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Korsen JA, Kalidindi TM, Khitrov S, Samuels ZV, Chakraborty G, Gutierrez JA, Poirier JT, Rudin CM, Chen Y, Morris MJ, Pillarsetty N, Lewis JS. Molecular Imaging of Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer by Targeting Delta-Like Ligand 3. J Nucl Med 2022; 63:1401-1407. [PMID: 35058323 PMCID: PMC9454466 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subtype of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Using the 89Zr-labeled delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3) targeting antibody SC16 (89Zr-desferrioxamine [DFO]-SC16), we have developed a PET agent to noninvasively identify the presence of DLL3-positive NEPC lesions. Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were used to compare relative levels of androgen receptor (AR)-regulated markers and the NEPC marker DLL3 in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines. PET imaging with 89Zr-DFO-SC16, 68Ga-PSMA-11, and 68Ga-DOTATATE was performed on H660 NEPC-xenografted male nude mice. 89Zr-DFO-SC16 uptake was corroborated by biodistribution studies. Results: In vitro studies demonstrated that H660 NEPC cells are positive for DLL3 and negative for AR, prostate-specific antigen, and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) at both the transcriptional and the translational levels. PET imaging and biodistribution studies confirmed that 89Zr-DFO-SC16 uptake is restricted to H660 xenografts, with background uptake in non-NEPC lesions (both AR-dependent and AR-independent). Conversely, H660 xenografts cannot be detected with imaging agents targeting PSMA (68Ga-PSMA-11) or somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (68Ga-DOTATATE). Conclusion: These studies demonstrated that H660 NEPC cells selectively express DLL3 on their cell surface and can be noninvasively identified with 89Zr-DFO-SC16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Korsen
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Teja M Kalidindi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Samantha Khitrov
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Zachary V Samuels
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Goutam Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Julia A Gutierrez
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York; and
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael J Morris
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York;
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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2
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Werner C, Dirsch O, Dahmen U, Grimm MO, Schulz S, Lupp A. Evaluation of Somatostatin and CXCR4 Receptor Expression in a Large Set of Prostate Cancer Samples Using Tissue Microarrays and Well-Characterized Monoclonal Antibodies. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100801. [PMID: 32460182 PMCID: PMC7249232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer among men in Western countries. Despite numerous therapeutic options, few treatments are available for patients with end-stage disease. In the present study, different somatostatin receptors (SSTs) and the chemokine receptor CXCR4 were evaluated for their suitability as novel therapeutic targets in PCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of SST subtypes 1, 2A, 3, and 5 and of CXCR4 was evaluated in 276 PCa tumor samples on a tissue microarray (TMA) in 23 whole-block tumor samples and in 3 PCa cell lines by immunohistochemistry using well-characterized monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS: Overall, the frequency and intensity of expression of SSTs and CXCR4 were very low among the PCa samples investigated. Specifically, SST5, SST2A, and SST3 were expressed, albeit at low intensity, in 10.5%, 9.1%, and 0.7% of the TMA samples, respectively. None of the TMA samples showed SST1 or CXCR4 expression. Only a single small-cell-type neuroendocrine carcinoma that was coincidentally included among the whole-block samples exhibited strong SST2A, SST5, and CXCR4 and moderate SST3 expression. Independent of the tumor cells, the tumor capillaries in many of the PCa samples were strongly positive for SST2A, SST3, SST5, or CXCR4 expression. SST expression in the tumor cells was associated with advanced tumor grade and stage. CONCLUSION: Overall, SST and CXCR4 expression levels are clearly of no therapeutic relevance in PCa. SST- or CXCR4-based therapy might be feasible, however, in rare cases of small-cell-type neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Werner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Amelie Lupp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Savelli G, Muni A, Falchi R, Zaniboni A, Barbieri R, Valmadre G, Minari C, Casi C, Rossini P. Somatostatin receptors over-expression in castration resistant prostate cancer detected by PET/CT: preliminary report of in six patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26207238 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.06.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is usually characterized by an excellent prognosis, largely due to little biological aggressiveness and the power of hormonal deprivation therapy. In spite of these favorable characteristics, however, a significant quota of patients does not respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and develop a progressive disease. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is defined by disease progression in spite of ADT. This progression may show any combination of a rise in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), clinical and radiological progression of pre-existing disease, and appearance of new metastases. This event is a striking change in the clinical scenario, since the power of treatment for CRPC patients with distant metastases is very limited. Somatostatin is a hormone produced by neuroendocrine cells. Its distant effects are mediated by the binding to five specific receptors, which are the most striking parameter for neuroendocrine. Various synthetic somatostatin agonists able to bind to the receptors have been synthesized during the past two decades for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Octreotide, the most popular of these, is widely used to treat patients affected by neuroendocrine tumors. A number of researches carried out in the past evaluated the possible neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) of PC cells in the castration resistant phase. If proved, the presence of a specific class of receptor on cell's surfaces should give a potentially biological target to be used for therapy. However, these studies led to contradictory results. Aim of our phase III diagnostic trial was to study "in vivo" the over-expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) in CRPC patients by PET/CT after the administration of the somatostatin analog [(68)Ga-DOTANOC,1-Nal(3)]-octreotide labeled with (68)Ga. Every area of increased uptake corresponding to a metastasis detected with other methods was considered as SSTRs expressing. False positivity to SSTRs expression was considered those localizations with a suspicious uptake not confirmed by other radiologic procedures. On the other hand, metastatic lesions lacking the radiopharmaceutical's uptake were considered not SSTRs expressing metastases. The preliminary results in 6 of the 67 patients scheduled by our phase III trial showed metastases with a variable SSTRs expression in 2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Savelli
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Alfredo Muni
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Roberta Falchi
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Alberto Zaniboni
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Roberto Barbieri
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valmadre
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Chiara Minari
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Camilla Casi
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Rossini
- 1 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 2 Nuclear Medicine Division, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C.Arrigo City Hospital, Alessandria, Italy ; 3 Nuclear Medicine Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 4 Medical Oncology Division, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy ; 5 Oncology Unit, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 6 Medical Oncology Division, Presidio Ospedaliero E. Morelli AOVV, Sondrio, Italy ; 7 Medical Physiscs Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy ; 8 Medical Oncology Division, Medical Oncology Department, Val d'Elsa Hospital, Siena, Italy ; 9 Nuclear Medicine Division, "Carlo Poma" Hospital, Mantua, Italy
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4
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Hennigs JK, Müller J, Adam M, Spin JM, Riedel E, Graefen M, Bokemeyer C, Sauter G, Huland H, Schlomm T, Minner S. Loss of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in prostate cancer is linked to an aggressive cancer phenotype, high tumor cell proliferation and predicts early metastatic and biochemical relapse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100469. [PMID: 25010045 PMCID: PMC4091868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2) is the most frequently expressed SSTR subtype in normal human tissues. SSTR2 expression is differentially regulated in various tumor types and therapeutic somatostatin analogs binding to SSTR2 are in clinical use. In prostate cancers highly contradictory results in terms of SSTR2 expression and its consequences have been published over the past years. The aim of this study was to clarify prevalence and clinical significance of SSTR2 expression in prostate cancer. Therefore, quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a tissue microarray containing samples from 3,261 prostate cancer patients with extensive clinical and molecular cancer characteristics and oncological follow-up data was performed. IHC data was compared to publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus datasets of human prostate cancer gene expression arrays. While membranous SSTR2 staining was always seen in normal prostate epithelium, SSTR2 staining was absent in more than half (56.1%) of 2,195 interpretable prostate cancer samples. About 13% of all analyzed prostate cancers showed moderate to strong cytoplasmic and membranous SSTR2 staining. Staining intensities were inversely correlated with high Gleason grade, advanced pT category, high tumor cell proliferation (p<0.0001 each), high pre-operative PSA levels, (p = 0.0011) and positive surgical margins (p = 0.006). In silico analysis confirmed lower SSTR2 gene expression in prostate cancers vs. normal adjacent tissue (p = 0.0424), prostate cancer metastases vs. primary cancers (p = 0.0011) and recurrent vs. non-recurrent prostate cancers (p = 0.0438). PSA-free survival gradually declined with SSTR2 staining intensity (p<0.0001). SSTR2-negative cancers were more likely to develop metastases over time (p<0.05). In conclusion, most prostate cancers are indeed SSTR2-negative and loss of SSTR2 strongly predicts an unfavorable tumor phenotype and poor prognosis. Therefore, SSTR2 expression seems an important factor in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and re-introduction of the receptor in SSTR2-negative prostate cancers may feature a promising target for novel gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan K. Hennigs
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Oncology, Hematology, BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus-Wald-Tumorzentrum/University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH) University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia Müller
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matti Adam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University – School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Spin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University – School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Emilia Riedel
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Oncology, Hematology, BMT with Section Pneumology, Hubertus-Wald-Tumorzentrum/University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH) University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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