Ulcer-free survival in diabetic foot patients

Mortality of first-time amputees in diabetics: a 10-year observation

AIMS

We analyze mortality of first-time diabetic amputees by stratifying by level of amputation, differentiating short-term and long-term mortality.

METHODS

We evaluated 277 diabetic patients who received their first lower extremity amputation (LEA) during 1993-97. Subjects were followed until December 2003, and categorized by level of amputation. We compared the mortality difference by level for 0-10 years, 0-10 months, and 10 months-10 years, and examined the association of comorbid conditions and death for each level.

RESULTS

We found a significant difference in mortality by amputation level for 0-10 years (p<0.05) and <10 months (p<0.01) survival, but not for the one of 10 months-10 years. For major amputees deceased within 10 months, sepsis was as frequent a cause of death as cardiovascular disease. In distal amputees, CVD, CAD and ESRD were strongly associated with death, but only CAD was associated death among major amputees.

CONCLUSION

For diabetic patients undergoing first LEAs, the mortality of major amputees was worse than that of minor amputees due to the difference in first 10-month mortality. The history of comorbid conditions in first-time major amputees was less important than in minor amputees since sepsis was the frequent cause of death in major amputees in this early period.

Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy-current standards

It is extremely important to have a high index of suspicion for Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy (CN) and to encourage early presentation of the patient. This should be followed by a rapid diagnosis and early intervention, and with such a modern approach many CN can now be healed and deformity prevented. CN can be divided into two phases: acute active phase and chronic stable phase. The acute active phase includes those patients presenting early with normal X-ray and those presenting later with deformity and radiological changes of CN. The acute phase is characterized by unilateral erythema and oedema. The foot is at least 2 degrees C hotter than the contralateral foot. Patients should have initially an X-ray examination which, at this time, may be normal. We then proceed to two investigations: initially a technetium diphosphonate bone scan, which will detect early evidence of bone damage and also locate the site of this damage. If the result of the bone scan is positive, we would proceed to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination, which would describe in more detail the nature of the bony damage. The aim of treatment is immobilization in a plaster cast until there is no longer evidence on X-ray of continuing bone destruction, and the foot temperature is within 2 degrees C of the contralateral foot. An alternative treatment is a prefabricated walking cast, such as the Aircast. A randomized controlled study of a single 90 mg pamidronate infusion has shown a significant reduction of the markers of bone turnover and skin temperature in treated, compared with control subjects although the fall in skin temperature was similar in both groups. There was a similar finding in a recent study with alendronate. Calcitonin has also been used in the acute stage and there was a more rapid transition to the stable chronic phase in the treated group compared with controls. In the chronic stable phase, the foot is no longer warm and red. There may still be oedema but the difference in skin temperature between the feet is usually less than 2 degrees C. The X-ray shows fracture healing, sclerosis and bone remodelling. The patient must now be rehabilitated and gradually moved from cast treatment to suitable footwear. The patient needs close observation to detect any relapse, which will be evident from further swelling and heat in the foot. Careful rehabilitation is always necessary after a long period in a cast.

Growth factors in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: new technologies, any promises?

Foot ulcers remain a common problem, leading to increased morbidity in patients with diabetes. Despite the progress that has been achieved in revascularization techniques as well as in off-loading to relieve high-pressure areas, diabetic foot wounds remain a clinical challenge. Growth factors are a major technological advance that promised to change the face of wound healing. The most important of growth factors are recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. The former has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of neuropathic ulcers when there is adequate blood supply. The latter is less demonstrably useful. Advances include methods of delivering growth factors.