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Prucha VJ, Egerbacher M, Tichy A, Nell B. Effects of diluted povidone iodine on viability and migration of canine corneal epithelial and stromal cells in tissue culture. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Boss CK, Gibson DJ, Schultz G, Whitley RD, Hernandez JA, Abbott JR, Plummer CE. Therapeutic effects of equine amniotic membrane suspension on corneal re-epithelialization and haze in a modified lagomorph ex vivo wound healing model. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25:153-164. [PMID: 34787351 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the therapeutic effects of topical equine amniotic membrane (eAM) suspension following corneal wounding in a controlled experimental setting. PROCEDURES Equine amniotic membrane was collected, gamma irradiated, homogenized for topical suspension preparation, and cryopreserved. Corneoscleral rims harvested from fresh rabbit globes were wounded via keratectomy and were maintained in an air-liquid interface ex vivo corneal culture model. Treatment groups included topical gamma irradiated eAM suspension (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). Re-epithelialization of the wound was assessed with daily photographic evaluation of area of fluorescein uptake (mm2 ). Corneal wound haze after a 21-day period was assessed by photographic analysis of haze area (mm2 ) and pixel intensity (0-255). Histologic processing of corneal tissue was performed, and protein identification of eAM suspension using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS The average day of complete corneal re-epithelialization in controls (5.5 ± 1.1) and topically treated (5.5 ± 0.6) corneas, and rates of reduction in area of fluorescein uptake over time did not significantly differ (p = .44). The corneal wound haze was significantly reduced in mean area by approximately 52% and intensity by 57% in corneas treated with topical eAM suspension (p < .05), compared to controls 21 days following wounding. Protein analysis identified numerous proteins, specifically decorin, dermatopontin, and lumican, which have previously been documented in eAM. CONCLUSIONS Area and intensity of corneal wound haze were significantly reduced in corneas treated with gamma irradiated eAM suspension, which may be due to previously identified therapeutic proteins which promote corneal clarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine K Boss
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibson
- College of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory Schultz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - R David Whitley
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jorge A Hernandez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Caryn E Plummer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Proietto LR, Whitley RD, Brooks DE, Schultz GE, Gibson DJ, Berkowski WM, Salute ME, Plummer CE. Development and Assessment of a Novel Canine Ex Vivo Corneal Model. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:813-821. [PMID: 28128981 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2016.1262428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a novel ex vivo extended culture model of canine corneal epithelial cell wound healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Canine corneoscleral rims (CSR) were obtained and, after preparation for culture, were placed on a nutating scaffold and incubated in physiological conditions. In experiment 1, eight CSR in a serum-containing antimicrobial-fortified medium were monitored for epithelial integrity and bacterial infection up to 28 days in culture. CSR were assessed histologically at the end of the culture period end points 0, 7, 14, and 28 days with accompanying scanning electron microscopic (SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) evaluation. Samples for microbial culture were obtained at days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28. In experiment 2, uniform 8-mm-diameter superficial corneal epithelial wounds were created and monitored for re-epithelialization in the same culture conditions or in a serum-free protein equivalent medium, with four CSR per group. Standardized digital images were obtained with cobalt filter at the time of fluorescein staining and media change every six hours. Image J imaging software was used to measure the area of fluorescein retention. Re-epithelialization rates were calculated and CSR then fixed for immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS All corneas survived to end points as described in experiment 1 with no evidence of contamination or compromised epithelial integrity. Histologically, a multilayered epithelium was maintained and corneal edema was not appreciated until day 14. SEM examination revealed epithelial cell layer confluence and migrating epithelial cells of normal cellular morphology with normal cell-cell interactions on TEM. In experiment 2, all eight corneas healed with a healing rate of 0.702 ± 0.130 mm2/h (1.25 mm/day epithelial cell migration rate) and were positive in IHC evaluation for markers of corneal fibrosis. CONCLUSION This ex vivo canine corneal wound healing model is an appropriate and clinically relevant tool for assessment and modulation of epithelial wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Proietto
- a Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - R David Whitley
- a Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Dennis E Brooks
- a Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Gregory E Schultz
- b Institute for Wound Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Daniel J Gibson
- b Institute for Wound Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Florida College of Medicine , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - William M Berkowski
- a Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Marc E Salute
- a Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Caryn E Plummer
- a Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences , University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Verstraelen J, Reichl S. Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein (MRP1, 2, 4 and 5) Expression in Human Corneal Cell Culture Models and Animal Corneal Tissue. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2160-71. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400625z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Verstraelen
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische
Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Reichl
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische
Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Lake J, Zaniolo K, Gaudreault M, Carrier P, Deschambault A, Bazin R, Germain L, Salesse C, Guérin SL. Expression of the α5 integrin gene in corneal epithelial cells cultured on tissue-engineered human extracellular matrices. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6367-76. [PMID: 23727260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The integrin α5β1 plays a major role in corneal wound healing by promoting epithelial cell adhesion and migration over the fibronectin matrix secreted as a cellular response to corneal damage. Expression of α5 is induced when rabbit corneal epithelial cells (RCECs) are grown in the presence of fibronectin. Here, we examined whether α5 expression is similarly altered when RCECs or human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) are grown on a reconstructed stromal matrix used as an underlying biomaterial. Mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that the biomaterial matrix produced by culturing human corneal fibroblasts with ascorbic acid (ECM/35d) contains several types of collagens, fibronectin, tenascin and proteoglycans. Results from transfection of CAT/α5-promoter plasmids, Western blot and EMSA analyses indicated that ECM/35d significantly increase expression of α5 in HCECs as a result of alteration in the expression and DNA binding of the transcription factors NFI, Sp1, AP-1 and PAX6. The biological significance of this biomaterial substitute on the expression of the α5 gene may therefore contribute to better understand the function played by the α5β1 integrin during corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lake
- CUO-Recherche, Centre de recherche FRQS du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
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Richards TR, Mortlock JHH, Pinard CL, Whelan NC, Revay T, LaMarre J. Interleukin 11 expression in the normal canine eye. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:46-56. [PMID: 23552106 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to characterize the expression of interleukin-11 (IL-11), a cytokine with anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and immune-modulating characteristics, in the canine eye. PROCEDURES Normal canine eyes were collected from clinically healthy dogs that had been euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. The distribution of IL-11 expression in the different ocular layers was evaluated by immunofluorescence (eight eyes). Expression levels were quantified (based on fluorescence intensity) using pixel density analysis. Primary cell cultures were derived from all three corneal cell layers. IL-11 mRNA expression was assessed in these cultures using quantitative RT-PCR before and after treatment with TGF-β1, a known inducer of IL-11 expression. IL-11 protein expression was also assessed in the media of these cells by Western blot analysis. RESULTS IL-11 protein was detected in the corneal epithelium, keratocytes, and the corneal endothelium of the normal canine eyes examined using immunofluorescence. Baseline IL-11 mRNA expression was noted in the corneal epithelium, fibroblasts, and endothelium using quantitative RT-PCR. Treatment of canine corneal cell lines with TGF-β1 resulted in statistically significant increases in IL-11 expression in the corneal epithelium, endothelial and fibroblast cell lines with strongest induction noted in the fibroblasts and endothelium. CONCLUSION This is the first description of IL-11 expression in the canine eye. The protein and mRNA appear to be constitutively present throughout all layers of the cornea and are increased by TGF-β1, a cytokine important in ocular inflammation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Richards
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Verstraelen J, Reichl S. Expression analysis of MDR1, BCRP and MRP3 transporter proteins in different in vitro and ex vivo cornea models for drug absorption studies. Int J Pharm 2013; 441:765-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Teo BKK, Goh KJ, Ng ZJ, Koo S, Yim EKF. Functional reconstruction of corneal endothelium using nanotopography for tissue-engineering applications. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:2941-52. [PMID: 22522131 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in the corneal endothelium, which controls the hydration and transparency of the cornea, is one of the common reasons for transplantation. A tissue-engineered corneal endothelium is of interest for corneal regeneration and for in vitro testing of ocular drugs. In the native environment, corneal endothelial cells interact with the nanotopography of the underlying Descemet's membrane. This study showed that nanotopography enhanced bovine corneal endothelial cell (BCEC) responses, creating a monolayer which resembled the healthy corneal endothelium. Topographies of different geometries were first tested to identify those that would elicit the most significant responses. A BCEC monolayer was then generated on both micro- and nanoscale pillars and wells. The BCEC monolayer cultured on topographies exhibited polygonal geometries with well-developed tight junction proteins. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cells on pillars showed a higher density of microvilli, which was similar to native corneal endothelium. BCECs on nanopillars displayed a lower coefficient of variation of area (0.31) that was within the range of healthy corneal endothelium. More importantly, a BCEC monolayer cultured on nanopillars also had an enhanced Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase immunofluorescence expression, mRNA upregulation and a higher Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity. These results suggest that nanopillar substrate topography may provide relevant topographical cues, which could significantly enhance the formation and function of corneal endothelium.
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Kölln C, Reichl S. mRNA expression of metabolic enzymes in human cornea, corneal cell lines, and hemicornea constructs. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 28:271-7. [PMID: 22196140 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2011.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Drugs from ophthalmic formulations are mainly absorbed into the eye via the corneal route. However, little is known about drug metabolism during the transcorneal passage. The objective of this study was to determine the mRNA expression of phase I and II isoenzymes in human corneal epithelial tissue, corneal cell lines, and a tissue-engineered cornea equivalent (a hemicornea construct) as in vitro model for drug absorption studies. METHODS The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to profile the mRNA expression of 10 cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) and seven phase II enzymes in the three human corneal cell lines and the hemicornea construct. The human corneal epithelial cell line (HCE-T), human corneal keratocyte cell line (HCK-Ca) and human corneal endothelial cell line (HENC) were used. Human liver tissue, human corneal epithelium from donor corneas, and the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 were also investigated. RESULTS All the phase I and II mRNAs were expressed in the human liver tissue. The Caco-2 cell line showed an expression pattern similar to the liver tissue, although the signals for CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 were absent. In the case of the donor human corneal epithelium, all the detected phase I mRNAs had lower levels than did the liver tissue. By contrast, the phase II mRNA expression pattern was heterogeneous to the liver tissue. The expression patterns in the three human corneal cell lines were comparable, although the signals for a few phase I enzymes and N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) mRNAs were only detectable in the HCE-T. In the hemicornea construct, all the investigated phase I and II mRNA (except for CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and NAT2) were expressed. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the mRNA expressions of the tested phase I and phase II enzymes in the hemicornea construct and the three corneal cell lines correlated well with the expression patterns of the ex vivo human corneal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kölln
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Ex vivo examination of the biocompatibility of biodegradable magnesium via microdialysis in the isolated perfused bovine udder model. Int J Artif Organs 2011; 34:34-43. [PMID: 21308667 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.2011.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Being biodegradable, magnesium is considered a promising future implant material but very little is known about the biocompatibility for the tissues in direct contact with it. In this study, the degradation of pure magnesium implants in the skin of an isolated bovine udder was examined over a period of five hours. METHODS Microdialysis technique was used in order to investigate the reactions at the interface of implant and tissue. Pure titanium implants served as control. Degradation behavior and biocompatibility were evaluated via extracellular magnesium ion concentration and PGE2 and TNF alpha served as indicators of inflammation. RESULTS Concentrations of 5.5 mmol/l Mg2+ were detected at the beginning, which decreased to a plateau of about 3.5 mmol/l after approximately two and a half hours. PGE2 and TNF alpha concentrations indicated no major inflammatory tissue response to the degradation. CONCLUSIONS These results give an idea of the ion burden at the implantation site of degrading magnesium and suggest good biocompatibility even at the tissue-implant interface.
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Reichl S, Kölln C, Hahne M, Verstraelen J. In vitro cell culture models to study the corneal drug absorption. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:559-78. [PMID: 21381983 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.562195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many diseases of the anterior eye segment are treated using topically applied ophthalmic drugs. For these drugs, the cornea is the main barrier to reaching the interior of the eye. In vitro studies regarding transcorneal drug absorption are commonly performed using excised corneas from experimental animals. Due to several disadvantages and limitations of these animal experiments, establishing corneal cell culture models has been attempted as an alternative. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the development of in vitro models based on corneal cell cultures for permeation studies during the last 20 years, starting with simple epithelial models and moving toward complex organotypical 3D corneal equivalents. EXPERT OPINION Current human 3D corneal cell culture models have the potential to replace excised animal corneas in drug absorption studies. However, for widespread use, the contemporary validation of existent systems is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Reichl
- Technische Universita¨t Braunschweig, Institut fu¨r Pharmazeutische Technologie, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Buss DG, Giuliano EA, Sharma A, Mohan RR. Isolation and cultivation of equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:37-42. [PMID: 20149174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish an in vitro model for the investigation of equine corneal wound healing. To accomplish this goal, a protocol to isolate and culture equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts was developed. ANIMAL MATERIAL: Equine corneal buttons were aseptically harvested from healthy research horses undergoing humane euthanasia for reasons unrelated to this study. Slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed prior to euthanasia by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist to ensure that all samples were harvested from horses free of anterior segment disease. PROCEDURE Equine corneal stroma was isolated using mechanical techniques and stromal sub-sections were then cultured. Customized media at different culture conditions was used to promote growth and differentiation of corneal stromal cells into keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. RESULTS Cell culture techniques were successfully used to establish a method for the isolation and culture of equine corneal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Immunohistochemical staining for alpha-smooth muscle and F-actin was used to definitively differentiate the three cell types. CONCLUSION Equine corneal stromal keratocytes, fibroblasts and myofibroblasts can be predictably isolated and cultured in vitro using this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Buss
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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