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Maney JK, Dzikiti BT, Escobar A, Knych HK, Bennett RC. Morphine in donkeys: Antinociceptive effect and preliminary pharmacokinetics. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:1086-1093. [PMID: 36537849 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphine is the prototypical μ-opioid receptor agonist used to provide analgesia in veterinary species. Its effects are well-described in horses but not donkeys. OBJECTIVES To determine the antinociceptive effects of two doses of morphine in donkeys. To describe preliminary pharmacokinetic parameters of morphine in donkeys. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment. METHODS Eight adult castrated male donkeys were given intravenous (IV) 0.9% saline, morphine 0.1 mg/kg bwt (LDM), or morphine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (HDM) in a randomised order with a minimum 1-week washout period. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) were determined by a blinded investigator pre-injection and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, and 360 min post-injection. Venous blood samples were collected pre-injection and 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min post-injection. Data were analysed using Friedman's test with Dunn's post hoc test for multiple comparisons. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for the HDM treatment. RESULTS Baseline MNT was [median (interquartile range)] 8.9 (7.1-10.3) N and did not differ between treatments. Peak MNTs occurred at 60 min for both LDM (16.2 N) and HDM (25.0 N) treatments. MNTs after HDM treatment were higher than saline (p < 0.04) at 15, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, and 300 min post-injection. MNTs after LDM treatment were higher than baseline (p < 0.05) at 45 and 60 min post-injection. Terminal half-life for HDM was (mean ± SD) 51.0 ± 10.7 min, the volume of distribution at steady-state 2.07 ± 0.33 L/min and clearance 49.2 ± 4.16 ml * min/kg using noncompartmental analysis. The concentration of morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) was higher than morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) at all sampled time points. MAIN LIMITATIONS Short duration of plasma sampling for pharmacokinetic analysis; lack of objective measure of gastrointestinal function. CONCLUSIONS The HDM treatment provided mechanical antinociception in donkeys with no significant adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill K Maney
- Clinical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Brighton T Dzikiti
- Clinical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Andre Escobar
- Clinical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Reference intervals for hematological and biochemical analytes in a single herd of clinically healthy gelding donkeys in Saint Kitts. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Troya-Portillo L, López-Sanromán J, Villalba-Orero M, Santiago-Llorente I. Cardiorespiratory, Sedative and Antinociceptive Effects of a Medetomidine Constant Rate Infusion with Morphine, Ketamine or Both. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072081. [PMID: 34359209 PMCID: PMC8300393 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Standing surgery and diagnostic procedures in equine patients under deep sedation reduce the risk associated with general anesthesia. Sedation protocols must be safe, provide a good quality of sedation without producing cardiorespiratory depression and severe ataxia. The use of adrenergic alpha-2 receptors agonist in combination with opioids and/or ketamine can achieve an adequate sedation and provide sufficient analgesia for surgical procedures. Medetomidine and medetomidine with morphine in intravenous constant rate infusion have been evaluated for standing sedation but have not been compared directly. Although ketamine has been combined with other alpha-2 agonists successfully, it has not been evaluated in combination with medetomidine. The objective of this study was to compare four medetomidine-based protocols with the addition of morphine and/or ketamine, including cardiorespiratory, sedative and mechanical antinociceptive variables. All four protocols produced a similar degree of sedation and mechanical antinociception without clinically relevant impact on cardiorespiratory variables. Abstract Standing surgery under sedation reduces anesthetic-related mortality in horses. Medetomidine, alone and combined with morphine in a constant rate infusion (CRI), has been described for standing surgery but their cardiorespiratory, sedative and antinociceptive effects have never been compared. The addition of ketamine could improve analgesia in these procedures with minimal cardiorespiratory consequences. The objectives were to compare the cardiorespiratory effects, quality of sedation, antinociception and ataxia produced by administration of a medetomidine-based CRI with morphine, ketamine or both, in standing horses. A prospective, blind, randomized crossover, experimental design with six healthy adult horses was performed, in which four treatments were administered to all horses with at least two weeks of washout period: medetomidine (M); medetomidine and ketamine (MK); medetomidine and morphine (MMo); and medetomidine, morphine and ketamine (MMoK). Dosages were the same in all treatment groups: medetomidine at 5 µg/kg bwt followed by 5 µg/kg bwt/h, ketamine at 0.4 mg/kg/h and morphine at 50 µg/kg bwt, followed by morphine 30 µg/kg bwt/h. Drug infusions were maintained for 120 min. Cardiorespiratory variables, sedation degree and antinociceptive effects were evaluated during the procedure. All combinations produced similar sedation and antinociceptive effects and no clinically relevant alterations in cardiorespiratory variables occurred. Medetomidine CRI combined with morphine, ketamine or both are suitable and safe protocols for standing sedation in horses and the addition of morphine and/or ketamine did not cause any negative effect but no improving effect on sedation and antinociception was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Troya-Portillo
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-S.); (M.V.-O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Javier López-Sanromán
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-S.); (M.V.-O.)
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María Villalba-Orero
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-S.); (M.V.-O.)
| | - Isabel Santiago-Llorente
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario Complutense, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Lizarraga I, Panizzi L, Gieseg MA, Riley CB, Chambers JP. Heat hypersensitivity at a site proximal to a surgically induced osteochondral fracture in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:461-469. [PMID: 33812786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate thermal nociceptive thresholds (TNTs) before and after inducing a standardized radiocarpal bone osteochondral fracture (OCF) in horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, controlled, randomized, masked study. ANIMALS A group of 10 Thoroughbred fillies aged 2 years. METHODS Skin temperature and TNTs were measured on the skin over the triceps brachii muscle in both the thoracic limbs before (week 0) and weekly (weeks 1-8) after unilateral arthroscopic induction of a radiocarpal OCF (n = 4) or sham surgery (n = 6) followed by a standardized exercise programme. The contralateral, non-operated thoracic limb was used as a control within each horse. Percentage thermal excursion (%TE) defined as %TE = 100 ∗ (TNT - skin temperature)/(cut-off temperature - skin temperature) was calculated. Data were analysed with a mixed-effects model followed by Dunnett's and Tukey's tests for within and between-limbs comparisons, respectively; p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Skin temperature in the control limb of OCF horses was significantly higher at week 7 than at week 0 (p = 0.0125). At week 1, TNTs and %TE values in operated limbs of OCF horses were significantly reduced compared with their baseline values at week 0 (p ≤ 0.0153) and their values in contralateral control limbs (p ≤ 0.0024) and operated limbs of sham-operated horses (p ≤ 0.0162). At week 2, TNTs and %TE values in operated limbs of OCF horses remained significantly reduced compared with values in operated limbs of sham-operated horses (p ≤ 0.0248). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Creation of an OCF in a radiocarpal bone induced transitory (<2 weeks) ipsilateral heat hypersensitivity proximal to the surgery site (skin over the triceps brachii muscle) in horses. Surgically induced OCF may cause somatosensory abnormalities consistent with secondary thermal hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lizarraga
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Luca Panizzi
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Christopher B Riley
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Paul Chambers
- School of Veterinary Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Haussler KK. Pressure Algometry for the Detection of Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122195. [PMID: 33255216 PMCID: PMC7760268 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is difficult to measure pain in horses. As animals are not able to verbalize what they feel, we are left with trying to interpret the different signs that they display when they are in pain. Many of these signs are vague (e.g., not eating their food), but some are more readily identified if the animal moves away or lifts their leg when pressure is applied to a sensitive area. Pressure algometry is a tool used to detect responses to applied mechanical stimuli within painful and nonpainful tissues. Pressure algometry has been used in many different studies, but there is no consensus on how to synthesize this information to better diagnose and treat pain in horses. The purpose of this study was to summarize the results of these studies. Based on that review, we conclude that there is good evidence that pressure algometry is a reliable and objective method to measure pain responses. This information will help to improve the diagnosis and treatment of pain in horses. Abstract The clinical assessment of pain is subjective; therefore, variations exist between practitioners in their ability to identify and localize pain. Due to differing interpretations of the signs or severity of pain equine practitioners may assign varying levels of clinical significance and treatment options. There is a critical need to develop better tools to qualify and quantify pain in horses. Palpation is the most common method to detect local tenderness or sensitivity. To quantify this applied pressure, pressure algometry has been used to gradually apply pressure over specified landmarks until an avoidance response is noted, which is defined as the mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT). Numerous studies have used pressure algometry in different applications to measure MNTs in horses. There is an acute need to establish normative values within different body regions and to develop standardized methods of testing MNTs to better guide practitioners in the diagnosis and treatment of pain. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence for the use of pressure algometry in horses. There is good evidence that pressure algometry is a repeatable, semi-objective method that can be used in a wide array of clinical and research applications to assess MNTs in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Haussler
- Equine Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Abstract
Donkeys and mules show several pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic idiosyncrasies that have to be fully considered by any clinician dealing with these species. Because they possess an increased metabolic rate and cellular water content compared with horses, higher doses (or shorter dosing intervals) are usually recommended for those drugs where pharmacologic studies have been performed. Nonetheless, owing to the lack of species-specific information, this assumption cannot be arbitrarily applied. Thus, when a drug protocol published for horses is extrapolated to a donkey or a mule, a close monitoring is required to detect any secondary effect or subdosing.
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Alsobayil FA, El-Shafaey ES, Sadan M, Alshoshan AA. Evaluation of Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Premedicated With Xylazine and Induced With Thiopental. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:50-56. [PMID: 31133316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is a volatile anesthetic agent that has become popular in the field of large animal anesthesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of sevoflurane in adult healthy donkeys. Six male, adult, healthy donkeys were premedicated with xylazine (1 mg/kg IV), induced with thiopental (5 mg/kg IV), and then maintained for 90 minutes with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen at a flow rate of 6 L/min with spontaneous breathing. Rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate, heart rate (HR), oxygen hemoglobin saturation (OHS), and mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) were measured before and 20 minutes after the administration of xylazine, 10 minutes after the injection of thiopental, and then continuously every 10 minutes until recovery. Times for various signs of recovery, total duration of recovery, and quality of recovery were recorded. Jugular blood samples were collected from each donkey and complete blood counts and venous blood gases including concentrations of oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) were measured. In addition, the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, lactate, bicarbonate, and glucose in venous blood were measured. Results showed that during the anesthesia maintained with sevoflurane, there was a significant decrease in HR, MBP, RT, red blood corpuscles, hematocrit, total white blood cells, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, whereas the levels of OHS and glucose significantly increased. The concentrations of PO2, PCO2, and lactate in venous blood significantly increased, whereas the pH significantly decreased. The levels of calcium significantly decreased immediately following the recovery. Sternal recumbency and standing occurred 15.8 ± 2.6 minutes and 28.2 ± 2.2 minutes, respectively, after turning off the vaporizer. Overall, the quality of recovery was good and relatively quick. It was concluded that sevoflurane appears to provide safe and effective anesthesia in donkeys, with relatively rapid induction and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Abdullah Alsobayil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed El-Shafaey
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Madeh Sadan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Aziz Alshoshan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Lucas Castillo JA, Gozalo-Marcilla M, Werneck Fonseca M, Possebon FS, da Rosa AC, de Araujo Aguiar AJ. Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of low doses of xylazine with and without acepromazine in Nordestino donkeys. Equine Vet J 2018; 50:831-835. [PMID: 29569401 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on appropriate protocols for sedation of Nordestino donkeys is scarce. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of low doses of intravenous (i.v.) xylazine with and without acepromazine in 'Nordestino' donkeys. STUDY DESIGN Seven healthy female Nordestino donkeys (150 ± 18 kg) were included in this blinded, randomised, crossover experiment. METHODS Four treatments were administered, consisting of two i.v. injections, at baseline (T0, 1st injection) and 15 min later (T15, 2nd injection). Treatments included acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg bwt + saline (AS), saline + xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (SX0.5), acepromazine + xylazine 0.25 mg/kg bwt (AX0.25) or acepromazine + xylazine 0.5 mg/kg bwt (AX0.5). Sedative and cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated before T0 and 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min after treatment. Degree [height of head above ground (HHAG)] and quality of sedation [ataxia, responses to stimuli and visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring] and respiratory rate were evaluated by the main investigator in situ, and heart rate was measured by an assistant investigator. Three experienced evaluators assessed vídeos for ataxia and responses to stimuli. Normal data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA, and non-normal by Kruskal-Wallis (P<0.05). RESULTS HHAG was lower than baseline for 15 min after xylazine administration in AX0.25 and for 30 min in SX0.5 and AX0.5 groups. All treatments with xylazine increased VAS and ataxia scores in situ for 15 min after xylazine administration, with no differences between groups. Ataxia scores in situ were higher in SX0.5 and AX0.5 groups than AS for 15 and 30 min after xylazine administration, respectively. MAIN LIMITATIONS Absence of a negative control group (saline-saline). CONCLUSION Acepromazine added to xylazine at 0.25 mg/kg bwt produced briefer and milder sedation than xylazine at 0.5 mg/kg bwt.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lucas Castillo
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M Gozalo-Marcilla
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M Werneck Fonseca
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - F S Possebon
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A C da Rosa
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A J de Araujo Aguiar
- Departamento de Cirurgia e Anestesiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Blind versus ultrasound-guided maxillary nerve block in donkeys. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:103-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Comparative, Sedative, and Analgesic Effects of Epidural Dexmedetomidine and Xylazine in Donkeys ( Equus asinus ). J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F, Robinson LS. Sedative and mechanical antinociceptive effects of four dosages of romifidine administered intravenously to donkeys. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Comparison of sedation and mechanical antinociception induced by intravenous administration of acepromazine and four dose rates of dexmedetomidine in donkeys. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:509-517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Grint NJ, Beths T, Yvorchuk-St Jean K, Whay HR, Murrell JC. Analysis of Behaviors Observed During Mechanical Nociceptive Threshold Testing in Donkeys and Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F, Varner KM, Robinson LS. Sedation and mechanical hypoalgesia after sublingual administration of detomidine hydrochloride gel to donkeys. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 249:83-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.1.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lopes C, Luna SPL, Rosa AC, Quarterone C, Crosignani N, Taylor PM, Pantoja JC, Puoli JNP. Antinociceptive effects of methadone combined with detomidine or acepromazine in horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:613-8. [PMID: 26174473 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY To investigate two protocols to provide antinociception in horses. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the antinociceptive effects of intravenous methadone combined with detomidine or acepromazine in adult horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomised, blinded, crossover study. METHODS Mechanical, thermal and electrical stimuli were applied to the dorsal left and right metacarpus and coronary band of the left thoracic limb, respectively. A thermal stimulus was applied caudal to the withers. The horses were treated with saline (C), a combination of methadone (0.2 mg/kg bwt) and detomidine (10 μg/kg bwt) (MD) or methadone (0.2 mg/kg bwt) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg bwt) (MA) at 1 week intervals. Nociceptive thresholds were measured before and at 15 min intervals until 150 min after treatment. Wilcoxon rank-sum and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to compare data between groups at each time point and over time within each group, followed by the Bonferroni method to adjust the P value. RESULTS The mechanical stimulus was the most sensitive test to differentiate the antinociceptive effects of the treatments. Mechanical thresholds were greater after MD than MA between 15 and 30 min and with both MD and MA these thresholds were greater than C from 15 to 60 min. Electrical and thermal limb thresholds were greater after MD than C at 15 and 45 min and at 15, 30, 45, 75 and 105 min, respectively. Thermal limb thresholds were greater with MA than C at 30 min. Thoracic thermal threshold in MD and MA were higher than C at 45, 75, 90 and 120 min and from 30 to 75 min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Methadone and acepromazine produced less pronounced mechanical antinociception than MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lopes
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - S P L Luna
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - A C Rosa
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - C Quarterone
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - N Crosignani
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - J C Pantoja
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - J N P Puoli
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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Grint NJ, Murrell JC, Whay HR. Investigating the opinions of donkey owners and veterinary surgeons towards pain and analgesia in donkeys. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Grint
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford UK
| | - J. C. Murrell
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford UK
| | - H. R. Whay
- School of Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford UK
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Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F, Varner KM, Robinson LS. Sedation and mechanical antinociception after intravenous administration of detomidine in donkeys: a dosage-effect study. Vet Rec 2015; 176:202. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lizarraga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; PO Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Fernanda Castillo-Alcala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; PO Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Kelley M. Varner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; PO Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Lauren S. Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; PO Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Grint NJ, Beths T, Yvorchuk K, Taylor PM, Dixon M, Whay HR, Murrell JC. The influence of various confounding factors on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the donkey. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:421-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lizarraga I, Castillo-Alcala F. Sedative and mechanical hypoalgesic effects of butorphanol in xylazine-premedicated donkeys. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:308-12. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Lizarraga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - F. Castillo-Alcala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Senior
- Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
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Abstract
Euthanasia of stranded large whales poses logistic, safety, pharmaceutical, delivery, public relations, and disposal challenges. Reasonable arguments may be made for allowing a stranded whale to expire naturally. However, slow cardiovascular collapse from gravitational effects outside of neutral buoyancy, often combined with severely debilitating conditions, motivate humane efforts to end the animal's suffering. The size of the animal and prevailing environmental conditions often pose safety concerns for stranding personnel, which take priority over other considerations. When considering chemical euthanasia, the size of the animal also necessitates large quantities of euthanasia agents. Drug residues are a concern for relay toxicity to scavengers, particularly for pentobarbital-containing euthanasia solutions. Pentobarbital is also an environmental concern because of its stability and long persistence in aquatic environments. We describe a euthanasia technique for stranded mysticetes using readily available, relatively inexpensive, preanesthetic and anesthetic drugs (midazolam, acepromazine, xylazine) followed by saturated KCl delivered via custom-made needles and a low-cost, basic, pressurized canister. This method provides effective euthanasia while moderating personnel exposure to hazardous situations and minimizing drug residues of concern for relay toxicity.
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22
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Lizarraga I, Janovyak E. Comparison of the mechanical hypoalgesic effects of five α2
-adrenoceptor agonists in donkeys. Vet Rec 2013; 173:294. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Lizarraga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; P.O. Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - E. Janovyak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine; P.O. Box 334 Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
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