number of studies on cell death in fish have been published and thus new model systems may emerge. This review aims at highlighting the most important of these findings, showing similarities and dissimilarities between fish and mammals, and will suggest topics for future research. In addition, the outstanding usefulness of fish as research models will be pointed out, hoping to spark future research on this exciting, often underrated group of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Krumschnabel
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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