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Albert A, Tiwari V, Paul E, Ponnusamy S, Ganesan D, Prabhakaran R, Mariaraj Sivakumar S, Govindan Sadasivam S. Oral administration of oxalate-enriched spinach extract as an improved methodology for the induction of dietary hyperoxaluric nephrocalcinosis in experimental rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 28:195-204. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1388459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Albert
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Vidhi Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Eldho Paul
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Sasikumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Divya Ganesan
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Rajkumar Prabhakaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Selvi Mariaraj Sivakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Selvam Govindan Sadasivam
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Excellence in Genomics Science, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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Adhesion and internalization differences of COM nanocrystals on Vero cells before and after cell damage. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:286-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Oxidative stress and nephrolithiasis: a comparative pilot study evaluating the effect of pomegranate extract on stone risk factors and elevated oxidative stress levels of recurrent stone formers and controls. Urolithiasis 2014; 42:401-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-014-0686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Khan SR. Reactive oxygen species as the molecular modulators of calcium oxalate kidney stone formation: evidence from clinical and experimental investigations. J Urol 2012; 189:803-11. [PMID: 23022011 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic calcium oxalate kidney stones form while attached to Randall plaques, the subepithelial deposits on renal papillary surfaces. Plaque formation and growth mechanisms are poorly understood. Plaque formation elsewhere in the body is triggered by reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. This review explores possible reactive oxygen species involvement in plaque formation and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of various databases for the last 8 years identified literature on reactive oxygen species involvement in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. The literature was reviewed and results are discussed. RESULTS Under normal conditions reactive oxygen species production is controlled, increasing as needed and regulating crystallization modulator production. Reactive oxygen species overproduction or decreased antioxidants lead to oxidative stress, inflammation and injury, and are involved in stone comorbidity. All major chronic inflammation markers are detectable in stone patient urine. Patients also have increased urinary excretion of the IαI and the thrombin protein families. Results of a recent study of 17,695 participants in NHANES III (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) showed significantly lower antioxidants, carotene and β-cryptoxanthin in those with a kidney stone history. Animal model and tissue culture studies revealed that high oxalate, calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate crystals provoked renal cell reactive oxygen species mediated inflammatory responses. Calcium oxalate crystals induce renin up-regulation and angiotensin II generation. Nonphagocytic NADPH oxidase leads to reactive oxygen species production mediated by protein kinase C. The P-38 MAPK/JNK transduction pathway is turned on. Transcriptional and growth factors, and generated secondary mediators become involved. Chemoattractant and osteopontin production is increased and macrophages infiltrate the renal interstitium around the crystal. Phagocytic NADPH oxidase is probably activated, producing additional reactive oxygen species. Localized inflammation, extracellular matrix and fibrosis develop. Crystallization modulators have a significant role in inflammation and tissue repair. CONCLUSIONS Based on available data, Randall plaque formation is similar to extracellular matrix mineralization at many body sites. Renal interstitial collagen becomes mineralized, assisting plaque growth through the interstitium until the mineralizing front reaches papillary surface epithelium. Plaque exposure to pelvic urine may also be a result of reactive oxygen species triggered epithelial sloughing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed R Khan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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5
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Mediation of calcium oxalate crystal growth on human kidney epithelial cells with different degrees of injury. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2012.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zhang S, Peng H, Yao X, Su Z, Ouyang J. Promotion on Nucleation and Aggregation of Calcium Oxalate Crystals by Injured African Green Monkey Renal Epithelial Cells. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201280020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Thurgood LA, Sørensen ES, Ryall RL. The effect of intracrystalline and surface-bound osteopontin on the attachment of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in ultrafiltered human urine. BJU Int 2011; 109:1100-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) and basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals are common components of osteoarthritic joint fluids and tissues. Why these crystals form and how they contribute to joint damage in osteoarthritis remain unclear. With renewed interest in inflammation as a key component of osteoarthritis the role of calcium-containing crystals in this common disease warrants re-examination. RECENT FINDINGS There is ample evidence supporting a pathogenic role for inflammation in osteoarthritis, and the innate immune system likely participates in this inflammatory process. Recent work reinforces the almost universal existence of calcium-containing crystals in tissues from patients with end-stage osteoarthritis. Calcium-containing crystals may contribute to inflammation in osteoarthritis tissues through their direct interactions with components of the innate immune system, as well as by inducing or amplifying other inflammatory signals. SUMMARY There is increasing evidence that calcium-containing crystals contribute to osteoarthritis and their inflammatory properties may mediate detrimental effects through innate immunity signals. Calcium-containing crystals may thus represent important therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis.
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Wang T, Thurgood LA, Grover PK, Ryall RL. A comparison of the binding of urinary calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate crystals to human kidney cells in urine. BJU Int 2011; 106:1768-74. [PMID: 20230382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2010.09258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the binding kinetics of urinary calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and dihydrate (COD) crystals to human kidney (HK-2) cells in ultra-filtered (UF), and centrifuged and filtered (CF) human urine; and to quantify the binding of COM and COD crystals to cultured HK-2 cells in UF and CF urine samples collected from different individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Urine was collected from healthy subjects, pooled, centrifuged and filtered. (14) C-oxalate-labelled COM and COD crystals were precipitated from the urine by adding oxalate after adjustment of two aliquots of the urine to 2 and 8 mm Ca(2+), respectively. For the kinetic study, the crystals were incubated with HK-2 cells for up to 120 min in pooled CF urine adjusted to 2 and 8 mm Ca(2+). Identical experiments were also carried out in UF urine samples collected from the same individuals. For the quantitative study, the same radioactively labelled COM and COD crystals were incubated with HK-2 cells for 50 min in separate CF and UF urines collected from eight healthy individuals at the native Ca(2+) concentrations of the urines. Field emission electron microscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy were used to confirm crystal morphology. RESULTS COM and COD crystals generally bound more strongly at 8 mm than at 2 mm Ca(2+). The kinetic binding curves of COM were smooth, while those of COD were consistently biphasic, suggesting that the two crystal types induce different cellular metabolic responses: HK-2 cells crystals appear to possess a transitory mechanism for detaching COD, but not COM crystals. In UF urine, COM binding was significantly greater than that of COD at 2 mm Ca(2+), but at 8 mm Ca(2+) the binding of COD was greater at early and late time points. COD also bound significantly more strongly at early time points in CF urine at both 2 and 8 mm Ca(2+). In both CF and UF urine, there was no difference between the binding affinity of urinary COM and COD crystals. CONCLUSION Binding of both COM and COD crystals to cultured human renal epithelial cells is influenced by urinary macromolecules and ambient Ca(2+) concentration. HK-2 cells appear to possess a mechanism for the rapid detachment of bound COD crystals, making it difficult to show any unambiguous overall difference between the binding affinity of COM and COD crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
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Evan AP. Physiopathology and etiology of stone formation in the kidney and the urinary tract. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:831-41. [PMID: 19198886 PMCID: PMC2839518 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
All stones share similar presenting symptoms, and urine supersaturation with respect to the mineral phase of the stone is essential for stone formation. However, recent studies using papillary biopsies of stone formers have provided a view of the histology of renal crystal deposition which suggests that the early sequence of events leading to stone formation differs greatly, depending on the type of stone and on the urine chemistry leading to supersaturation. Three general pathways for kidney stone formation are seen: (1) stones fixed to the surface of a renal papilla at sites of interstitial apatite plaque (termed Randall's plaque), as seen in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers; (2) stones attached to plugs protruding from the openings of ducts of Bellini, as seen in hyperoxaluria and distal tubular acidosis; and (3) stones forming in free solution in the renal collection system, as in cystinuria. The presence of hydroxyapatite crystals in either the interstitial or tubule compartment (and sometimes both) of the renal medulla in stone formers is the rule and has implications for the initial steps of stone formation and the potential for renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Evan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, MS 5055, Indianapolis, IN 46220, USA.
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Gáspár S, Niculiţe C, Cucu D, Marcu I. Effect of calcium oxalate on renal cells as revealed by real-time measurement of extracellular oxidative burst. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:1729-34. [PMID: 20047824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate is one of the main constituents of kidney stones and has a proved deleterious effect on renal cells that is mediated by oxidative stress. However, the subcellular source of this oxidative stress, and whether it is extending to the extracellular space or not, is still disputed. Therefore, an electrochemical superoxide biosensor was constructed, positioned above A6 renal cells, and used to measure in real-time the extracellular oxidative burst following addition of calcium oxalate crystals. It was observed that A6 cells do secrete superoxide into their extracellular space in few minutes after encountering calcium oxalate crystals. The amount of released superoxide peaks at about 20 min. Superoxide is cleared away from the extracellular space after approximately 3h. Superoxide secretion depends on the presence of superoxide-scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase, the age of the cells, the amount of calcium oxalate crystals, and the temperature. Moreover, the effect of calcium oxalate crystals was mimicked by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The developed sensing system can be a useful tool for biologists investigating nephrolithiasis at cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilveszter Gáspár
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
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Cynodon dactylon extract as a preventive and curative agent in experimentally induced nephrolithiasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 37:75-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-009-0174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Miyazawa K, Aihara K, Ikeda R, Moriyama MT, Suzuki K. cDNA macroarray analysis of genes in renal epithelial cells exposed to calcium oxalate crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37:27-33. [PMID: 19066878 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-008-0164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Kidney stone formation is a complex process, and numerous genes participate in this cascade. The binding and internalization of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals, the most common crystal in renal stones by renal epithelial cells may be a critical step leading to kidney stone formation. Exposure to COM crystals alters the expression of various genes, but previous studies on gene expression have generally been limited. To obtain more detailed insight into gene expression, we examined gene expression profiles in renal epithelial cells exposed to COM crystals using cDNA macroarray. NRK-52E cells were exposed to COM crystals for 60 and 120 min. Poly (A)(+) RNA was isolated and converted into (32)P-labeled first-strand cDNA, then the cDNA probe was hybridized to the membrane. Hybridization images were scanned and the signal intensities were quantified. Expression of mRNA of 1,176 genes was analyzed with global sum normalization methods. Exposure to COM crystals altered the expression of some of the genes reported previously. Furthermore, novel genes were also identified. Over 20 genes were found to be regulated at least twofold. We performed a large-scale analysis of gene expression in renal epithelial cells exposed to COM crystals, and identified the genes differentially regulated. cDNA macroarray is a useful tool for evaluating gene expression in urolithiasis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Miyazawa
- Department of Urogenital Surgery, Kanazawa Medial University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Escobar C, Byer KJ, Khaskheli H, Khan SR. Apatite induced renal epithelial injury: insight into the pathogenesis of kidney stones. J Urol 2008; 180:379-87. [PMID: 18499159 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Kidney stone formation is associated with the deposition of hydroxyapatite as subepithelial plaques or tubular deposits in the renal papillae. We investigated the effect of renal epithelial exposure to hydroxyapatite crystals in vitro to develop an insight into the pathogenesis of kidney stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS NRK52E cells (No. CRL-1571, ATCC) were exposed to 67 or 133 microg/cm(2) hydroxyapatite (No. 21223, Sigma-Aldrich) or calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals (No. 27609, BDH Industries, Poole, United Kingdom). In some studies cells were also exposed to crystals from the basal side. After 3 or 6 hours of exposure medium was analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase, 8-isoprostane and H(2)O(2). Medium collected after cell exposure on the apical side was also analyzed for the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and prostaglandin E2. Cells were stained with DAPI to determine apoptotic activity and examined by scanning electron microscopy to observe crystal-cell interaction. RESULTS Cell exposure to hydroxyapatite resulted in H(2)O(2) and 8-isoprostane production as well as in lactate dehydrogenase release. Apical exposure appeared more provocative and injurious than basal exposure. Exposure to hydroxyapatite for 6 hours resulted in increased apoptotic activity. Apical exposure also resulted in increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and prostaglandin E2 production. CONCLUSIONS Cell exposure to hydroxyapatite crystals induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. It caused up-regulation of the inflammation mediators that may be responsible for the kidney inflammation in patients with stones that is associated with tubular hydroxyapatite deposition. It may also have a role in the eruption of subepithelial Randall's plaques to the papillary surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Escobar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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