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Neckonoff E, Anderson CB. Advancements in Understanding and Managing Radiation Cystitis: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Urol Rep 2024; 26:1. [PMID: 39287708 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-024-01238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention strategies, and management options for radiation cystitis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have shed light on the pathophysiology of radiation cystitis, highlighting the role of inflammation, fibrosis, and vascular damage. Emerging preventive measures like stem cell therapy offer promise, alongside novel treatments such as amniotic bladder therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. This review outlines the latest research on radiation cystitis, covering its pathophysiology, risk factors, prevention, and management. Major findings include insights into the mechanisms of RC development, promising preventive and therapeutic approaches, and the importance of standardized treatment pathways. Future research should focus on identifying genetic risk factors, improving treatment efficacy, and enhancing patient outcomes. This review offers valuable insights for clinicians and researchers, guiding future investigations into radiation cystitis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Neckonoff
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington Avenue 11th Floor, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Christopher B Anderson
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington Avenue 11th Floor, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Xu X. Advances in the management of radiation-induced cystitis in patients with pelvic malignancies. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1307-1319. [PMID: 36940182 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2181996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiotherapy plays a vital role as a treatment for malignant pelvic tumors, in which the bladder represents a significant organ at risk involved during tumor radiotherapy. Exposing the bladder wall to high doses of ionizing radiation is unavoidable and will lead to radiation cystitis (RC) because of its central position in the pelvic cavity. Radiation cystitis will result in several complications (e.g. frequent micturition, urgent urination, and nocturia) that can significantly reduce the patient's quality of life and in very severe cases become life-threatening. METHODS Existing studies on the pathophysiology, prevention, and management of radiation-induced cystitis from January 1990 to December 2021 were reviewed. PubMed was used as the main search engine. Besides the reviewed studies, citations to those studies were also included. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In this review, the symptoms of radiation cystitis and the mainstream grading scales employed in clinical situations are presented. Next, preclinical and clinical research on preventing and treating radiation cystitis are summarized, and an overview of currently available prevention and treatment strategies as guidelines for clinicians is provided. Treatment options involve symptomatic treatment, vascular interventional therapy, surgery, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), bladder irrigation, and electrocoagulation. Prevention includes filling up the bladder to remove it from the radiation field and delivering radiation based on helical tomotherapy and CT-guided 3D intracavitary brachytherapy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Vanneste BGL, Van Limbergen EJ, Marcelissen TA, van Roermund JGH, Lutgens LC, Arnoldussen CWKP, Lambin P, Oelke M. Development of a Management Algorithm for Acute and Chronic Radiation Urethritis and Cystitis. Urol Int 2021; 106:63-74. [PMID: 34130300 DOI: 10.1159/000515716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to summarize the current literature on the assessment and treatment of radiation urethritis and cystitis (RUC) for the development of an evidenced-based management algorithm. MATERIAL AND METHODS The PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched by a multidisciplinary group of experts in January 2021. RESULTS In total, 48 publications were identified. Three different types of RUC can be observed in clinical practice: inflammation-predominant, bleeding-predominant, and the combination of inflammation- and bleeding-RUC. There is no consensus on the optimal treatment of RUC. Inflammation-predominant RUC should be treated symptomatically based on the existence of bothersome storage or voiding lower urinary tract symptom as well as on pain. When bleeding-predominant RUC has occurred, hydration and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HOT) should be used first and, if HOT is not available, oral drugs instead (sodium pentosane polysulfate, aminocaproic acid, immunokine WF 10, conjugated estrogene, or pentoxifylline + vitamin E). If local bleeding persists, focal therapy of bleeding vessels with a laser or electrocoagulation is indicated. In case of generalized bleeding, intravesical installation should be initiated (formalin, aluminium salts, and hyaluronic acid/chondroitin). Vessel embolization is a less invasive treatment with potentially less complications and good clinical outcomes. Open- or robot-assisted surgery is indicated in patients with permanent, life-threatening bleeding, or fistulae. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of RUC, if not self-limiting, should be done according to the type of RUC and in a stepwise approach. Conservative/medical treatment (oral and topic agents) should primarily be used before invasive (transurethral) treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben G L Vanneste
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO clinic), GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evert J Van Limbergen
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO clinic), GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom A Marcelissen
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep G H van Roermund
- Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludy C Lutgens
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO clinic), GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Philippe Lambin
- The D-Lab, GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Oelke
- Department of Urology, St. Antonius Hospital, Gronau, Germany
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Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Radiation Therapy: Past and Present. Int Neurourol J 2021; 25:119-127. [PMID: 33504132 PMCID: PMC8255820 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2040202.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing concomitantly with population aging. Accordingly, interest in radiation therapy (RT) and the frequency of RT are also increasing. The types of RT can be broadly divided into external beam RT (EBRT), brachytherapy (BT), and combination therapy (EBRT+BT). Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after RT for the treatment of PCa are common; however, there are few reviews on the relationship between RT and LUTS. Herein, we review the causes and incidence of LUTS, as well as the evaluation and treatment options. Because of the reported risks of RT, patients undergoing RT should be counseled regarding the challenges of treatment and informed that they may have higher failure rates than nonirradiated patients. Moreover, thorough evaluation and treatment strategies are needed to support treatment recommendations. With a review of the existing literature, this narrative article provides an overview to aid urologists in treating patients presenting with complications associated with RT for the treatment of PCa. Further research is required to provide evidence of the effectiveness and feasibility of the management approach to the care of patients with LUTS after RT for the treatment of PCa.
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A contemporary review about the management of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2019; 12:344-350. [PMID: 30015689 DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There are various specific therapeutic intervention available to treat hemorrhagic cystitis, once emergency treatment has been carried out. The lack of prospective studies, because of the relative rarity of this condition, makes it difficult to hierarchize the therapeutic sequence. The present review presents and summarizes the literature published on radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis from April 2015, date of a precedent exhaustive review, to March 2018. RECENT FINDINGS During our period of interest, 13 clinical studies and two new clinical trials protocols were published. Most of the clinical studies were retrospective and presented data about hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy, comforting its place as a well tolerated and effective first-line treatment. Other studies reported the outcomes of treatments with alum, formalin, silver nitrate, fulguration with laser or definitive surgery. SUMMARY Although authors seem to agree that formalin and surgery have their role as effective but potentially morbid last-line treatments, there is no consensus on primary approach to management of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis beyond symptomatic measures. Several treatments have proven excellent response rates and few side effects. The results of on-going prospective studies on mesenchymal stromal cells or tacrolimus instillations are awaited, but the main discriminating factor to choose between treatments remains local availability.
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Goucher G, Saad F, Lukka H, Kapoor A. Canadian Urological Association Best Practice Report: Diagnosis and management of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Can Urol Assoc J 2019; 13:15-23. [PMID: 30721124 PMCID: PMC6363576 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George Goucher
- Department of Surgery (Urology) and Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Department of GU Oncology, l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Himu Lukka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- Department of Surgery (Urology) and Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Pascoe C, Duncan C, Lamb BW, Davis NF, Lynch TH, Murphy DG, Lawrentschuk N. Current management of radiation cystitis: a review and practical guide to clinical management. BJU Int 2018; 123:585-594. [PMID: 30113758 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Haemorrhage is a frequent complication of radiation cystitis leading to emergency presentations in patients with prior pelvic radiation therapy. Standard initial patient management strategies involve resuscitation, bladder washout with clot evacuation and continuous bladder irrigation. Beyond this, definitive surgical treatment is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Alternative less invasive management options for non-emergent haemorrhagic cystitis include systemic medical therapies, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), intravesical therapies and laser ablation. However, evidence to support and compare treatment for haemorrhagic radiation cystitis is limited. METHODS Herein, a literature search pertaining to the current management of haemorrhagic cystitis was conducted. RESULTS In total, 23 studies were included in this review with 2 studies reviewing systemic therapy, 7 studies evaluating HBO therapy, 10 studies investigating a variety of intravesical therapies and the remaining 4 were relating to ablative therapies. Across these studies, the patient groups were heterogenous with small numbers and variable follow up periods. CONCLUSION With evaluation of existing literature, this narrative review also provides a stepwise clinical algorithm to aid the urologist in treating patients presenting with complications associated with radiation cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Pascoe
- Department of Cancer Surgery, Peter MaCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Urology, Austin Health Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Catriona Duncan
- Department of Urology, Austin Health Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,North Eastern Urology, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Benjamin W Lamb
- Department of Urology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niall F Davis
- Department of Urology, Austin Health Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Thomas H Lynch
- Department of Urology, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Department of Cancer Surgery, Peter MaCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Nathan Lawrentschuk
- Department of Cancer Surgery, Peter MaCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Urology, Austin Health Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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Pediatric Bladder Reconstruction. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-016-0369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zwaans BMM, Nicolai HG, Chancellor MB, Lamb LE. Challenges and Opportunities in Radiation-induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis. Rev Urol 2016; 18:57-65. [PMID: 27601964 PMCID: PMC5010626 DOI: 10.3909/riu0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As diagnosis and treatment of cancer is improving, medical and social issues related to cancer survivorship are becoming more prevalent. Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), a rare but serious disease that may affect patients after pelvic radiation or systemic chemotherapy, has significant unmet medical needs. Although no definitive treatment is currently available, various interventions are employed for HC. Effects of nonsurgical treatments for HC are of modest success and studies aiming to control radiation-induced bladder symptoms are lacking. In this review, we present current and advanced therapeutic strategies for HC to help cancer survivors deal with long-term urologic health issues.
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A Narrative Review on the Pathophysiology and Management for Radiation Cystitis. Adv Urol 2015; 2015:346812. [PMID: 26798335 PMCID: PMC4700173 DOI: 10.1155/2015/346812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation cystitis is a recognised complication of pelvic radiotherapy. Incidence of radiation cystitis ranges from 23 to 80% and the incidence of severe haematuria ranges from 5 to 8%. High quality data on management strategies for radiation cystitis is sparse. Treatment modalities are subclassified into systemic therapies, intravesical therapies, and hyperbaric oxygen and interventional procedures. Short-term cure rates range from 76 to 95% for hyperbaric oxygen therapy and interventional procedures. Adverse effects of these treatment strategies are acceptable. Ultimately, most patients require multimodal treatment for curative purposes. Large randomised trials exploring emergent management strategies are required in order to strengthen evidence-based treatment strategies. Urologists encounter radiation cystitis commonly and should be familiar with diagnostic modalities and treatment strategies.
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Giannitsas K, Athanasopoulos A. Intravesical Therapies for Radiation Cystitis. Curr Urol 2015; 8:169-174. [PMID: 30263021 DOI: 10.1159/000365711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to summarize developments during the last decade in intravesical treatments for radiation cystitis. Radiation used to treat pelvic malignancies inadvertently damages the urinary bladder leading to acute as well as chronic symptoms. Late sequelae may take years to develop and include storage symptoms and hematuria, which may be life-threatening in severe cases. Conservative measures, surgical interventions, and systematically or intravesically administered agents represent treatment choices. Methods MEDLINE and PubMed were searched to retrieve clinical data on the subject, published in peer-reviewed journals from 2002 onwards. Results Historically referenced intravesical treatments such as aluminium salts and formalin, were not investigated in recent studies. The replenishment of the glycosaminoglycan layer of the bladder mucosa shows promise in reducing acute symptoms and possibly long-term bladder damage, but needs further investigation. Botulinum toxin also represents a new alternative treatment for radiation cystitis but its mechanism of action and efficacy should be evaluated in future trials. Conclusion There is a paucity of data in recent literature regarding the management of radiation cystitis, at least by means of intravesical agents. The replenishment of the glycosaminoglycan layer of the bladder mucosa and the administration of botulinum toxin show promise, but need further investigation.
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Banerji JS, Devasia A, Kekre NS, Chacko N. Early urinary diversion with ileal conduit and vesicovaginostomy in the treatment of radiation cystitis due to carcinoma cervix: a study from a tertiary care hospital in South India. ANZ J Surg 2014; 85:770-3. [PMID: 25366250 DOI: 10.1111/ans.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the magnitude of radiation cystitis following radiation therapy for carcinoma cervix, and propose an algorithm to decide on early diversion, with or without vesicovaginostomy. METHODS Women who developed radiation cystitis following radiotherapy for carcinoma cervix from January 1998 to December 2011 were included in this retrospective study. Electronic hospital records were analysed to document the presence of radiation cystitis. All women who developed evidence of radiation-induced cystitis, according to the common toxicity and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria, were included in the study. We looked at transfusion requirements, number of hospital admissions, quality of life and cost involved. Chi-square tests were done where applicable. SPSS version 16 was used for analysis. RESULTS Of the 902 patients who received radiation for carcinoma cervix in the 13-year period, 62 (6.87%) developed grade 3/4 cystitis. Twenty-eight of them underwent ileal conduit diversion, with 18 undergoing concomitant vesicovaginostomy. When compared with the patients who did not have diversion, the transfusion requirements, number of hospital admissions and quality of life had a statistically significant difference. Cost analysis of early diversion too showed a marginal benefit with early diversion. The limitation of the study was that it was retrospective in nature. CONCLUSION In radiation cystitis, multiple hospital admissions and consequential increase in cost is the norm. In severe disease, early diversion is a prudent, cost-effective approach with good quality of life and early return to normal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antony Devasia
- Department of Urology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Ninan Chacko
- Department of Urology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Suzuki S, Chino A, Fukui I, Hayashi T, Kozuka T, Suganuma T, Kishihara T, Tamegai Y, Fujisaki J, Oguchi M, Yonese J, Igarashi M. Successful Use of Endoscopic Argon Plasma Coagulation for Hemorrhagic Radiation Cystitis: A Case Report. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014; 44:692-695. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyu066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Marson F, Tienforte D, Kocjancic E. Post-Radiation Cystitis: Current Treatments. CURRENT BLADDER DYSFUNCTION REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11884-014-0244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rajaganapathy BR, Jayabalan N, Tyagi P, Kaufman J, Chancellor MB. Advances in Therapeutic Development for Radiation Cystitis. Low Urin Tract Symptoms 2013; 6:1-10. [PMID: 26663493 DOI: 10.1111/luts.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radiation treatment for pelvic malignancies is typically associated with radiation injury to urinary bladder that can ultimately lead to radiation cystitis (RC). The late sequelae of radiation therapy may take many years to develop and include bothersome storage symptoms such as hematuria, which may be life-threatening in severe cases of hemorrhagic cystitis. Although no definitive treatment is currently available, various interventions are used for radiation and hemorrhagic cystitis including blood transfusion, bladder irrigation, intravesical instillation of substances such as alum, silver nitrate, prostaglandins or formalin, and fulguration of intravesical bleeding sites and surgery options such as supravesical urinary diversions and cystectomy. Effects of non-surgical treatments for radiation and hemorrhagic cystitis are of modest success and studies are lacking to control the effects caused by RC. When such measures have proven ineffective, use of bladder botulinum toxin injection has been reported. New therapy, such as intravesical immunosuppression with local tacrolimus formulation is being developed for the treatment of radiation hemorrhagic cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Raja Rajaganapathy
- Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Nirmal Jayabalan
- Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Michael B Chancellor
- Department of Urology, Centre for Urology Research Excellence, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
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Novel treatment strategy for refractory hemorrhagic cystitis following radiation treatment of genitourinary cancer. Lasers Med Sci 2012; 27:1099-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-012-1070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Acute radiation cystitis occurs during or soon after radiation treatment. It is usually self-limiting, and is generally managed conservatively. Late radiation cystitis, on the other hand, can develop from 6 months to 20 years after radiation therapy. The main presenting symptom is hematuria, which may vary from mild to severe, life-threatening hemorrhage. Initial management includes intravenous fluid replacement, blood transfusion if indicated and transurethral catheterization with bladder washout and irrigation. Oral or parenteral agents that can be used to control hematuria include conjugated estrogens, pentosan polysulfate or WF10. Cystoscopy with laser fulguration or electrocoagulation of bleeding points is sometimes effective. Injection of botulinum toxin A in the bladder wall may relieve irritative bladder symptoms. Intravesical instillation of aluminum, placental extract, prostaglandins or formalin can also be effective. More-aggressive treatment options include selective embolization or ligation of the internal iliac arteries. Surgical options include urinary diversion by percutaneous nephrostomy or intestinal conduit, with or without cystectomy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves the administration of 100% oxygen at higher than atmospheric pressure. The reported success rate of HBOT for radiation cystitis varies from 60% to 92%. An important multicenter, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of HBOT for refractory radiation cystitis is currently being conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun G Smit
- Department of Urology, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Hospital, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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Abstract
Augmentation cystoplasty has been studied and performed by urologists for more than 100 years. Although specific indications, techniques, and materials used have undergone major changes and revisions during this period, the general concepts have remained the same. Bladder augmentation increases the bladder's storage capacity. Specific indications include structurally diminished bladder capacity, neurogenically incapacitated bladder, special circumstances of overactive bladder, and interstitial cystitis. This article briefly reviews techniques including laparoscopic and extraperitoneal approaches. Most common long-term consequences of bladder augmentation including chronic infections, bladder stones, perforation, and malignancy are described. Overall, we demonstrate that in appropriately selected patients, bladder augmentation presents an excellent treatment option to improve bladder capacity, achieve socially acceptable continence, and stabilize renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Reyblat
- Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Chuang YC, Kim DK, Chiang PH, Chancellor MB. Bladder botulinum toxin A injection can benefit patients with radiation and chemical cystitis. BJU Int 2008; 102:704-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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