Hygiene and urinary tract infections after cystectomy in 452 Swedish survivors of bladder cancer

Systematic Review of Literature Examining Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections in Diabetes

This systematic review addresses the central research question, "what is known from the published, peer-reviewed literature about the impact of diabetes on the risk of bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI)?" We examine the results from laboratory studies where researchers have successfully adapted mouse models of diabetes to study the pathophysiology of ascending UTI. These studies have identified molecular and cellular effectors shaping immune defenses against infection of the diabetic urinary tract. In addition, we present evidence from clinical studies that in addition to diabetes, female gender, increased age, and diabetes-associated hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and immune impairment are important risk factors which further increase the risk of UTI in diabetic individuals. Clinical studies also show that the uropathogenic genera causing UTI are largely similar between diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, although diabetes significantly increases risk of UTI by drug-resistant uropathogenic bacteria.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term outcomes of ileal conduit and orthotopic neobladder urinary diversion

INTRODUCTION

We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the long-term durability, incidence of complications, and patient satisfaction outcomes in ileal conduit (IC) and orthotopic neobladder (ONB).

METHODS

A systematic electronic literature search was performed in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus using MeSH and free-text search terms "Urinary diversion" AND "Ileal conduit" AND "Neobladder." The search concluded June 19, 2018. Inclusion criteria were those patients who had a cystectomy and required urinary diversion by either IC or neobladder.

RESULTS

In total, 32 publications met the inclusion criteria. Data were available on 46 787 patients (n=36 719 for IC and n=10 068 for ONB). Meta-analyses showed that IC urinary diversions performed less favorably than ONB in terms of re-operation rates, Clavien-Dindo complications, and mortality rates; odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.76 (1.24, 2.50), p<0.01; 1.16 (1.09, 1.22), p<0.01; and 6.29 (5.30, 7.48), p<0.01, respectively. IC urinary diversion performed better than ONB in relation to urinary tract infection rates and ureteric stricture rates, OR and 95% CI 0.67 (0.58, 0.77), p<0.01; and 0.70 (0.55, 0.89), p<0.01, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that there is no significantly increased morbidity with ONB compared to IC. Selection of either urinary diversion technique should be based on factors such as tumor stage, comorbidities, surgical experience, and patient acceptance of postoperative sequalae.

Urinary Tract Infections After Urinary Diversion-Different Occurrence Patterns in Patients With Ileal Conduit and Orthotopic Neobladder

OBJECTIVE

To compare the incidence rate of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and associated pathogens between patients with ileal conduit and patients with orthotopic neobladder urinary diversion.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The medical records of 179 patients treated with radical cystectomy between 2006 and 2011 were reviewed and data pertaining to postoperative UTI were collected. UTI incidence was reported at 3 months' intervals and compared by diversion type. Preoperative predictors of UTI were evaluated with Cox regression analyses.

RESULTS

The study cohort included 130 patients with ileal conduit and 49 patients with orthotopic neobladder. Patients with a neobladder were younger (P <.001). Median follow-up was 38 months (IQR [interquartile range], 11-63). Median time from surgery to first infection was 1.5 months (IQR, 1-12.5) for patients with a neobladder and 11 months (IQR, 2.5-27) for patients with a conduit (P = .04). During the first 3 months after surgery, 29% of the patients with a neobladder and 8% of the patients with ileal conduit had a UTI episode (P = .001). Rates of UTI did not differ during subsequent follow-up. Diversion type was not associated with UTI on multivariable analysis. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen in patients with a conduit (58%), and Klebsiella spp. in patients with a neobladder (29%).

CONCLUSION

The risk of UTI is significantly higher in patients with a neobladder during the first 3 months after surgery and comparable to patients with ileal conduit during subsequent follow-up. These findings may facilitate preoperative counseling regarding the expected risk of UTI after urinary diversion.

[Migration speed of uropathogens : Determination in the ureteral splint in a practice-like in vitro model]

BACKGROUND

A urostomy with an ileum conduit or a skin fistula leads to a high infection risk for the kidneys and the ureter of the patient. Therefore, the prevention of retrograde colonization of the artificial drain (splint) with e. g. contaminated urine is the most important objective of infection prevention measurements. We performed an in vitro experiment to determine the migration speed of clinically relevant bacteria in a commercially available splint catheter system.

METHODS

The migration speed of bacteria in commonly used splint catheters was determined in a practice-like in vitro model. Two storage vessels were connected with splints. The second vessel contained a bacterial suspension of the test bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus in artificial urine. The two vessels were incubated at 36 °C for 24-72 h. The microbial count in the catheters was determined after each experiment to investigate the migration distance.

RESULTS

The average migration speed was 0.63 cm/h for E. coli, 0.80 cm/h for S. aureus, and 0.94 cm/h for P. aeruginosa. This results in a colonization distance of approximately 80 cm in 3 days.

CONCLUSION

If the system, e. g., the stoma pouch is contaminated, it can be expected that during the common application time of a splint of 10-14 days, the complete splint will be contaminated due to the high bacteria migration speed. Consequently there is a high infection risk for kidneys and ureters. A return stop feature in the stoma pouch should minimize this risk. However, it is of upmost importance to not applying the splint through the return stop to prevent any contact with potentially contaminated urine.

Febrile Urinary Tract Infection after Radical Cystectomy and Ileal Neobladder in Patients with Bladder Cancer

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common complications after radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. This study investigated the incidence and implicated pathogen of febrile UTI after ileal neobladder reconstruction and identify clinical and urodynamic parameters associated with febrile UTI. From January 2001 to May 2015, 236 patients who underwent radical cystectomy and ileal neobladder were included in this study. Fifty-five episodes of febrile UTI were identified in 46 patients (19.4%). The probability of febrile UTI was 17.6% and 19.8% at 6 months and 24 months after surgery, respectively. While, Escherichia coli was the most common implicated pathogen (22/55, 40.0%), Enterococcus spp. were the most common pathogen during the first month after surgery (18/33, 54.5%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, ureteral stricture was an independent risk factor associated with febrile UTI (OR 5.93, P = 0.023). However, ureteral stricture accounted for only 6 episodes (10.9%, 6/55) of febrile UTI. Most episodes of febrile UTI occurred within 6 months after surgery. Thus, to identify risk factors associated with febrile UTI in the initial postoperative period, we assessed videourodynamics within 6 months after surgery in 38 patients. On videourodyamic examination, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was identified in 16 patients (42.1%). The rate of VUR presence in patients who had febrile UTI was not significantly different from those in patients without febrile UTI (50% vs. 39.3%, P = 0.556). Patients with febrile UTI had significantly larger residual urine volume (212.0 ± 193.7 vs. 90.5 ± 148.2, P = 0.048) than those without. E. coli and Enterococcus spp. are common pathogens and ureteral stricture and residual urine are risk factors for UTI after ileal neobladder reconstruction.

Defecation disturbances after cystectomy for urinary bladder cancer

OBJECTIVE

• To describe and compare long-term defecation disturbances in patients who had undergone a cystectomy due to urinary bladder cancer with non-continent urostomies, continent reservoirs and orthotopic neobladder urinary diversions.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• During their follow-up we attempted to contact all men and women aged 30-80 years who had undergone cystectomy and urinary diversion at seven Swedish hospitals. • During a qualitative phase we identified defecation disturbances as a distressful symptom and included this item in a study-specific questionnaire together with free-hand comments. The patients completed the questionnaire at home. • Outcome variables were dichotomized and the results are presented as relative risks with 95% confidence interval.

RESULTS

• The questionnaire was returned from 452 (92%) of 491 identified patients. Up to 30% reported problems with the physiological emptying process of stool (bowel movement, sensory rectal function, awareness of need for defecation, motoric rectal and anal function, straining ability). • A sense of decreased straining capacity was reported by 20% of the men and women with non-continent urostomy and 14% and 8% of those with continent reservoirs and orthotopic neobladders, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

• Of the cystectomized individuals 30% reported problems with the physiological emptying process of stool (bowel movement, sensory rectal function, awareness of need for defecation, motoric rectal and anal function, straining ability). • Those wanting to improve the situation for bladder cancer survivors may consider communicating before surgery the possibility of stool-emptying problems, and asking about them after surgery.