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Two New Uromunna Species (Isopoda: Asellota: Munnidae) from the Korean Peninsula and Their Phylogenetic Position within Munnoid Groups. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d15010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two new Uromunna species, Uromunna mundongensis sp. n. and Uromunna jejuensis sp. n., are described from the Korean Peninsula, representing the first record of the genus in Korean waters. Genetic analyses using two mitochondrial (COI, Cytb) and one ribosomal (18S rRNA) gene allowed us to confirm high pair-wise interspecific differences with the establishment of reliable barcoding gaps of COI (19.9%) and 18S (0.4%) between the new species. Finally, the phylogenetic relationship between the Uromunna species as well as the position of the genus within the munnoid groups are reconstructed using 18S.
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Sales L, Marian JEAR. Functional morphology of the sperm-containing chambers of the sea slug Okenia polycerelloides in the context of sexual selection. J Morphol 2020; 281:1296-1312. [PMID: 32804421 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sea slugs are interesting models to study post-copulatory sexual selection in simultaneous hermaphrodites due to the enormous variation of their reproductive systems. However, the knowledge of the functional morphology of their reproductive system is limited to few species, and it is rarely discussed in the context of sexual selection theory. In this study, we investigated the functional morphology of the sperm-containing chambers (i.e., ampulla, seminal receptacle, and bursa copulatrix) of the reproductive system of Okenia polycerelloides (Ortea & Bouchet, 1983), based on light, confocal, and electron microscopy. Although the morphology of the ampulla is similar to other species, indicating that it is a site for autosperm storage, we found some sperm facing the ampullar epithelium, a feature commonly regarded as characteristic of the seminal receptacle of sea slugs. The seminal receptacle of O. polycerelloides showed secretory activity and contained sperm with distribution and orientation suggestive of stratification of allosperm from distinct mating events, a feature that would affect sperm competition. The bursa copulatrix had epithelial cells with secretory and absorptive characteristics, and contained degraded sperm and yolk granules within its lumen. Comparative analyses of the contents of each organ demonstrated that sperm digestion occurs in the bursa copulatrix and affects sperm heads first, changing their morphology from slender and curved to shorter and ellipsoid before complete lysis. Although digestion and absorption of surplus sperm are currently the main hypothesized functions for the bursa copulatrix, its role in cryptic female choice should not be ruled out. The close structural connection between the seminal receptacle and bursa copulatrix, as well as their muscular walls, would enable control over the fate of the sperm received in each mating event, that is, storage or digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Sales
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Johnson RF, Gosliner TM. Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33479. [PMID: 22506002 PMCID: PMC3323602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromodorid nudibranchs (16 genera, 300+ species) are beautiful, brightly colored sea slugs found primarily in tropical coral reef habitats and subtropical coastal waters. The chromodorids are the most speciose family of opisthobranchs and one of the most diverse heterobranch clades. Chromodorids have the potential to be a model group with which to study diversification, color pattern evolution, are important source organisms in natural products chemistry and represent a stunning and widely compelling example of marine biodiversity. Here, we present the most complete molecular phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs to date, with a broad sample of 244 specimens (142 new), representing 157 (106 new) chromodorid species, four actinocylcid species and four additional dorid species utilizing two mitochondrial markers (16s and COI). We confirmed the monophyly of the Chromodorididae and its sister group relationship with the Actinocyclidae. We were also able to, for the first time, test generic monophyly by including more than one member of all 14 of the non-monotypic chromodorid genera. Every one of these 14 traditional chromodorid genera are either non-monophyletic, or render another genus paraphyletic. Additionally, both the monotypic genera Verconia and Diversidoris are nested within clades. Based on data shown here, there are three individual species and five clades limited to the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (or just one of these ocean regions), while the majority of chromodorid clades and species are strictly Indo-Pacific in distribution. We present a new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. We use molecular data to untangle evolutionary relationships and retain a historical connection to traditional systematics by using generic names attached to type species as clade names.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Fay Johnson
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Cellinese
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 354 Dickinson Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800; 2Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; and 3University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David A. Baum
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 354 Dickinson Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800; 2Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; and 3University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brent D. Mishler
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 354 Dickinson Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611-7800; 2Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA; and 3University and Jepson Herbaria and Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Abstract
Because species names play an important role in scientific communication, it is more important that species be understood to be taxa than that they be equated with functional ecological or evolutionary entities. Although most biologists would agree that taxa are composed of organisms that share a unique common history, 2 major challenges remain in developing a species-as-taxa concept. First, grouping: in the face of genealogical discordance at all levels in the taxonomic hierarchy, how can we understand the nature of taxa? Second, ranking: what criteria should be used to designate certain taxa in a nested series as being species? The grouping problem can be solved by viewing taxa as exclusive groups of organisms- sets of organisms that form a clade for a plurality of the genome (more than any conflicting set). However, no single objective criterion of species rank can be proposed. Instead, the species rank should be assigned by practitioners based on the semisubjective application of a set of species-ranking criteria. Although these criteria can be designed to yield species taxa that approximately match the ecological, evolutionary, and morphological entities that taxonomists have traditionally associated with the species rank, such a correspondence cannot be enforced without undermining the assumption that species are taxa. The challenge and art of monography is to use genealogical and other kinds of data to assign all organisms to one and only one species-ranked taxon. Various implications of the species-as-ranked-taxa view are discussed, including the synchronic nature of taxa, fossil species, the treatment of hybrids, and species nomenclature. I conclude that, although challenges remain, adopting the view that species are ranked taxa will facilitate a much-needed revolution in taxonomy that will allow it to better serve the biodiversity informatic needs of the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Baum
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Penney BK. Phylogenetic comparison of spicule networks in cryptobranchiate dorid nudibranchs (Gastropoda, Euthyneura, Nudibranchia, Doridina). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dayrat B, Cantino PD, Clarke JA, de Queiroz K. Species Names in the PhyloCode: The Approach Adopted by the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature. Syst Biol 2008; 57:507-14. [DOI: 10.1080/10635150802172176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Dayrat
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California P.O. Box 2039, Merced, CA 95344, USA; E-mail:
| | - Philip D. Cantino
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University Athens, OH 45701, USA; E-mail:
| | - Julia A. Clarke
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, USA; E-mail:
- Department of Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences 11 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27601-1029, USA
| | - Kevin de Queiroz
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560, USA; E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczysław Wolsan
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warszawa, Poland E-mail:
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Kuntner M, Agnarsson I. Are the linnean and phylogenetic nomenclatural systems combinable? Recommendations for biological nomenclature. Syst Biol 2006; 55:774-84. [PMID: 17060199 DOI: 10.1080/10635150600981596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination approach between the rules and recommendations from the Linnean (rank-based) and phylogenetic nomenclature is proposed, with a review of the debate. Advantages and drawbacks of both systems are discussed. Too often the debates are biased and unconstructive, and there is a need for dialogue and compromise. Our recommendations for the future of biological classification, to be considered by new editions of all codes of nomenclature, would enable the Linnean and the phylogenetic nomenclatural systems to coexist, or be combined. (1) We see it as essential that species binomen, including the formal rank of genus, are retained, and (2) species should continue to be linked to type specimens. (3) The use of other formal ranks should be minimized; however, we suggest retaining the classical supergeneric ranks (family, class, order, phylum, kingdom) for purely practical reasons. (4) For these ranks and any formally defined clades, type taxa (species, genera) should be replaced by phylogenetic definitions that explicitly hypothesize monophyly. (5) In contrast, species monophyly should not be required, because theory predicts that many species are not monophyletic. (6) It should be stressed that equal ranks do not imply comparable evolutionary histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaz Kuntner
- Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Pola M, Cervera JL, Gosliner TM. Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Tambja Burn, 1962 (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Polyceridae). ZOOL SCR 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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DAYRAT BENOÎT. A taxonomic revision of Paradoris sea slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia, Doridina). Zool J Linn Soc 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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