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Cai S, Pang WW, Low YL, Sim LW, Sam SC, Bruntraeger MB, Wong EQ, Fok D, Broekman BFP, Singh L, Richmond J, Agarwal P, Qiu A, Saw SM, Yap F, Godfrey KM, Gluckman PD, Chong YS, Meaney MJ, Kramer MS, Rifkin-Graboi A. Infant feeding effects on early neurocognitive development in Asian children. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:326-36. [PMID: 25646330 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.095414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding has been shown to enhance global measures of intelligence in children. However, few studies have examined associations between breastfeeding and specific cognitive task performance in the first 2 y of life, particularly in an Asian population. OBJECTIVE We assessed associations between early infant feeding and detailed measures of cognitive development in the first 2 y of life in healthy Asian children born at term. DESIGN In a prospective cohort study, neurocognitive testing was performed in 408 healthy children (aged 6, 18, and 24 mo) from uncomplicated pregnancies (i.e., birth weight >2500 and <4000 g, gestational age ≥37 wk, and 5-min Apgar score ≥9). Tests included memory (deferred imitation, relational binding, habituation) and attention tasks (visual expectation, auditory oddball) as well as the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III). Children were stratified into 3 groups (low, intermediate, and high) on the basis of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. RESULTS After potential confounding variables were controlled for, significant associations and dose-response relations were observed for 4 of the 15 tests. Higher breastfeeding exposure was associated with better memory at 6 mo, demonstrated by greater preferential looking toward correctly matched items during early portions of a relational memory task (i.e., relational binding task: P-trend = 0.015 and 0.050 for the first two 1000-ms time bins, respectively). No effects of breastfeeding were observed at 18 mo. At 24 mo, breastfed children were more likely to display sequential memory during a deferred imitation memory task (P-trend = 0.048), and toddlers with more exposure to breastfeeding scored higher in receptive language [+0.93 (0.23, 1.63) and +1.08 (0.10, 2.07) for intermediate- and high-breastfeeding groups, respectively, compared with the low-breastfeeding group], as well as expressive language [+0.58 (-0.06, 1.23) and +1.22 (0.32, 2.12) for intermediate- and high-breastfeeding groups, respectively] assessed via the BSID-III. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest small but significant benefits of breastfeeding for some aspects of memory and language development in the first 2 y of life, with significant improvements in only 4 of 15 indicators. Whether the implicated processes confer developmental advantages is unknown and represents an important area for future research. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirong Cai
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wei Wei Pang
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yen Ling Low
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lit Wee Sim
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Suet Chian Sam
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michaela Bianka Bruntraeger
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eric Qinlong Wong
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Doris Fok
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Birit F P Broekman
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Leher Singh
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jenny Richmond
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pratibha Agarwal
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anqi Qiu
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fabian Yap
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael J Meaney
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael S Kramer
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne Rifkin-Graboi
- From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SC, WWP, DF, Y-SC, and MSK) and Psychological Medicine (BFPB), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; the Departments of Psychology (LS) and Biomedical Engineering and Clinical Imaging Research Centre (AQ); and the Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SMS), National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore; the Abbott Nutrition Research and Development Asia-Pacific Center, Singapore (YLL); the Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore (LWS, SCS, MBB, EQW, AQ, BFPB, PDG, Y-SC, MJM, and AR-G); the School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (JR); the Departments of Neonatology (PA) and Pediatrics (FY), Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; the Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK (KMG); Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (PDG); and the Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health (MSK), Pediatrics (MSK), and Psychiatry and Neurology and Neurosurgery (MJM), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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