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Lanoizelet M, Elkhoury Youhanna C, Roure A, Darras S. Molecular control of cellulosic fin morphogenesis in ascidians. BMC Biol 2024; 22:74. [PMID: 38561802 PMCID: PMC10986139 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tunicates form a group of filter-feeding marine animals closely related to vertebrates. They share with them a number of features such as a notochord and a dorsal neural tube in the tadpole larvae of ascidians, one of the three groups that make tunicates. However, a number of typical chordate characters have been lost in different branches of tunicates, a diverse and fast-evolving phylum. Consequently, the tunic, a sort of exoskeleton made of extracellular material including cellulose secreted by the epidermis, is the unifying character defining the tunicate phylum. In the larva of ascidians, the tunic differentiates in the tail into a median fin (with dorsal and ventral extended blades) and a caudal fin. RESULTS Here we have performed experiments in the ascidian Phallusia mammillata to address the molecular control of tunic 3D morphogenesis. We have demonstrated that the tail epidermis medio-lateral patterning essential for peripheral nervous system specification also controls tunic elongation into fins. More specifically, when tail epidermis midline identity was abolished by BMP signaling inhibition, or CRISPR/Cas9 inactivation of the transcription factor coding genes Msx or Klf1/2/4/17, median fin did not form. We postulated that this genetic program should regulate effectors of tunic secretion. We thus analyzed the expression and regulation in different ascidian species of two genes acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria, CesA coding for a cellulose synthase and Gh6 coding for a cellulase. We have uncovered an unexpected dynamic history of these genes in tunicates and high levels of variability in gene expression and regulation among ascidians. Although, in Phallusia, Gh6 has a regionalized expression in the epidermis compatible with an involvement in fin elongation, our functional studies indicate a minor function during caudal fin formation only. CONCLUSIONS Our study constitutes an important step in the study of the integration of HGT-acquired genes into developmental networks and a cellulose-based morphogenesis of extracellular material in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Lanoizelet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls/Mer, 66650, France.
- Present address: Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Christel Elkhoury Youhanna
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls/Mer, 66650, France
- Present address: Centre de Biologie Structurale, Univ Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5048, INSERM U1054, Montpellier, 34090, France
| | - Agnès Roure
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls/Mer, 66650, France
| | - Sébastien Darras
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Intégrative Des Organismes Marins (BIOM), Banyuls/Mer, 66650, France.
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Ballarin L, Karahan A, Salvetti A, Rossi L, Manni L, Rinkevich B, Rosner A, Voskoboynik A, Rosental B, Canesi L, Anselmi C, Pinsino A, Tohumcu BE, Jemec Kokalj A, Dolar A, Novak S, Sugni M, Corsi I, Drobne D. Stem Cells and Innate Immunity in Aquatic Invertebrates: Bridging Two Seemingly Disparate Disciplines for New Discoveries in Biology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688106. [PMID: 34276677 PMCID: PMC8278520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scopes related to the interplay between stem cells and the immune system are broad and range from the basic understanding of organism's physiology and ecology to translational studies, further contributing to (eco)toxicology, biotechnology, and medicine as well as regulatory and ethical aspects. Stem cells originate immune cells through hematopoiesis, and the interplay between the two cell types is required in processes like regeneration. In addition, stem and immune cell anomalies directly affect the organism's functions, its ability to cope with environmental changes and, indirectly, its role in ecosystem services. However, stem cells and immune cells continue to be considered parts of two branches of biological research with few interconnections between them. This review aims to bridge these two seemingly disparate disciplines towards much more integrative and transformative approaches with examples deriving mainly from aquatic invertebrates. We discuss the current understanding of cross-disciplinary collaborative and emerging issues, raising novel hypotheses and comments. We also discuss the problems and perspectives of the two disciplines and how to integrate their conceptual frameworks to address basic equations in biology in a new, innovative way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arzu Karahan
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Anselmi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Begüm Ece Tohumcu
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Vizzini A, Cammarata M. The expression of an immune-related phenoloxidase gene is modulated inCiona intestinalisovary, test cells, embryos and larva. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:141-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Parrinello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory; Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; University of Palermo; Via Archirafi Palermo Italy
| | - Maria A. Sanfratello
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory; Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; University of Palermo; Via Archirafi Palermo Italy
| | - Aiti Vizzini
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory; Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; University of Palermo; Via Archirafi Palermo Italy
| | - Matteo Cammarata
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory; Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; University of Palermo; Via Archirafi Palermo Italy
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Akasaka M, Kato KH, Kitajima K, Sawada H. Identification of Novel Isoforms of Vitellogenin Expressed in Ascidian Eggs. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 320:118-28. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koichi H. Kato
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences; Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku; Nagoya; Japan
| | - Ken Kitajima
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center; Nagoya University; Nagoya; Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sawada
- Sugashima Marine Biological Laboratory; Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Sugashima; Toba; Japan
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5
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Lambert CC. Ascidian follicle cells: Multifunctional adjuncts to maturation and development. Dev Growth Differ 2009; 51:677-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Nakayama-Ishimura A, Chambon JP, Horie T, Satoh N, Sasakura Y. Delineating metamorphic pathways in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Dev Biol 2009; 326:357-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Shaposhnikova TG, Pavlov AE. Isolation of fraction of testal cells surrounding oocytes in the ascidian Styela rustica. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093007020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Dolcemascolo G, Gianguzza M. Early stages of test formation in larva of Ascidia malaca (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations. Micron 2004; 35:261-71. [PMID: 15003613 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2003.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Revised: 09/21/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The swimming larvae of ascidians are entirely covered by a hyalin coat called tunic, or test. This covering consists of two cuticular layers, C1 and C2, which surround an inner compartment composed of an amorphous hyalin matrix with numerous fibrils dispersed inside. Data from the literature agree on the key role played by the cells of the larval ectodermic layer in the synthesis and secretion of larval test components. In the present article are reported ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations made during test formation in the swimming larva of Ascidia malaca. Besides confirming the role played by ectodermic cells during the early stages of test formation, the investigations highlight the way in which the fibrillar component of the test is synthetized and secreted. At the ultrastructural level it has been evidenced that the C1 and C2 cuticular layers originate from the tight packing of fibrils. Based on the data reported in the present study, it is hypothesized that while a relevant part of the fibrils, once secreted, remains dispersed inside the matrix of the inner compartment of the test, quite likely in order to increase its consistency, packing of the remaining fibrils leads to the formation of the C1 and C2 cuticular layers. Packing of the fibrils in C1 and C2 could be favoured by their chemically adhesive nature. This hypothesis is strongly supported by the herewith reported results of the cytochemical investigations carried out on the test of the swimming larva of A. malaca. The cytochemical PA-TCH-SP reaction has in fact evidenced that both fibril types, i.e. those dispersed inside the inner compartment and those packed in the C1 and C2 cuticular layers, are constituted by glycoproteins and/or proteoglycans substances whose adhesive properties are well documented in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Dolcemascolo
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Sezione di Biologia e Genetica, Università di Palermo, via Divisi 83, Palermo 90133, Italy.
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Cavalcante MC, Allodi S, Valente AP, Straus AH, Takahashi HK, Mourão PA, Pavão MS. Occurrence of heparin in the invertebrate styela plicata (Tunicata) is restricted to cell layers facing the outside environment. An ancient role in defense? J Biol Chem 2000; 275:36189-6. [PMID: 10956656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005830200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is an intracellular product of vertebrate mast cell currently used as exogenous anticoagulant. Despite of the potent biological activities of exogenous heparin, its physiological function has not been clearly established yet. Here, a heparin with similar structure and anticoagulant properties to the mammalian counterpart was shown to occur as the intracellular product of test cells, a cell monolayer that surrounds egg of the invertebrate Styela plicata (Chordata-Tunicata). As in the case of mammalian mast cells, heparin from the ascidian test cells is removed from the intracellular granules after incubation with compound 48/80. Following fertilization, the test cells surrounding the developing larva still retain heparin as metachromatic granulation. In the adult invertebrate, heparin occurs as intracellular granules at the apical tip of epithelial cells surrounding the lumen of both intestine and pharynx, in close contact with the external environment. This is the first description of the presence of heparin in cytoplasmic granules of epithelial-like cells around the lumen of sites exposed to external agents. This arrangement may reflect the participation of heparin in defense mechanisms in this invertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho and Departamento de Bioquimica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68041, Rio de Janeiro 21
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Cavalcante MC, Mourão PA, Pavão MS. Isolation and characterization of a highly sulfated heparan sulfate from ascidian test cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1428:77-87. [PMID: 10366762 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several sulfated polysaccharides have been isolated from the test cells of the ascidian Styela plicata. The preponderant polysaccharide is a highly sulfated heparan sulfate with the following disaccharide composition: (1) UA(2SO4)-1-->4 GlcN(SO4)(6SO4), 53%; (2) UA(2SO4)-1-->4-GlcN(SO4), 22%; (3) UA-1-->4-GlcNAc(6SO4), 14% and (4) UA-1-->4-GlcN(SO4), 11%. Two others unidentified sulfated polysaccharides and a glycogen polymer are also present in the ascidian eggs. Histochemistry with the cationic dye 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue and biochemical analysis of the 35S-sulfate incorporation into the eggs reveal that the sulfated glycans are present exclusively in the test cells. Possibly these sulfated polysaccharides are involved in important functions of these cells, such as to confer an external and hydrophilic layer which protect the eggs and the larvae of ascidians.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Tecido Conjuntivo, Hospital Universitário and Departamento de Bioquímica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Caixa Postal 68041, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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Hirano T, Nishida H. Developmental fates of larval tissues after metamorphosis in ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. I. Origin of mesodermal tissues of the juvenile. Dev Biol 1997; 192:199-210. [PMID: 9441662 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1997.8772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell lineages during ascidian embryogenesis are invariant. In a previous study, the developmental fate of each blastomere during embryogenesis of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi was analyzed in detail by intracellular injection of a tracer molecule, horseradish peroxidase (Nishida, H., Dev. Biol. 121, 526-541, 1987). In the present study, the developmental fates of various larval mesodermal tissues after metamorphosis in H. roretzi were traced by labeling each precursor blastomere of larval tissues. Mesenchyme cells of larvae gave rise to tonic cells of juveniles. Trunk ventral cells gave rise to body-wall (atrial siphon and latitudinal mantle) muscle, heart, and pericardium of juvenile. Trunk lateral cells gave rise to blood (coelomic) cells as well as body-wall (oral siphon and longitudinal mantle) muscle. Larval muscle and notochord cells did not contribute to juvenile tissues. It was revealed that it is predictable to which juvenile tissue a blastomere of the 110-cell embryo will give rise. Therefore, in ascidian development, developmental fates after metamorphosis were almost invariant with regard to cell type of descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hirano
- Department of Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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12
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Sato Y, Terakado K, Morisawa M. Test cell migration and tunic formation during post-hatching development of the larva of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. Dev Growth Differ 1997; 39:117-26. [PMID: 9079041 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1997.00013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Morphological changes in the tunic layers and migration of the test cells during swimming period in the larva of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, were observed by light and electron microscopy. The swimming period was divided into three stages. In stage 1, further formation of juvenile tunic layer started only in the larval trunk and neck region. In stage 2, the layer became swollen in the ventral and dorsal sides of the neck region and in stage 3, the swelling expanded backward. Concomitantly with these changes, the outermost larval tunic layer (outer cuticular layer), which had been formed before hatching, also swelled in the neck region in stage 2 and formed two humps in stage 3, although the layer did not change in the tail region during the swimming period. Test cells that were present over the entire larval tunic layer in stage 1 began to move from the surface of the fin toward that of the side of the body in stage 2, and finally gathered to form six bands running radially from the anterior end to the posterior end of the trunk region and aligned along the lateral sides of body in the tail region in stage 3. In electron microscopic observations, pseudopodia protruding from the test cells invaded the larval tunic, following which they extended proximate to the juvenile tunic in the trunk region. In the tail region, which had no juvenile tunic layer as that described, the pseudopodia invaded and remained adjacent to the surface of the epidermis or the sensory cilia protruded from the epidermis. Metamorphosis of the larvae, further tunic formation, degradation of adhesive papilla, attachment of larva to the substratum and tail resorption commenced after these morphological changes occurred. The possible role of the test cells in metamorphosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Misaki Marine-Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Japan
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Okada T, Takamura K, Yamaguchi Y, Yamamoto M. Secretory Function of the Test Cell in Larval Tunic Formation in the Ascidian Ciona intestinalis: An Immunoelectron Microscopic Study. Zoolog Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.13.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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MANNI LUCIA, ZANIOLO GIOVANNA, BURIGHEL PAOLO. Oogenesis and oocyte envelope differentiation in the viviparous ascidianBotrylloides violaceus. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.1995.9672447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cloney RA. Origin and Differentiation of the Inner Follicular Cells during Oogenesis inMolgula pacifica(Urochordata), an Ascidian without Test Cells. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1995.tb00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Comparison between the sulfated polysaccharides from larval and adult ascidians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402690202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Manni L, Zaniolo G, Burighel P. Egg Envelope Cytodifferentiation in the Colonial AscidianBotryllus schlosseri(Tunicata). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1993.tb01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lübbering B, Nishikata T, Goffinet G. Initial stages of tunic morphogenesis in the ascidian Halocynthia: A fine structural study. Tissue Cell 1992; 24:121-30. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-8166(92)90086-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/1991] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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