1
|
Coburn PI, Dogra KK, Rai IK, Bernstein DM. The Trajectory of Targets and Critical Lures in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott Paradigm: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718818. [PMID: 34925128 PMCID: PMC8677658 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm has been used extensively to examine false memory. During the study session, participants learn lists of semantically related items (e.g., pillow, blanket, tired, bed), referred to as targets. Critical lures are items which are also associated with the lists but are intentionally omitted from study (e.g., sleep). At test, when asked to remember targets, participants often report false memories for critical lures. Findings from experiments using the DRM show the ease with which false memories develop in the absence of suggestion or misinformation. Given this, it is important to examine factors which influence the generalizability of the findings. One important factor is the persistence of false memory, or how long false memories last. Therefore, we conducted a systemic review to answer this research question: What is the persistence of false memory for specific items in the DRM paradigm? To help answer this question our review had two research objectives: (1) to examine the trajectory of target memory and false memory for critical lures and (2) to examine whether memory for targets exceeded false memory for critical lures. We included empirical articles which tested memory for the same DRM lists with at least two testing sessions. We discuss the results with respect to single-session delays, long-term memory recall and recognition, remember and know judgments for memory, and the effect of development, valence, warning, and connectivity on the trajectory of memory. Overall, the trajectory of targets showed a relatively consistent pattern of decrease across delay. The trajectory of critical lures was inconsistent. The proportion of targets versus critical lures across delay was also inconsistent. Despite the inconsistencies, we conclude that targets and critical lures have a dissimilar trajectory across delay and that critical lures are more persistent than targets. The findings with respect to long-term recall and recognition are consistent with both Fuzzy Trace Theory and Associative-Activation Theory of the DRM effect. The generation of false memory with brief delays (3-4 s) is better explained by Associative-Activation Theory. Examining the connectivity between target items, and critical lures, and the effect that has during study and retrieval, can provide insight into the persistence of false memory for critical lures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia I Coburn
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Kirandeep K Dogra
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Iarenjit K Rai
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel M Bernstein
- Department of Psychology, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McGuire KL. Methods of Exploring Related-Meaning-Based False Memories. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2021.1976782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Although false memories have largely been examined with the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, little research has focused on the semantic context in which associates are encoded. Across three experiments, we varied semantic context during a sentence-processing task with DRM associates embedded within sentences. More meaningful sentences resulted in greater memory errors (Experiment 1). Furthermore, providing contextual information to discriminate old from new items did not reduce false alarms relative to encoding words in isolation when sentences converged on the meaning of the critical lure (Experiment 2), and actually increased memory errors (Experiment 3). These results suggest that semantic context that allows for meaningful relational processing of items within-lists and that converge on the semantic meaning of the critical lure increases the likelihood that the list theme is identified, resulting in more errors at test.
Collapse
|
4
|
Is it all in the details? Description content and false recognition errors. Cogn Process 2020; 21:185-196. [PMID: 31902019 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-019-00945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments, we examined the effect of embellished content on memory errors for thematically related items as well as whether an encoding manipulation, specifically instructions to visualize content, further affects those errors. Using a modified Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, participants listened to subsets of DRM items embedded within scene descriptions. Some descriptions embellished item connections, weaving them into cohesive scenes. Other descriptions only made general reference to scenes, mentioning the items in list-like format. Listening to more detailed descriptions, compared to general scene references, elicited higher false recognition errors (Experiments 1 and 3). However, when description details varied within the same encoding series, as expected, false recognition errors did not differ significantly (Experiments 2 and 3). Results further suggest that more detailed content was more vividly imagined, providing one possible mechanism for increases in false recognition (Experiment 3). Implications for theoretical discussions of encoding task effects on false recognition errors are discussed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Age differences in false memories for visual scenes and the effect of prior recall. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/prp.2019.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated age differences in false memory for visual scenes and the effect of immediate recall on subsequent recognition. Eighty children (7–9 years), 74 adolescents (14–16 years), 92 young adults (19–26 years) and 82 older adults (50–80 years) studied four visual scenes and then took a recognition test after either a free-recall task or a filler task. Results showed an age-related decline in false recognition for visual scenes, but this trend was eliminated when participants were asked to free-recall before recognition. Prior recall decreased false recognition in children, but increased false recognition in older adults. Across the lifespan, adolescents had the loosest criterion, children had the lowest false recall, and prior recall increased true recognition in older adults.
Collapse
|
6
|
Memory Accuracy and Errors: the Effects of Collaborative Encoding on Long-Term Retention. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) provides well-researched scientific principles that explain worrisome forms of false memory in the law. False memories are of great legal concern because memory reports are frequently the evidence that determines guilt/innocence and are sometimes the only evidence that crimes have been committed. FTT’s principles reveal errors in commonsense theories that jurors use to judge the credibility of witnesses’ memory reports. This science versus commonsense disconnect is salient in cases involving child witnesses, eyewitness identifications, and confessions. The consequences of this disconnect for justice could be ameliorated by a simple change in federal rules of evidence.
Collapse
|
8
|
Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF, Holliday RE. Developmental reversals in false memory: Development is complementary, not compensatory. Dev Psychol 2018; 54:1773-1784. [PMID: 30070546 PMCID: PMC6110964 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the 1st example of a true complementarity effect in memory development-a situation in which memory for the same event simultaneously becomes more and less accurate between early childhood and adulthood. We investigated this paradoxical effect because fuzzy-trace theory predicts that it can occur in paradigms that produce developmental reversals in false memory, which are circumstances in which adults are more likely than children to remember new events as old. The complementarity prediction is this: If subjects separately judge whether those same events are new but similar to old ones, adults will be more accurate than children, even though adults are less accurate when they judge whether the items are old. We report 4 experiments in which children (6- and 10-year-olds), adolescents (14-year-olds), and adults encoded the modal developmental reversal materials: Deese-Roediger-McDermott lists. Then, they responded to memory tests on which half the subjects judged whether test items were old and half judged whether the same items were new-similar. The paradoxical complementarity effect was detected in all experiments: The tendency to falsely remember new-similar items as being old increased with development, but so did the tendency to correctly remember them as being new-similar. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
In prior work on how true and false memory are influenced by emotion, valence and arousal have often been conflated. Thus, it is difficult to say which specific effects are caused by valence and which are caused by arousal. In the present research, we used a picture-memory paradigm that allowed emotional valence to be manipulated with arousal held constant. Negatively valenced pictures elevated both true and false memory, relative to positive and neutral pictures. Conjoint recognition modeling revealed that negative valence (a) reduced erroneous suppression of true memories and (b) increased the familiarity of the semantic content of both true and false memories. Overall, negative valence impaired the verbatim side of episodic memory but enhanced the gist side, and these effects persisted even after a week-long delay. (PsycINFO Database Record
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Bookbinder
- Department of Human Development and Institute of Human Neuroscience, Cornell University
| | - C J Brainerd
- Department of Human Development and Institute of Human Neuroscience, Cornell University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reyna VF, Corbin JC, Weldon RB, Brainerd CJ. How Fuzzy-Trace Theory Predicts True and False Memories for Words, Sentences, and Narratives. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2016; 5:1-9. [PMID: 27042402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fuzzy-trace theory posits independent verbatim and gist memory processes, a distinction that has implications for such applied topics as eyewitness testimony. This distinction between precise, literal verbatim memory and meaning-based, intuitive gist accounts for memory paradoxes including dissociations between true and false memory, false memories outlasting true memories, and developmental increases in false memory. We provide an overview of fuzzy-trace theory, and, using mathematical modeling, also present results demonstrating verbatim and gist memory in true and false recognition of narrative sentences and inferences. Results supported fuzzy-trace theory's dual-process view of memory: verbatim memory was relied on to reject meaning-consistent, but unpresented, sentences (via recollection rejection). However, verbatim memory was often not retrieved, and gist memory supported acceptance of these sentences (via similarity judgment and phantom recollection). Thus, mathematical models of words can be extended to explain memory for complex stimuli, such as narratives, the kind of memory interrogated in law.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bays RB, Foley MA. Autobiographical Elaboration and the DRM Illusion: Investigating the Content and Process of Lure Activations. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Ann Foley
- Department of Psychology; Skidmore College; Saratoga Springs NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Van Bergen P, Wall J, Salmon K. The good, the bad, and the neutral: The influence of emotional valence on young children's recall. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Price HL, Phenix TL. True (but not false) memories are subject to retrieval-induced forgetting in children. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 133:1-15. [PMID: 25725455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Veridical and false memories of children aged 6 to 15 years were studied in two experiments with the retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm. Using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory word lists, children's reports of true, but not false, memories showed evidence of retrieval-induced forgetting. These differences were observed across delays as long as 2 days following word list presentation. The lack of observation of retrieval-induced forgetting in children's false memories provides evidence that a key assumption in the theory of retrieval-induced forgetting, cue independence, might not consistently apply. These experiments underscore the need for both practical and theoretically motivated study of true and false memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Price
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Thomas L Phenix
- Campion College at the University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McGuire K, London K, Wright DB. Developmental Trends in False Memory Across Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A Comparison of DRM and Memory Conformity Paradigms. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine McGuire
- Department of Psychology; Western Illinois University; Macomb IL USA
| | - Kamala London
- Department of Psychology; University of Toledo; Toledo OH USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bruer KC, Pozzulo JD. Familiarity and recall memory for environments: A comparison of children and adults. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Otgaar H, Howe ML, Peters M, Smeets T, Moritz S. The production of spontaneous false memories across childhood. J Exp Child Psychol 2014; 121:28-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
17
|
Miller HL, Odegard TN, Allen G. Evaluating information processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The case for Fuzzy Trace Theory. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
18
|
Del Prete F, Mirandola C, Konishi M, Cornoldi C, Ghetti S. Paradoxical Effects of Warning in the Production of Children's False Memories. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2012.721036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
19
|
Otgaar H, Howe ML, Peters M, Sauerland M, Raymaekers L. Developmental trends in different types of spontaneous false memories: implications for the legal field. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2013; 31:666-682. [PMID: 23839901 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In an emerging area of memory research, it is becoming apparent that one particular type of false memory, called spontaneous false memory, follows a developmental trajectory that is the opposite of what is commonly assumed in false memory research - that is, spontaneous false memories are more likely to occur in adults than in children. The present study focused on developmental trends of different types of spontaneous false memories. Specifically, in the current study, 6-8 year-olds, 10-12 year-olds, and adults were presented with two methods to induce spontaneous false memories: (i) semantically related word lists that are commonly used to evoke spontaneous false memories [i.e, Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm]; and (ii) a video in which related details were not shown but were presented during a recognition task. The results showed that children were more likely to form false memories than adults in the video false memory paradigm, whereas DRM false memories were more evident in adults than in children. Furthermore, we found that on a general level, DRM false memories were positively related to video spontaneous false memories. We explain that stimuli that contain obvious themes attenuate or even reverse developmental trends in spontaneous false memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Otgaar
- Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Paz-Alonso PM, Ghetti S, Ramsay I, Solomon M, Yoon J, Carter CS, Ragland JD. Semantic processes leading to true and false memory formation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 147:320-5. [PMID: 23623175 PMCID: PMC3679292 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Encoding semantic relationships between items on word lists (semantic processing) enhances true memories, but also increases memory distortions. Episodic memory impairments in schizophrenia (SZ) are strongly driven by failures to process semantic relations, but the exact nature of these relational semantic processing deficits is not well understood. Here, we used a false memory paradigm to investigate the impact of implicit and explicit semantic processing manipulations on episodic memory in SZ. Thirty SZ and 30 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) studied Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) lists of semantically associated words. Half of the lists had strong implicit semantic associations and the remainder had low strength associations. Similarly, half of the lists were presented under "standard" instructions and the other half under explicit "relational processing" instructions. After study, participants performed recall and old/new recognition tests composed of targets, critical lures, and unrelated lures. HC exhibited higher true memories and better discriminability between true and false memory compared to SZ. High, versus low, associative strength increased false memory rates in both groups. However, explicit "relational processing" instructions positively improved true memory rates only in HC. Finally, true and false memory rates were associated with severity of disorganized and negative symptoms in SZ. These results suggest that reduced processing of semantic relationships during encoding in SZ may stem from an inability to implement explicit relational processing strategies rather than a fundamental deficit in the implicit activation and retrieval of word meanings from patients' semantic lexicon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Paz-Alonso
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California at Davis, CA, USA,Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Dr. Ragland, Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. Tel: +1 916-734-5802, fax: +1 916-734-8750,
| | - Simona Ghetti
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California at Davis, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ian Ramsay
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jong Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Cameron S. Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - J. Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Dr. Ragland, Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California at Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. Tel: +1 916-734-5802, fax: +1 916-734-8750,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Swannell ER, Dewhurst SA. Effects of Presentation Format and List Length on Children's False Memories. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2011.638689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
22
|
Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF. Reliability of Children's Testimony in the Era of Developmental Reversals. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2012; 32:224-267. [PMID: 23139439 PMCID: PMC3489002 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A hoary assumption of the law is that children are more prone to false-memory reports than adults, and hence, their testimony is less reliable than adults'. Since the 1980s, that assumption has been buttressed by numerous studies that detected declines in false memory between early childhood and young adulthood under controlled conditions. Fuzzy-trace theory predicted reversals of this standard developmental pattern in circumstances that are directly relevant to testimony because they involve using the gist of experience to remember events. That prediction has been investigated during the past decade, and a large number of experiments have been published in which false memories have indeed been found to increase between early childhood and young adulthood. Further, experimentation has tied age increases in false memory to improvements in children's memory for semantic gist. According to current scientific evidence, the principle that children's testimony is necessarily more infected with false memories than adults' and that, other things being equal, juries should regard adult's testimony as necessarily more faithful to actual events is untenable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Brainerd
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dewhurst SA, Howe ML, Berry DM, Knott LM. Test-induced priming increases false recognition in older but not younger children. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 111:101-7. [PMID: 21908005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of test-induced priming on false recognition was investigated in children aged 5, 7, 9, and 11 years using lists of semantic associates, category exemplars, and phonological associates. In line with effects previously observed in adults, nine- and eleven-year-olds showed increased levels of false recognition when critical lures were preceded by four studied items. This pattern was present with all three list types. In contrast, no effects of test-induced priming were observed in five- or seven-year-olds with any list type. The results also support those of previous studies in showing a developmental shift from phonological to semantic false memories. The findings are discussed in terms of current theories of children's false memories.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
In the study of false memory, developmental research on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion has played a pivotal role in theory evaluation and forensic application. The extensive developmental DRM literature (55 experiments published in English-language journals) provided the first clear evidence that false memories can increase dramatically from early childhood onward, whereas traditional ideas about cognitive development predict steady declines. Similar increases have recently been reported in false memory for complex, realistic life events, using forensically oriented paradigms. Age improvements in the ability to connect meaning across words have been found to be necessary and sufficient for developmental increases in the DRM illusion. When the data of developmental DRM studies are combined with parallel findings from forensically oriented paradigms, the result is an existence proof that a principle used by the law to evaluate children's evidence is mistaken. According to that principle, children's versions of events are always more likely to be infected with false memories than those of adults, and hence, juries should give more weight to adults' versions of events.
Collapse
|
25
|
Using story contexts to bias children’s true and false memories. J Exp Child Psychol 2011; 108:77-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
26
|
Foley MA, Foy J, Schlemmer E, Belser-Ehrlich J. Imagery encoding and false recognition errors: Examining the role of imagery process and imagery content on source misattributions. Memory 2010; 18:801-21. [PMID: 20924947 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2010.509731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Imagery encoding effects on source-monitoring errors were explored using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm in two experiments. While viewing thematically related lists embedded in mixed picture/word presentations, participants were asked to generate images of objects or words (Experiment 1) or to simply name the items (Experiment 2). An encoding task intended to induce spontaneous images served as a control for the explicit imagery instruction conditions (Experiment 1). On the picture/word source-monitoring tests, participants were much more likely to report "seeing" a picture of an item presented as a word than the converse particularly when images were induced spontaneously. However, this picture misattribution error was reversed after generating images of words (Experiment 1) and was eliminated after simply labelling the items (Experiment 2). Thus source misattributions were sensitive to the processes giving rise to imagery experiences (spontaneous vs deliberate), the kinds of images generated (object vs word images), and the ways in which materials were presented (as pictures vs words).
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang M, Geng H. The adaptive characteristics of memory: A perspective from the life-span development of associative memory illusion. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-3133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Wimmer MC, Howe ML. Are children's memory illusions created differently from those of adults? Evidence from levels-of-processing and divided attention paradigms. J Exp Child Psychol 2010; 107:31-49. [PMID: 20417937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, we investigated the robustness and automaticity of adults' and children's generation of false memories by using a levels-of-processing paradigm (Experiment 1) and a divided attention paradigm (Experiment 2). The first experiment revealed that when information was encoded at a shallow level, true recognition rates decreased for all ages. For false recognition, when information was encoded on a shallow level, we found a different pattern for young children compared with that for older children and adults. False recognition rates were related to the overall amount of correctly remembered information for 7-year-olds, whereas no such association was found for the other age groups. In the second experiment, divided attention decreased true recognition for all ages. In contrast, children's (7- and 11-year-olds) false recognition rates were again dependent on the overall amount of correctly remembered information, whereas adults' false recognition was left unaffected. Overall, children's false recognition rates changed when levels of processing or divided attention was manipulated in comparison with adults. Together, these results suggest that there may be both quantitative and qualitative changes in false memory rates with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Wimmer
- Centre for Research in Human Development, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lyons KE, Ghetti S, Cornoldi C. Age differences in the contribution of recollection and familiarity to false-memory formation: a new paradigm to examine developmental reversals. Dev Sci 2010; 13:355-62. [PMID: 20136932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
The development of automatic associative processes and children’s false memories. J Exp Child Psychol 2009; 104:447-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
31
|
Imagery encoding effects on memory in the DRM paradigm: A test of competing predictions. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.1516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
32
|
Ghetti S, Castelli P, Lyons KE. Knowing about not remembering: developmental dissociations in lack-of-memory monitoring. Dev Sci 2009; 13:611-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
Damme IV, d'Ydewalle G. Memory loss versus memory distortion: The role of encoding and retrieval deficits in Korsakoff patients’ false memories. Memory 2009; 17:349-66. [DOI: 10.1080/09658210802680349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
34
|
|
35
|
Ben-Artzi E, Faust M, Moeller E. Hemispheric asymmetries in discourse processing: Evidence from false memories for lists and texts. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:430-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
36
|
Plancher G, Nicolas S, Piolino P. Influence of suggestion in the DRM paradigm: What state of consciousness is associated with false memory? Conscious Cogn 2008; 17:1114-22. [PMID: 18835190 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
37
|
|