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Li S, Li Q, Cao J, Qu G, Jiang W. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides novel insights into the difference in textural alteration between mealy and crisp apple patterns. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112941. [PMID: 37254365 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mealiness is a common textural deterioration of several fruit after harvest. To unravel the underlying mechanism involved in mealiness, biochemical characterization and global transcriptomic profiling were comparatively performed between mealy 'Hongjiangjun' (HJJ) and crisp 'Fuji' apples. Sensory evaluation and SEM-based microstructure observation showed that HJJ apples appeared to be mealy in only 3 d at 23 ± 1 °C, while Fuji apples did not appear to be mealy even after 28 d of storage. Textural deterioration and ethylene burst occurred more sharply in HJJ apples than in Fuji apples during storage. The results obtained from the dimensional RNA-sequencing analysis showed that a much stronger upregulation of the transcription of genes encoding polygalacturonase (PG), pectin acetylesterase (PAE), pectinesterase (PE), β-galactosidase (GAL), α-l-arabinofuranase (AF), and expansin (EXP) was observed in the pair of mealy HJJ apples vs. harvest than in the pair of Fuji apples after 28 d vs. harvest. The gene expression of ethylene responsive factor (ERF) was found to be strongly upregulated in HJJ apples compared with Fuji apples, which may mediate the regulation of downstream genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that the transcription factors MdbHLH63 and MdERF-like, and a constructure gene of MdGAL had strong connectivity with mealiness. Validation by qRT-PCR further confirmed the main findings obtained by RNA-sequencing. The occurrence of apple mealiness involves altered expression patterns of cell wall-modifying enzymes as well as MdbHLH63 and MdERF-like, which are core genes regulating the mealiness process. The above findings provide global insight into the difference in textural alteration between mealy and crisp apple patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17, Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17, Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, PR China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Jiankang Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17, Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Guiqin Qu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17, Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Weibo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17, Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, PR China
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Xu S, Dong Q, Deng M, Lin D, Xiao J, Cheng P, Xing L, Niu Y, Gao C, Zhang W, Xu Y, Chong K. The vernalization-induced long non-coding RNA VAS functions with the transcription factor TaRF2b to promote TaVRN1 expression for flowering in hexaploid wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1525-1538. [PMID: 34052392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Vernalization is a physiological process in which prolonged cold exposure establishes flowering competence in winter plants. In hexaploid wheat, TaVRN1 is a cold-induced key regulator that accelerates floral transition. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the gradual activation of TaVRN1 during the vernalization process remains unknown. In this study, we identified the novel transcript VAS (TaVRN1 alternative splicing) as a non-coding RNA derived from the sense strand of the TaVRN1 gene only in winter wheat, which regulates TaVRN1 transcription for flowering. VAS was induced during the early period of vernalization, and its overexpression promoted TaVRN1 expression to accelerate flowering in winter wheat. VAS physically associates with TaRF2b and facilitates docking of the TaRF2b-TaRF2a complex at the TaVRN1 promoter during the middle period of vernalization. TaRF2b recognizes the Sp1 motif within the TaVRN1 proximal promoter region, which is gradually exposed along with the disruption of a loop structure at the TaVRN1 locus during vernalization, to activate the transcription of TaVRN1. The tarf2b mutants exhibited delayed flowering, whereas transgenic wheat lines overexpressing TaRF2b showed earlier flowering. Taken together, our data reveal a distinct regulatory mechanism by which a long non-coding RNA facilitates the transcription factor targeting to regulate wheat flowering, providing novel insights into the vernalization process and a potential target for wheat genetic improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Deng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dexing Lin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS-JIC Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peilei Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lijing Xing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuda Niu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Caixia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Genome Editing, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yunyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Kang Chong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Induction of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds enhances seed dormancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17225-9. [PMID: 21969557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112151108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Full understanding of mechanisms that control seed dormancy and germination remains elusive. Whereas it has been proposed that translational control plays a predominant role in germination, other studies suggest the importance of specific gene expression patterns in imbibed seeds. Transgenic plants were developed to permit conditional expression of a gene encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 6 (NCED6), a rate-limiting enzyme in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, using the ecdysone receptor-based plant gene switch system and the ligand methoxyfenozide. Induction of NCED6 during imbibition increased ABA levels more than 20-fold and was sufficient to prevent seed germination. Germination suppression was prevented by fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis. In another study, induction of the NCED6 gene in transgenic seeds of nondormant mutants tt3 and tt4 reestablished seed dormancy. Furthermore, inducing expression of NCED6 during seed development suppressed vivipary, precocious germination of developing seeds. These results indicate that expression of a hormone metabolism gene in seeds can be a sole determinant of dormancy. This study opens the possibility of developing a robust technology to suppress or promote seed germination through engineering pathways of hormone metabolism.
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