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Seddighi R, Geist A, Knych H, Sun X. The effect of remifentanil infusion on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration-no movement (MAC NM) and bispectral index in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:121-128. [PMID: 36641329 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of remifentanil infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane preventing movement (SEVOMACNM) and bispectral index (BIS) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, unmasked study. ANIMALS A total of 10 adult Beagle dogs weighing 9.0 ± 1.1 kg. METHODS Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane and baseline SEVOMACNM was determined. Remifentanil was infused at 5, 10 and 20 μg kg-1 hour-1, in sequence, with 20 minutes washout between infusions. Variables monitored throughout anesthesia included heart rate (HR), oscillometric blood pressure, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (Fe'Sevo) and BIS. SEVOMACNM after remifentanil infusion (SEVOMACNM-REMI) determination started 20 minutes after the start of each infusion. Venous blood samples were collected for plasma remifentanil concentration determination at baseline, SEVOMACNM-REMI determination time points, and 20 minutes after each infusion was stopped. A mixed model analysis was used to determine the effect of remifentanil infusion on response variables. The relationships between BIS and Fe'Sevo, plasma remifentanil concentrations and the percentage decrease in baseline SEVOMACNM were evaluated (p < 0.05). RESULTS The overall SEVOMACNM at baseline was 2.47 ± 0.11%. Addition of remifentanil at all infusion rates significantly decreased SEVOMACNM, but the medium and high doses resulted in significantly greater decreases in SEVOMACNM than the lower dose. There was no difference in SEVOMACNM percentage change between infusions 10 and 20 μg kg-1 hour-1. Plasma remifentanil concentrations were significantly different in all infusion rates. Baseline BIS value was 70 ± 1 and was lower than the BIS values recorded during all remifentanil infusions. BIS values were not significantly different among infusion rates. HR was lower and mean arterial pressure was higher during remifentanil infusions than at baseline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE All remifentanil infusions decreased SEVOMACNM in dogs. Remifentanil infusion at any rate studied did not reduce BIS values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Seddighi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
| | - Anthony Geist
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Heather Knych
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xiaocun Sun
- Office of Information and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Murillo C, Weil AB, Moore GE, Kreuzer M, Ko JC. Electroencephalographic and Cardiovascular Changes Associated with Propofol Constant Rate of Infusion Anesthesia in Young Healthy Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040664. [PMID: 36830451 PMCID: PMC9951736 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate electroencephalography (EEG) and cardiovascular changes associated with propofol constant rate of infusion (CRI) anesthesia in dogs. Six dogs were each given propofol CRI to induce different anesthetic phases including induction (1 mg/kg/min for 10 min), and decremental maintenance doses of 2.4 mg per kg per min, 1.6 mg per kg per min, and 0.8 mg per kg per minute over 45 min. Processed EEG indices including patient state index (PSI), (burst) suppression ratio (SR), and spectral edge frequency (95%) were obtained continuously until the dogs recovered to sternal recumbency. The dogs were intubated and ventilated. Cardiovascular and EEG index values were compared between anesthetic phases. The PSI, SR, mean arterial blood pressure, and subjective anesthetic depth scores were highly correlated throughout anesthetic depth changes. The PSI decreased from 85.0 ± 17.3 at awake to 66.0 ± 29.0 at induction, and then sharply reduced to 19.7 ± 23.6 during maintenance and returned to 61.5 ± 19.2 at extubation. The SR increased from 15.4 ± 30.9% at induction to 70.9 ± 39.8% during maintenance and decreased to 3.4 ± 8.9% at extubation. We concluded that EEG indices can be used to aid in tracking ongoing brain state changes during propofol anesthesia in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Murillo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ann B. Weil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - George E. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Matthias Kreuzer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 München, Germany
| | - Jeff C. Ko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence:
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Saenubol P, Akatvipat A, Pleumsamran A, Chankrachang S. Correlation between bispectral index value and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs with altered level of consciousness. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2020; 31:52-58. [PMID: 33135305 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify the correlation between bispectral index (BIS) value and modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) score in dogs with altered level of consciousness (ALOC). DESIGN This prospective, observational, clinical study was conducted from February 2016 to March 2017, and follow-up was conducted until the death of dogs or their discharge from the hospital. SETTING This study was performed at the Small Animal Teaching Hospital. ANIMALS A total of 31 client-owned dogs (males, 20; females, 11) with ALOC and MGCS score <18 with no restrictions for age, breed, sex, and body weight were included. Dogs that received neuromuscular blocking agents before MGCS score evaluation were excluded. INTERVENTIONS BIS values were measured using the Covidien BIS Loc 2 Channel OEM module and a pediatric 4 sensor with a bifrontal application pattern. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Minimal databases of initial neurological assessment, blood profiles, and chest and skull radiographs were developed. In addition, MGCS scores and BIS values were recorded. The mean BIS values for mild, moderate, and severe brain injuries were 89.14 ± 6.52, 77.21 ± 9.82, and 50.58 ± 27.04, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive relationship between BIS values and MGCS scores (r = 0.75; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The significant correlation observed between MGCS scores and BIS values in dogs with ALOC demonstrated the usefulness of BIS as an alternative to MGCS for monitoring consciousness in patients with ALOC caused by traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phitchaya Saenubol
- Master's Degree Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Areerath Akatvipat
- Department of Companion Animals and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Apisate Pleumsamran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siwaporn Chankrachang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Muang, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Navarrete R, Quirós-Carmona S, Granados MDM, Gómez-Villamandos RJ, Domínguez JM, Férnandez-Sarmiento JA, Muñoz-Rascón P, Funes FJ, Morgaz J. Effect of dexmedetomidine constant rate infusion on the bispectral index during alfaxalone anaesthesia in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:397-404. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Lynch AM, deLaforcade AM, Meola D, Shih A, Bandt C, Guerrero NH, Riccó C. Assessment of hemostatic changes in a model of acute hemorrhage in dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:333-43. [PMID: 26890726 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate hemostatic changes following experimental acute hemorrhage in dogs using traditional coagulation tests (eg, platelet count, prothrombin time [PT], and activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT]), kaolin-activated thromboelastography (TEG), and whole blood multiple electrode impedance platelet aggregometry. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING Research laboratory. ANIMALS Five Beagles. INTERVENTIONS Dogs were anesthetized prior to obtaining blood samples for baseline PCV, total plasma protein (TPP), arterial blood-gas, platelet count, PT, aPTT, TEG, fibrinogen, and aggregometry. Blood was obtained at 4 additional time points, following 20% blood volume loss, 40% blood volume loss, 60 minutes of sustained hypotension, and after autologous blood transfusion. In addition, heart rate and direct arterial blood pressure were measured at each time point. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Significant decreases were noted for PCV (P = 0.048), TPP (P < 0.0001), and arterial blood pressures (P < 0.0001) over time. Platelet count did not change significantly (P = 0.879), but platelet function was decreased following hemorrhage when arachidonic acid (P = 0.004) and ADP (P = 0.008) were used as agonists. The TEG variables R (P = 0.030), MA (P = 0.043), and G (P = 0.037) were significantly, albeit mildly, changed following hemorrhage. Significant prolongations in PT (P < 0.0001) and aPTT (P = 0.041), and decreases in fibrinogen concentration (P = 0.002) were also seen. CONCLUSION Platelet dysfunction occurred following hemorrhage in this model, despite a stable platelet count. Additionally, significant changes associated with hemorrhage were documented in aPTT, fibrinogen, and MA. Platelet function testing in dogs with naturally occurring hemorrhage warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Lynch
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | | | - Dawn Meola
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Andre Shih
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Carsten Bandt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Carolina Riccó
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA
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Araújo MAD, Beloti CAC, Deschk M, Arruda AMM, Cheng LS, Albuquerque VBD, Santos PSPD. Bispectral index in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine, isoflurane and subjected to continuous rate infusion of lidocaine. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:67-72. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502015001000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Araújo MAD, Albuquerque VBD, Deschk M, Trein TA, Frazílio FDO, Santos PSPD. Effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves. Acta Cir Bras 2014; 29:465-71. [PMID: 25054878 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502014000700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the hemodynamic changes and bispectral index (BIS) following administration of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves. METHODS Eight calves weighing 110 ± 12 kg were included in the study. Anesthesia was induced with 5% isoflurane in O2 delivered via face mask and maintained with end-tidal concentration of 1.4%. IPPV was set to a peak inspiratory airway pressure of 15 cmH2O and respiratory rate of six breaths minute-1. Forty minutes after the start of anesthetic maintenance, 0.1 mg kg-1butorphanol was administered intravenously, followed by a CRI of 20 µg kg-1 minute-1. Hemodynamic variables and BIS were recorded before butorphanol administration (T0), and at 10, 20, 40 and 80 minutes following the CRI. Anesthesia was discontinued after the last recording and the calves were allowed to recover. The time to sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) were evaluated. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the moments in all hemodynamic variables and BIS. The time to SRE and ST was 9 ± 5 and 14 ± 7 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION The continuous rate infusion did not produce clinically relevant changes in hemodynamic or bispectral index values compared to baseline in mechanically ventilated and unstimulated calves anesthetized at 1.4% isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Augusto de Araújo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Deschk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fabrício de Oliveira Frazílio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sergio Patto dos Santos
- Department of Clinical, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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Pavlisko ND, Henao-Guerrero N, Killos MB, Ricco C, Shih AC, Bandt C, Werre SR. Evaluation of tissue oxygen saturation with near-infrared spectroscopy during experimental acute hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:48-53. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.1.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Belda E, Laredo FG, Lucas X, Agut A, Escobar M, Soler M. The effects of atracurium on bispectral index (BIS) values in dogs anaesthetized with isoflurane. Vet J 2012; 192:189-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Restitutti F, Honkavaara JM, Raekallio MR, Kuusela EK, Vainio OM. Effects of different doses of L-659’066 on the bispectral index and clinical sedation in dogs treated with dexmedetomidine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:415-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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de Mattos-Junior E, Ito KC, Conti-Patara A, da Silva de Carvalho H, Reinoldes A, de Araújo Caldeira J, Cortopassi SRG. Bispectral monitoring in dogs subjected to ovariohysterectomy and anesthetized with halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane. Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:475-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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KuKanich B. Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen, codeine, and the codeine metabolites morphine and codeine-6-glucuronide in healthy Greyhound dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2010; 33:15-21. [PMID: 20444020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of codeine and the active metabolites morphine and codeine-6-glucuronide after i.v. codeine administration and the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen (APAP), codeine, morphine, and codeine-6-glucuronide after oral administration of combination product containing acetaminophen and codeine to dogs. Six healthy Greyhound dogs were administered 0.734 mg/kg codeine i.v. and acetaminophen (10.46 mg/kg mean dose) with codeine (1.43 mg/kg mean dose) orally. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for the determination of codeine, morphine, and codeine-6-glucuronide plasma concentrations by LC/MS and acetaminophen by HPLC with UV detection. Codeine was rapidly eliminated after i.v. administration (T(1/2) = 1.22 h; clearance = 29.94 mL/min/kg; volume of distribution = 3.17 L/kg) with negligible amounts of morphine present, but large amounts of codeine-6-glucuronide (C(max) = 735.75 ng/mL) were detected. The oral bioavailability of codeine was 4%, morphine concentrations were negligible, but large amounts of codeine-6-glucuronide (C(max) = 1952.86 ng/mL) were detected suggesting substantial first pass metabolism. Acetaminophen was rapidly absorbed (C(max) = 6.74 microg/mL; T(max) = 0.85 h) and eliminated (T(1/2) = 0.96 h). In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of codeine was similar to other opioids in dogs with a short half-life, rapid clearance, large volume of distribution, and poor oral bioavailability. High concentrations of codeine-6-glucuronide were detected after i.v. and oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5802, USA.
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Beldao E, Blissitt KJ, Duncan JC, Laredo FG, Escobar Gil de Montes M, Eddie Clutton R. The bispectral index during recovery from halothane and sevoflurane anaesthesia in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2010; 37:25-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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