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Lewin AC, Ineck NE, Mironovich MA, Marino ME, Liu CC, Emelogu U, Mills EP, Camacho-Luna P, Carter RT. Surveillance for feline herpesvirus type 1 mutation and development of resistance in cats treated with antiviral medications. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1197249. [PMID: 37275610 PMCID: PMC10232796 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1197249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) commonly causes ocular surface disease in cats and is treated with antiviral medications targeting viral DNA polymerase (UL30/42). Herein, we describe a method to assess the FHV-1 genome for mutation development and to assess the functional impact of mutations, if present. Fourteen shelter-housed domestic cats with FHV-1 ocular surface disease were assigned to one of four treatment groups: placebo (n = 3), cidofovir 0.5% ophthalmic solution (n = 3), famciclovir oral solution (n = 5), or ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic solution (n = 3). Swabs were collected before (day 1) and after (day 8) 1 week of twice-daily treatments to isolate viable FHV-1. Viral DNA was extracted for sequencing using Illumina MiSeq with subsequent genomic variant detection between paired day 1 and day 8 isolates. Plaque reduction assay was performed on paired isolates demonstrating non-synonymous variants. A total of 171 synonymous and 3 non-synonymous variants were identified in day 8 isolates. No variants were detected in viral UL23, UL30, or UL42 genes. Variant totals were not statistically different in animals receiving antiviral or placebo (p = 0.4997). A day 8 isolate from each antiviral treatment group contained a single non-synonymous variant in ICP4 (transcriptional regulator). These 3 isolates demonstrated no evidence of functional antiviral resistance when IC50 was assessed. Most (10/14 pairs) day 1 and 8 viral isolate pairs from the same host animal were near-identical. While functional variants were not detected in this small sample, these techniques can be replicated to assess FHV-1 isolates suspected of having developed resistance to antiviral medications.
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Lewin AC, Hicks SK, Carter RT. A review of evidence-based management of infectious ocular surface disease in shelter-housed domestic cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26 Suppl 1:47-58. [PMID: 36749144 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious ocular surface disease (IOSD) is a common problem in shelter-housed domestic cats and has a widespread negative impact on animal welfare. While the common etiological agents are well-described, addressing IOSD in large groups of animals presents a management challenge to the clinician and logistical challenges to shelter employees. Treatments, diagnostics, and prevention strategies that are effective in privately owned or experimental animals may be impractical or ineffective in the shelter environment. This review article focuses on the relative prevalence of etiological agents in feline IOSD, practical diagnostic testing protocols, prevention strategies, and treatment of IOSD in shelter-housed cats. Discrepancies between experimental laboratory-based studies and clinical trials assessing therapeutics for treatment of feline herpes virus are highlighted. Further high-quality clinical trials are necessary to determine optimal preventative and therapeutic protocols for IOSD in shelter-housed cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sarah K Hicks
- Shelter Medicine Program University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Mironovich MA, Yoon A, Marino ME, Ineck NE, Liu CC, Carter RT, Lewin AC. Evaluation of compounded cidofovir, famciclovir, and ganciclovir for the treatment of feline herpesvirus ocular surface disease in shelter-housed cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2022; 26 Suppl 1:143-153. [PMID: 36261852 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of compounded cidofovir, famciclovir, and ganciclovir for the treatment of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) ocular surface disease. ANIMALS STUDIED 132 shelter-housed cats qPCR positive for FHV-1. PROCEDURES A masked placebo-controlled study design was utilized. Animals were enrolled in one of four treatment groups: topical ocular placebo + oral placebo (n = 32), compounded cidofovir 0.5% ophthalmic solution + oral placebo (n = 32), compounded famciclovir oral solution (90 mg/kg) + topical ocular placebo (n = 32), and compounded ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic solution + oral placebo (n = 36). Cats were treated with each medication twice daily for 7 days and were evaluated on Day 1 and Day 8 using an ocular scoring system, body weight, and qPCR for FHV-1 viral load. RESULTS Cidofovir significantly decreased viral load from Day 1 to Day 8 compared with placebo (p = .024). Neither famciclovir nor ganciclovir decreased viral load compared with placebo (p = .14, p = .41). There was no significant improvement of ocular scores for any drug group compared with placebo (p = .62). In all groups, 65%-75% of cats improved from Day 1 to Day 8. Juvenile cats had a significant increase in weight gain compared with placebo for cidofovir (p = .025) and ganciclovir (p = .023). All corneal ulcers in placebo animals failed to heal whereas 77% of ulcers in antiviral group animals healed. CONCLUSIONS Topical ophthalmic cidofovir significantly decreased ocular FHV-1 viral shedding and increased weight gain in juvenile cats. Ganciclovir increased weight gain in juvenile cats. Compounded famciclovir demonstrated limited efficacy for the treatment of FHV-1 ocular surface disease in shelter-housed cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Mironovich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Angela Yoon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Morgan E Marino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nikole E Ineck
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Johnson LR, Weaver PG, Forsythe LE, Thomasy SM, Knych HK. Drug content on receipt and over time for compounded formulations of famciclovir. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:519-525. [PMID: 33019848 PMCID: PMC10741289 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20961046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine famciclovir content (strength) in compounded formulations and to determine if potency changed over time. METHODS Four concentrations of oral oil suspension in three distinct flavors, three concentrations of oral paste, three chew treats and 62.5 mg tablets from one compounding pharmacy were evaluated for famciclovir content. Specific sample preparation procedures were used for each drug formulation prior to determination of famciclovir content through mass spectrometry tandem liquid chromatography. Analysis was performed on arrival from the compounder and on days 7, 14, 28, 56 and 120. Samples were run in triplicate and concentration determined by comparison with a standard curve. Content was considered appropriate if within 90-110% of the labeled concentration. RESULTS On arrival from the compounding pharmacy, 5/12 oral oil suspensions of varying concentrations were <90% of the labeled concentration and 3/3 oral pastes were >110%. Famciclovir content in oil suspensions ranged from 72% to 118% of the label value while oral pastes ranged from 95% to 202% of the label concentration over the 120 study days, and all concentrations varied in an unpredictable fashion. Tablets contained 90-110% of the labeled value throughout the study period. Chew treats could not be successfully analyzed. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found substantial variation in famciclovir content in the compounded products evaluated, which, in turn, raises concerns that substandard dosing could result in lack of efficacy or a failed treatment trial. Drug toxicity might also be encountered. Veterinarians must be aware that while compounded medications can improve compliance, they might not deliver the drug dose expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology,
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Phoebe G Weaver
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical
Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA,
USA
| | - Lauren E Forsythe
- University of Illinois Veterinary Teaching
Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological
Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA,
USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision
Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry
Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA,
USA
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Lewin AC, Liu CC, Alling C, Camacho-Luna P, Miessler B, Carter RT. In vitro efficacy of ganciclovir against feline herpesvirus type 1 and assessment of ocular tolerability in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:400-404. [PMID: 32749191 PMCID: PMC10812217 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20944363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is a prevalent cause of ocular disease in cats and limited topical options for treatment currently exist. The first objective of this study was to confirm the efficacy of ganciclovir against FHV-1 in vitro. The second objective was to assess the safety and ocular tolerability of topically applied ganciclovir eye gel (GEG) in healthy cats. METHODS FHV-1 was used to infect tissue culture wells covered in maximally confluent Crandall-Rees feline kidney cells prior to the addition of three molarities of ganciclovir (8.9 µM, 17.8 µM and 89 µM) before being incubated for 48 h. Ganciclovir efficacy in vitro was then assessed using standard plaque reduction assay. Commercially available GEG (0.15%) was applied q8h to one randomly chosen eye of four healthy cats for 7 days. Commercially available lubricating eye gel (LEG) was applied to the opposite eye q8h. Complete blood counts (CBCs), blood chemistry panels (CHEM) and urinalysis (UA) were performed on all cats before and after the study period. Ocular lesions were assessed daily using a standardized scheme. RESULTS Ganciclovir led to a significant reduction in FHV-1 plaque number, area and diameter at all tested molarities in vitro. The highest molarity assessed (89 µM) caused a 100% reduction in viral plaque number. There was no significant difference in ocular lesion scores between eyes receiving GEG and LEG. Animals remained healthy throughout the study period with CBC, CHEM and UA showing no clinically significant alterations. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Based on the in vitro results, ganciclovir appears to be effective against FHV-1 in vitro. When applied q8h as a commercial 0.15% gel to a small group of cats with normal eyes, this medication was well tolerated. Taken together, these data suggest this medication warrants further investigation in cats with ocular disease caused by FHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher Alling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Pilar Camacho-Luna
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Bruna Miessler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Famciclovir in Shelter Cats with Naturally Occurring Upper Respiratory Tract Disease. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091448. [PMID: 32825039 PMCID: PMC7552613 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) impacts the health and welfare of shelter cats. Mitigation strategies include stress reduction and population-level approaches; effective treatment plans focus on reducing the clinical signs in cats affected by URTD. This study evaluated the use of famciclovir, an antiviral therapy, in reducing clinical signs in shelter cats with URTD when administered at a target dose range of 40–90 mg/kg twice daily for up to 21 days. Cats were randomized into either a famciclovir treatment group (n = 11) or placebo group (n = 11). Testing for viral pathogen identification was performed at enrollment in the study, and clinical scoring was completed daily to evaluate the severity of signs. With each day of treatment, cats in both groups were less likely to experience worsening clinical scores; however, cats in the famciclovir treatment group had a significantly lower risk of worsening clinical signs with each day compared to the placebo group. Feline herpesvirus, a common pathogen causing URTD, was identified in 11/21 cats. The results of this small study justify the need for further research to determine the utility of famciclovir as part of treatment protocols for improving clinical signs and overall impacts of URTD in shelter cats. Abstract Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is a clinically relevant infectious disease in shelter cats, with individual and population-level welfare implications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of famciclovir in reducing clinical signs of URTD in shelter cats during a therapeutic period of up to 21 days. Cats at two Northeastern United States animal shelters with URTD clinical signs were enrolled in a pragmatic, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Cats received either famciclovir (n = 11, target dose range 40–90 mg/kg) or placebo (n = 11), administered orally twice daily for up to 21 days with once-daily clinical scoring. At enrollment, conjunctival and oropharyngeal samples were collected for respiratory pathogen identification by RT-PCR. Zero-inflated Poisson regression was used to evaluate the treatment group effects and changes in clinical scoring over time. With each day of treatment, cats in both groups were less likely to experience worsening clinical scores; however, the risk of worsening scores with each day of treatment was significantly less in the famciclovir group compared to placebo (p = 0.006). Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) DNA was detected in 11/21 cats. The findings justify further pragmatic studies to determine whether famciclovir treatment can contribute to a clinically relevant reduction in URTD morbidity in shelter cats.
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Tamura N, Okano A, Kuroda T, Niwa H, Kusano K, Matsuda Y, Fukuda K, Mita H, Nagata S. Utility of systemic voriconazole in equine keratomycosis based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of tear fluid following oral administration. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:640-647. [PMID: 32383526 PMCID: PMC7496923 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To clarify the detailed pharmacokinetics (PK) of orally administered voriconazole in tear fluid (TF) of horses for evaluating the efficacy of voriconazole secreted into TF against equine keratomycosis. Animals studied Five healthy Thoroughbred horses. Procedures Voriconazole was administrated through a nasogastric tube to each horse at a single dose of 4.0 mg/kg. TF and blood samples were collected before and periodically throughout the 24 hours after administration. Voriconazole concentrations in plasma and TF samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem‐mass spectrometry. The predicted voriconazole concentration in both samples following multiple dosing every 24 hours was simulated by the superposition principle. Results The mean maximum voriconazole concentrations in plasma and TF were 3.3 μg/mL at 1.5 h and 1.9 μg/mL at 1.6 h, respectively. Mean half‐life in both samples were 16.4 and 25.2 h, respectively. The ratio of predicted AUC0–24 at steady state in TF (51.3 μg∙h/mL) to previously published minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Aspergillus and Fusarium species was >100 and 25.7, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrated the detailed single‐dose PK of voriconazole in TF after oral administration and simulated the predicted concentration curves in a multiple oral dosing. Based on the analyses of PK‐PD, the simulation results indicated that repeated oral administration of voriconazole at 4.0 mg/kg/d achieves the ratio of AUC to MIC associated with treatment efficacy against Aspergillus species. The detailed PK‐PD analyses against pathogenic fungi in TF can be used to provide evidence‐based medicine for equine keratomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Tamura
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okano
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taisuke Kuroda
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Niwa
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuda
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fukuda
- Miho Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Racehorse Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mita
- Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Tochigi, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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Covert JC, Thomasy SM, Kado-Fong H, Kon LN, Kass PH, Reilly CM, Lappin MR, Margulies BJ, Maggs DJ. Pilot Study of the Safety and Tolerability of a Subconjunctival Penciclovir Implant in Cats Experimentally Infected with Herpesvirus. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 35:38-49. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jill C. Covert
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Helen Kado-Fong
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Leslie N. Kon
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Philip H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, and University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Christopher M. Reilly
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Michael R. Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Barry J. Margulies
- Towson University Herpes Virus Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, Maryland
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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Thomasy SM, Shull O, Outerbridge CA, Lim CC, Freeman KS, Strom AR, Kass PH, Maggs DJ. Oral administration of famciclovir for treatment of spontaneous ocular, respiratory, or dermatologic disease attributed to feline herpesvirus type 1: 59 cases (2006-2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:526-38. [PMID: 27556267 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.5.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate outcomes for cats treated with orally administered famciclovir 3 times/d for clinical signs attributed to naturally occurring feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) infection and to assess variables related to owner satisfaction with the treatment. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 59 client-owned cats. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed to identify cats treated for presumed FHV-1 infection from 2006 through 2013 with ≥ 1 follow-up visit. Signalment, duration of clinical signs, prior treatment, examination findings, diagnostic test results, concurrent treatments, and outcome data were recorded. Owners were asked to complete a survey regarding patient- and treatment-related variables. Data were compared between cats that received low (approx 40 mg/kg [18 mg/lb]) and high (approx 90 mg/kg [41 mg/lb]) doses of famciclovir, PO, 3 times/d. RESULTS Patient age ranged from 0.03 to 16 years. Conjunctivitis (51/59 [86%]), keratitis (51 [86%]), blepharitis (19 [32%]), nasal discharge or sneezing (10 [17%]), and dermatitis (4 [7%]) were common findings. Clinical improvement was subjectively graded as marked in 30 (51%) cats, mild in 20 (34%), and nonapparent in 9 (15%). Median time to improvement was significantly shorter, and degree of improvement was significantly greater in the highdose group than in the low-dose group. Adverse effects potentially attributable to famciclovir administration were reported for 10 cats. On the basis of survey responses, most (29/32 [91%]) owners were satisfied with their cat's treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Famciclovir at the prescribed dosages was associated with improved clinical signs in cats with presumed FHV-1 infection, and few adverse effects were attributed to the treatment. Further studies are needed to assess whether a famciclovir dosage of 90 versus 40 mg/kg, PO, 3 times/d would result in increased efficacy and shorter treatment time.
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Sebbag L, Thomasy SM, Woodward AP, Knych HK, Maggs DJ. Pharmacokinetic modeling of penciclovir and BRL42359 in the plasma and tears of healthy cats to optimize dosage recommendations for oral administration of famciclovir. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:833-45. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.8.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Thomasy SM, Maggs DJ. A review of antiviral drugs and other compounds with activity against feline herpesvirus type 1. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 19 Suppl 1:119-30. [PMID: 27091747 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is a common and important cause of ocular surface disease, dermatitis, respiratory disease, and potentially intraocular disease in cats. Many antiviral drugs developed for the treatment of humans infected with herpesviruses have been used to treat cats infected with FHV-1. Translational use of drugs in this manner ideally requires methodical investigation of their in vitro efficacy against FHV-1 followed by pharmacokinetic and safety trials in normal cats. Subsequently, placebo-controlled efficacy studies in experimentally inoculated animals should be performed followed, finally, by carefully designed and monitored clinical trials in client-owned animals. This review is intended to provide a concise overview of the available literature regarding the efficacy of antiviral drugs and other compounds with proven or putative activity against FHV-1, as well as a discussion of their safety in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Wilkes RP, Hartmann K. Update on Antiviral Therapies. AUGUST'S CONSULTATIONS IN FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE, VOLUME 7 2016. [PMCID: PMC7152142 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Litster A, Lohr B, Bukowy R, Thomasy S, Maggs D. Clinical and antiviral effect of a single oral dose of famciclovir administered to cats at intake to a shelter. Vet J 2015; 203:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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15
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Semenkow SL, Johnson NM, Maggs DJ, Margulies BJ. Controlled release delivery of penciclovir via a silicone (MED-4750) polymer: kinetics of drug delivery and efficacy in preventing primary feline herpesvirus infection in culture. Virol J 2014; 11:34. [PMID: 24558980 PMCID: PMC3939932 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that infect and cause recurrent disease in multiple animal species. Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1), a member of the alphaherpesvirus family, causes respiratory illness and conjunctivitis, and approximately 80% of domestic cats are latently infected. Oral administration of famciclovir or topical application of cidofovir has been shown in masked, placebo-controlled prospective trials to reduce clinical signs and viral shedding in experimentally inoculated cats. However, to the authors’ knowledge, other drugs have not been similarly assessed or were not safe or effective. Likewise, to our knowledge, no drugs have been assessed in a placebo-controlled manner in cats with recrudescent herpetic disease. Controlled-release devices would permit long-term administration of these drugs and enhance compliance. Methods We therefore engineered implantable cylindrical devices made from silicone (MED-4750) impregnated with penciclovir, for long-term, steady-state delivery of this drug. Results Our data show that these devices release penciclovir with a burst of drug delivery until the tenth day of release, then at an average rate of 5.063 ± 1.704 μg per day through the next 50 days with near zero-order kinetics (in comparison to MED-4750-acyclovir devices, which show the same burst kinetics and average 2.236 ± 0.625 μg/day thereafter). Furthermore, these devices suppress primary infection of FHV-1 in a cell culture system. Conclusions The clinical deployment of these silicone-penciclovir devices may allow long-term treatment of FHV-1 infection with a single intervention that could last the life of the host cat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barry J Margulies
- Towson University Herpes Virus Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA.
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Sykes JE, Papich MG. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Drugs. CANINE AND FELINE INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7152038 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0795-3.00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Abstract
Feline viral diseases are common and cats can be presented with a variety of clinical manifestations. Ocular disease associated with viral pathogens is not unusual, particularly with viruses causing upper respiratory tract disease in cats, such as feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus. These agents mainly cause ocular surface disease. Other viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus and feline coronavirus, can cause uveitis, while feline leukemia virus can induce ocular lymphosarcoma. This review covers the most common viral pathogens of cats that cause ocular manifestations, the specific features of the ocular diseases caused by these viruses and therapeutic recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Stiles
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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18
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Freeman KS, Thomasy SM, Stanley SD, Van Bonn W, Gulland F, Friedlaender AS, Maggs DJ. Population pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in the tears and plasma of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) following oral drug administration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:1170-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.8.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Groth AD, Contreras MT, Kado-Fong HK, Nguyen KQ, Thomasy SM, Maggs DJ. In vitrocytotoxicity and antiviral efficacy against feline herpesvirus type 1 of famciclovir and its metabolites. Vet Ophthalmol 2013; 17:268-74. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson D. Groth
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Marcos T. Contreras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco CA 94143 USA
| | - Helen K. Kado-Fong
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Kyvan Q. Nguyen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy; University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco CA 94143 USA
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - David J. Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
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Wilkes RP, Ward DA, Newkirk KM, Adams JK, Kania SA. Evaluation of delivery agents used for introduction of small interfering RNAs into feline corneal cells. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:243-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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