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Cowart DA, Schiaparelli S, Alvaro MC, Cecchetto M, Le Port AS, Jollivet D, Hourdez S. Origin, diversity, and biogeography of Antarctic scale worms (Polychaeta: Polynoidae): a wide-scale barcoding approach. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9093. [PMID: 35866013 PMCID: PMC9288932 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic marine environment hosts diversified and highly endemic benthos owing to its unique geologic and climatic history. Current warming trends have increased the urgency of understanding Antarctic species history to predict how environmental changes will impact ecosystem functioning. Antarctic benthic lineages have traditionally been examined under three hypotheses: (1) high endemism and local radiation, (2) emergence of deep‐sea taxa through thermohaline circulation, and (3) species migrations across the Polar Front. In this study, we investigated which hypotheses best describe benthic invertebrate origins by examining Antarctic scale worms (Polynoidae). We amassed 691 polynoid sequences from the Southern Ocean and neighboring areas: the Kerguelen and Tierra del Fuego (South America) archipelagos, the Indian Ocean, and waters around New Zealand. We performed phylogenetic reconstructions to identify lineages across geographic regions, aided by mitochondrial markers cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (Cox1) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S). Additionally, we produced haplotype networks at the species scale to examine genetic diversity, biogeographic separations, and past demography. The Cox1 dataset provided the most illuminating insights into the evolution of polynoids, with a total of 36 lineages identified. Eunoe sp. was present at Tierra del Fuego and Kerguelen, in favor of the latter acting as a migration crossroads. Harmothoe fuligineum, widespread around the Antarctic continent, was also present but isolated at Kerguelen, possibly resulting from historical freeze–thaw cycles. The genus Polyeunoa appears to have diversified prior to colonizing the continent, leading to the co‐occurrence of at least three cryptic species around the Southern and Indian Oceans. Analyses identified that nearly all populations are presently expanding following a bottleneck event, possibly caused by habitat reduction from the last glacial episodes. Findings support multiple origins for contemporary Antarctic polynoids, and some species investigated here provide information on ancestral scenarios of (re)colonization. First, it is apparent that species collected from the Antarctic continent are endemic, as the absence of closely related species in the Kerguelen and Tierra del Fuego datasets for most lineages argues in favor of Hypothesis 1 of local origin. Next, Eunoe sp. and H. fuligineum, however, support the possibility of Kerguelen and other sub‐Antarctic islands acting as a crossroads for larvae of some species, in support of Hypothesis 3. Finally, the genus Polyeunoa, conversely, is found at depths greater than 150 m and may have a deep origin, in line with Hypothesis 2. These “non endemic” groups, nevertheless, have a distribution that is either north or south of the Antarctic Polar Front, indicating that there is still a barrier to dispersal, even in the deep sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique A Cowart
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign Urbana Illinois USA.,Company for Open Ocean Observations and Logging (COOOL) La Réunion France
| | - Stefano Schiaparelli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DiSTAV) University of Genoa Genoa Italy.,Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa) University of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Alvaro
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DiSTAV) University of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Matteo Cecchetto
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Science (DiSTAV) University of Genoa Genoa Italy.,Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA, Section of Genoa) University of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Anne-Sophie Le Port
- CNRS UMR 7144 'Adaptation et Diversité en Milieux Marins' (AD2M) Team 'Dynamique de la Diversité Marine' (DyDiv), Station Biologique de Roscoff Sorbonne Université Roscoff France
| | - Didier Jollivet
- CNRS UMR 7144 'Adaptation et Diversité en Milieux Marins' (AD2M) Team 'Dynamique de la Diversité Marine' (DyDiv), Station Biologique de Roscoff Sorbonne Université Roscoff France
| | - Stephane Hourdez
- CNRS UMR 7144 'Adaptation et Diversité en Milieux Marins' (AD2M) Team 'Dynamique de la Diversité Marine' (DyDiv), Station Biologique de Roscoff Sorbonne Université Roscoff France.,Laboratoire d'Ecogéochimie des Environnements Benthiques (LECOB), Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls UMR 8222 CNRS-Sorbonne Université Banyuls-sur-mer France
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Majewski W, Holzmann M, Gooday AJ, Majda A, Mamos T, Pawlowski J. Cenozoic climatic changes drive evolution and dispersal of coastal benthic foraminifera in the Southern Ocean. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19869. [PMID: 34615927 PMCID: PMC8494791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Antarctic coastal fauna is characterized by high endemism related to the progressive cooling of Antarctic waters and their isolation by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The origin of the Antarctic coastal fauna could involve either colonization from adjoining deep-sea areas or migration through the Drake Passage from sub-Antarctic areas. Here, we tested these hypotheses by comparing the morphology and genetics of benthic foraminifera collected from Antarctica, sub-Antarctic coastal settings in South Georgia, the Falkland Islands and Patagonian fjords. We analyzed four genera (Cassidulina, Globocassidulina, Cassidulinoides, Ehrenbergina) of the family Cassidulinidae that are represented by at least nine species in our samples. Focusing on the genera Globocassidulina and Cassidulinoides, our results showed that the first split between sub-Antarctic and Antarctic lineages took place during the mid-Miocene climate reorganization, probably about 20 to 17 million years ago (Ma). It was followed by a divergence between Antarctic species ~ 10 Ma, probably related to the cooling of deep water and vertical structuring of the water-column, as well as broadening and deepening of the continental shelf. The gene flow across the Drake Passage, as well as between South America and South Georgia, seems to have occurred from the Late Miocene to the Early Pliocene. It appears that climate warming during 7-5 Ma and the migration of the Polar Front breached biogeographic barriers and facilitated inter-species hybridization. The latest radiation coincided with glacial intensification (~ 2 Ma), which accelerated geographic fragmentation of populations, demographic changes, and genetic diversification in Antarctic species. Our results show that the evolution of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic coastal benthic foraminifera was linked to the tectonic and climatic history of the area, but their evolutionary response was not uniform and reflected species-specific ecological adaptations that influenced the dispersal patterns and biogeography of each species in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Majewski
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maria Holzmann
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1211, Geneve 4, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Gooday
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Aneta Majda
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mamos
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jan Pawlowski
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
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An Antarctic flock under the Thorson's rule: Diversity and larval development of Antarctic Velutinidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 132:1-13. [PMID: 30502396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In most marine gastropods, the duration of the larval phase is a key feature, strongly influencing species distribution and persistence. Antarctic lineages, in agreement with Thorson's rule, generally show a short pelagic developmental phase (or lack it completely), with very few exceptions. Among them is the ascidian-feeding gastropod family Velutinidae, a quite understudied group. Based on a multilocus (COI, 16S, 28S and ITS2) dataset for 182 specimens collected in Antarctica and other regions worldwide, we investigated the actual Antarctic velutinid diversity, inferred their larval development, tested species genetic connectivity and produced a first phylogenetic framework of the family. We identified 15 Antarctic Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), some of which represented undescribed species, which show two different types of larval shell, indicating different duration of the Pelagic Larval Phase (PLD). Antarctic velutinids stand as an independent lineage, sister to the rest of the family, with extensive hidden diversity likely produced by rapid radiation. Our phylogenetic framework indicates that this Antarctic flock underwent repeated events of pelagic phase shortening, in agreement with Thorson's rule, yielding species with restricted geographic ranges.
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Bouchet P, Rocroi JP, Hausdorf B, Kaim A, Kano Y, Nützel A, Parkhaev P, Schrödl M, Strong EE. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. MALACOLOGIA 2017. [DOI: 10.4002/040.061.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bouchet
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité ISYEB — UMR7205 — CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités, 55 Rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris, France;
| | - Jean-Pierre Rocroi
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité ISYEB — UMR7205 — CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités, 55 Rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris, France;
| | - Bernhard Hausdorf
- Zoological Museum, Center of Natural History, Universität Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrzej Kaim
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Yasunori Kano
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Alexander Nützel
- Bavarian State Collection of Palaeontology and Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences and GeoBio-Center LMU, München, Germany
| | - Pavel Parkhaev
- Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Schrödl
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and GeoBio-Center LMU, München, Germany
| | - Ellen E. Strong
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., U.S.A
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Webster NB, Vermeij GJ. The varix: evolution, distribution, and phylogenetic clumping of a repeated gastropod innovation. Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Barco A, Herbert G, Houart R, Fassio G, Oliverio M. A molecular phylogenetic framework for the subfamily Ocenebrinae (Gastropoda, Muricidae). ZOOL SCR 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barco
- GEOMAR; Helmholz Center for Ocean Research Kiel; Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel Germany
| | - Gregory Herbert
- School of Geosciences; University of South Florida; 4202 E. Fowler Ave. 33620 Tampa FL USA
| | - Roland Houart
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences; Rue Vautier 29 BE-1000 Brussels Belgium
| | - Giulia Fassio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies ‘Charles Darwin’; Sapienza University of Rome; Viale dell'Universitá 32 I-00185 Rome Italy
| | - Marco Oliverio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies ‘Charles Darwin’; Sapienza University of Rome; Viale dell'Universitá 32 I-00185 Rome Italy
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Brown A, Thatje S. Explaining bathymetric diversity patterns in marine benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes: physiological contributions to adaptation of life at depth. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:406-26. [PMID: 24118851 PMCID: PMC4158864 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bathymetric biodiversity patterns of marine benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes have been identified in the extant fauna of the deep continental margins. Depth zonation is widespread and evident through a transition between shelf and slope fauna from the shelf break to 1000 m, and a transition between slope and abyssal fauna from 2000 to 3000 m; these transitions are characterised by high species turnover. A unimodal pattern of diversity with depth peaks between 1000 and 3000 m, despite the relatively low area represented by these depths. Zonation is thought to result from the colonisation of the deep sea by shallow-water organisms following multiple mass extinction events throughout the Phanerozoic. The effects of low temperature and high pressure act across hierarchical levels of biological organisation and appear sufficient to limit the distributions of such shallow-water species. Hydrostatic pressures of bathyal depths have consistently been identified experimentally as the maximum tolerated by shallow-water and upper bathyal benthic invertebrates at in situ temperatures, and adaptation appears required for passage to deeper water in both benthic invertebrates and demersal fishes. Together, this suggests that a hyperbaric and thermal physiological bottleneck at bathyal depths contributes to bathymetric zonation. The peak of the unimodal diversity-depth pattern typically occurs at these depths even though the area represented by these depths is relatively low. Although it is recognised that, over long evolutionary time scales, shallow-water diversity patterns are driven by speciation, little consideration has been given to the potential implications for species distribution patterns with depth. Molecular and morphological evidence indicates that cool bathyal waters are the primary site of adaptive radiation in the deep sea, and we hypothesise that bathymetric variation in speciation rates could drive the unimodal diversity-depth pattern over time. Thermal effects on metabolic-rate-dependent mutation and on generation times have been proposed to drive differences in speciation rates, which result in modern latitudinal biodiversity patterns over time. Clearly, this thermal mechanism alone cannot explain bathymetric patterns since temperature generally decreases with depth. We hypothesise that demonstrated physiological effects of high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature at bathyal depths, acting on shallow-water taxa invading the deep sea, may invoke a stress-evolution mechanism by increasing mutagenic activity in germ cells, by inactivating canalisation during embryonic or larval development, by releasing hidden variation or mutagenic activity, or by activating or releasing transposable elements in larvae or adults. In this scenario, increased variation at a physiological bottleneck at bathyal depths results in elevated speciation rate. Adaptation that increases tolerance to high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature allows colonisation of abyssal depths and reduces the stress-evolution response, consequently returning speciation of deeper taxa to the background rate. Over time this mechanism could contribute to the unimodal diversity-depth pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Brown
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonEuropean Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, U.K.
| | - Sven Thatje
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonEuropean Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, U.K.
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