1
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Oxytocin attenuates racial categorization in 14-month-old infants. Infant Behav Dev 2023; 71:101824. [PMID: 36863244 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Intergroup bias - the preferential attitudes one holds towards one's social group - is a ubiquitous socio-cognitive phenomenon. In fact, studies show that already in the first months of life, infants manifest a preference for members of their own social group. This points to the possibility of inborn mechanisms involved in social group cognition. Here we assess the effect of a biological activation of infants' affiliative motivation on their social categorization capacity. In a first visit to the lab, mothers self-administered either Oxytocin (OT) or placebo (PL) via a nasal spray and then engaged in a face-to-face interaction with their 14-month-old infants, a procedure previously shown to increase OT levels in infants. Infants then performed a racial categorization task presented on an eye-tracker. Mothers and infants returned a week later and repeated the procedure while self-administering the complementary substance (i.e., PL or OT, respectively). In total, 24 infants completed the two visits. We found that whereas infants in the PL condition on the first visit exhibited racial categorization, infants in the OT condition in their first visit did not. Moreover, these patterns remained a week later despite the change in substance. Thus, OT inhibited racial categorization when infants first encountered the to-be-categorized faces. These findings highlight the role of affiliative motivation in social categorization, and suggest that the neurobiology of affiliation may provide insights on mechanisms that may be involved in the downstream prejudicial consequences of intergroup bias.
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2
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Schaller P, Caldara R, Richoz AR. Prosopagnosia does not abolish other-race effects. Neuropsychologia 2023; 180:108479. [PMID: 36623806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Healthy observers recognize more accurately same-than other-race faces (i.e., the Same-Race Recognition Advantage - SRRA) but categorize them by race more slowly than other-race faces (i.e., the Other-Race Categorization Advantage - ORCA). Several fMRI studies reported discrepant bilateral activations in the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) and Occipital Face Area (OFA) correlating with both effects. However, due to the very nature and limits of fMRI results, whether these face-sensitive regions play an unequivocal causal role in those other-race effects remains to be clarified. To this aim, we tested PS, a well-studied pure case of acquired prosopagnosia with lesions encompassing the left FFA and the right OFA. PS, healthy age-matched and young adults performed two recognition and three categorization by race tasks, respectively using Western Caucasian and East Asian faces normalized for their low-level properties with and without-external features, as well as in naturalistic settings. As expected, PS was slower and less accurate than the controls. Crucially, however, the magnitudes of her SRRA and ORCA were comparable to the controls in all the tasks. Our data show that prosopagnosia does not abolish other-race effects, as an intact face system, the left FFA and/or right OFA are not critical for eliciting the SRRA and ORCA. Race is a strong visual and social signal that is encoded in a large neural face-sensitive network, robustly tuned for processing same-race faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Schaller
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Raphaëlle Richoz
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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3
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Lee KJJ, Setoh P. The developmental trajectories of racial categorization and explicit racial biases in Singapore. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 229:103694. [PMID: 35939973 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the development of racial categorization and explicit racial biases in Singaporean Chinese preschoolers (N = 73). Three- to six-year-olds were found to be generally adept at categorizing novel faces by race and displayed significant improvements in their racial categorization abilities at six years old. Additionally, the strength of children's racial preferences varied along the developmental trajectory. While three- and four-year-olds did not exhibit own-race preferences, five- and six-year-olds preferred to befriend own-race children and preferentially assigned desirable jobs to own-race adults. None of the age groups, however, displayed preferences for either race when assigning undesirable jobs to adults, pointing to an absence of negative outgroup bias from three to six years old. Lastly, children who were better able to categorize novel faces by race also showed stronger tendencies to assign undesirable jobs to other-race adults and thus stronger outgroup negativity. Together, our findings suggest that ingroup positivity precedes outgroup negativity, and that racial categorization plays an important role in the development of negative outgroup bias, hence providing further support for developmental theories on intergroup bias formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J J Lee
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Peipei Setoh
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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4
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St. Pierre T, White KS, Johnson EK. Experimenter identity: An invisible, lurking variable in developmental research. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas St. Pierre
- Department of Psychology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth K. Johnson
- Department of Psychology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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5
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Neoh MJY, Setoh P, Bizzego A, Tandiono M, Foo JN, Lee A, Bornstein MH, Esposito G. Gene-Environment Interactions in Face Categorization: Oxytocin Receptor Genotype x Childcare Experience Shortens Reaction Time. Front Psychol 2022; 13:873676. [PMID: 35756198 PMCID: PMC9222134 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human faces capture attention, provide information about group belonging, and elicit automatic prepared responses. Early experiences with other-race faces play a critical role in acquiring face expertise, but the exact mechanism through which early experience exerts its influence is still to be elucidated. Genetic factors and a multi-ethnic context are likely involved, but their specific influences have not been explored. This study investigated how oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) genotypes and childcare experience interacted to regulate face categorization in adults. Information about single nucleotide polymorphisms of OXTR (rs53576) and experiences with own- and other-race child caregivers was collected from 89 Singaporean adults, who completed a visual categorization task with own- versus other-race faces. Participants were grouped into A/A homozygotes and G carriers and assigned a score to account for their type of child caregiver experience. A multivariate linear regression model was used to estimate the effect of genetic group, child caregiver experience, and their interaction on categorization reaction time. A significant interaction of genetic group and child caregiver experience (t = 2.48, p = 0.015), as well as main effects of both genetic group (t = −2.17, p = 0.033) and child caregiver experience (t = −4.29, p < 0.001) emerged. Post-hoc analysis revealed that the correlation between categorization reaction time and child caregiver experience was significantly different between the two genetic groups. A significant gene x environment interaction on face categorization appears to represent an indirect pathway through which genes and experiences interact to shape mature social sensitivity to faces in human adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Jin Yee Neoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peipei Setoh
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Bizzego
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Moses Tandiono
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Albert Lee
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc H Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, United Kingdom.,UNICEF, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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6
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Sullivan J, Wilton L, Apfelbaum EP. How age and race affect the frequency, timing, and content of conversations about race with children. Child Dev 2022; 93:633-652. [PMID: 35587879 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anti-racist efforts require talking with children about race. The present work tested the predictors of U.S. adults' (N = 441; 52% female; 32% BIPOC participants; Mage = 35 years) conversations about race with children across two timepoints in 2019. Approximately 60% of adult participants talked to their children (3-12 years) about race during the preceding week; only 29% talked to other adults about race during the same period. This paper describes the content and predictors of conversations about race, revealing how conversations differ depending on the participant's race, a child's age, and whether the conversation occurs with children or another adult. These data have important implications for theorizing about when, why, and how adults actually talk about race with children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Leigh Wilton
- Department of Psychology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Evan P Apfelbaum
- Boston University, Questrom School of Business, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Kawakami K, Friesen JP, Fang X. Perceiving ingroup and outgroup faces within and across nations. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:551-574. [PMID: 35383905 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human face is arguably the most important of all social stimuli because it provides so much valuable information about others. Therefore, one critical factor for successful social communication is the ability to process faces. In general, a wide body of social cognitive research has demonstrated that perceivers are better at extracting information from their own-race compared to other-race faces and that these differences can be a barrier to positive cross-race relationships. The primary objective of the present paper was to provide an overview of how people process faces in diverse contexts, focusing on racial ingroup and outgroup members within one nation and across nations. To achieve this goal, we first broadly describe social cognitive research on categorization processes related to ingroups vs. outgroups. Next, we briefly examine two prominent mechanisms (experience and motivation) that have been used to explain differences in recognizing facial identities and identifying emotions when processing ingroup and outgroup racial faces within nations. Then, we explore research in this domain across nations and cultural explanations, such as norms and practices, that supplement the two proposed mechanisms. Finally, we propose future cross-cultural research that has the potential to help us better understand the role of these key mechanisms in processing ingroup and outgroup faces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xia Fang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Azulay H, Guy N, Shalev I, Pertzov Y, Israel S. Social evaluation under stress: Does acute stress affect social attributions and eye gaze? COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 8:100093. [PMID: 35757674 PMCID: PMC9216653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute stress has been found to elicit pro-social, anti-social or null responses in humans. The causes for these contradicting findings are currently poorly understood, and may rise from subjects' characteristics, such as sex or hormonal status, as well as stimuli-based traits, such as group membership. In the current study, 120 subjects performed either the Trier Social Stress Test or a control (non-stress inducing) condition, followed by ranking displayed faces according to several attributes (e.g., trustworthiness, attractiveness, dominance). Participants' eye gaze was also tracked while viewing facial stimuli. We examined how acute stress interacts with participants' sex, female participants' hormonal status (hormonal contraceptives, early-follicular phase and mid-luteal phase), and the observed faces’ social group (ethnicity-based in-group or out-groups). In general, frequentist and Bayesian analyses showed that acute stress exposure did not affect social attributions or gaze behavior, nor did it interact with subjects' sex or the group membership of the observed faces. Interestingly, sub-group analyses showed that in females, acute stress interacted with hormonal status to yield heterogenous anti-social effects, such as post-stress reductions in perceived trustworthiness in the early-follicular phase, and lower perceived attractiveness in the mid-luteal phase. Given the small sample sizes for the sub-groups, these results should be viewed as preliminary until further replicated. Our results highlight the necessity for large-scale studies, particularly in females, to further refine existing theories regarding the nature and contexts by which acute stress elicits changes in social cognition and behavior. Bayesian analysis showed that stress did not broadly affect social attributions. However, females' hormonal status may interact with stress to modulate attributions. Attributions were highly biased against out-group members, regardless of stress. Stress also did not influence patterns of eye gaze to faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar Azulay
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Truman Research Institute, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nitzan Guy
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Idan Shalev
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yoni Pertzov
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Salomon Israel
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Scheinfeld Center of Human Genetics for the Social Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Corresponding author. Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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9
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Abstract
How do humans intuitively understand the structure of their society? How should psychologists study people's commonsense understanding of societal structure? The present chapter seeks to address both of these questions by describing the domain of "intuitive sociology." Drawing primarily from empirical research focused on how young children represent and reason about social groups, we propose that intuitive sociology consists of three core phenomena: social types (the identification of relevant groups and their attributes); social value (the worth of different groups); and social norms (shared expectations for how groups ought to be). After articulating each component of intuitive sociology, we end the chapter by considering both the emergence of intuitive sociology in infancy as well as transitions from intuitive to reflective representations of sociology later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Shutts
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Charles W Kalish
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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10
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Johnson SP, Alt NP, Biosah C, Dong M, Goodale BM, Senturk D, Johnson KL. Development of infants' representation of female and male faces. Vision Res 2021; 184:1-7. [PMID: 33765637 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined development of 5- and 10.5-month-old infants' face representations, focusing on infants' discrimination and categorization of female and male faces. We tested for gender-based preferences and categorization of female and male faces by presenting infants with pairs of faces and then habituating them to a series of majority female or male face ensembles. We then tested for gender preferences with new face pairs (one female and one male; Study 1) or new face ensembles (majority female and majority male; Study 2). We found that both 5- and 10.5-month-old infants discriminated female from male faces in face pairs, and both age groups looked more at female faces during habituation. Neither age group, however, provided evidence of gender-based categorization. We interpret these findings within a theoretical framework that stresses environmental exposure to different social categories, and infants' ability to detect commonalities of features within categories. We conclude that infants' gender-based categorization of faces is constrained by the set of features available in the input.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas P Alt
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Long Beach, United States
| | - Chibuzor Biosah
- Program on Ethics, Politics, and Economics, Yale University, United States
| | - Mingfei Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA, United States
| | | | | | - Kerri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, UCLA, United States; Department of Communication, UCLA, United States
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11
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Ferera M, Pun A, Baron AS, Diesendruck G. The effect of familiarity on infants' social categorization capacity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247710. [PMID: 33661945 PMCID: PMC7932097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that a preference for people from one’s own race emerges early in development. Arguably, one potential process contributing to such a bias has to do with the increased discriminability of own- vs. other-race faces–a process commonly attributed to perceptual narrowing of unfamiliar groups’ faces, and analogous to the conceptual homogenization of out-groups. The present studies addressed two implications of perceptual narrowing of other-race faces for infants’ social categorization capacity. In Experiment 1, White 11-month-olds’ (N = 81) looking time at a Black vs. White face was measured under three between-subjects conditions: a baseline “preference” (i.e., without familiarization), after familiarization to Black faces, or after familiarization to White faces. Compared to infants’ a priori looking preferences as revealed in the baseline condition, only when familiarized to Black faces did infants look longer at the "not-familiarized-category" face at test. According to the standard categorization paradigm used, such longer looking time at the novel (i.e., "not-familiarized-category") exemplar at test, indicated that categorization of the familiarized faces had ensued. This is consistent with the idea that prior to their first birthday, infants already tend to represent own-race faces as individuals and other-race faces as a category. If this is the case, then infants might also be less likely to form subordinate categories within other-race than own-race categories. In Experiment 2, infants (N = 34) distinguished between an arbitrary (shirt-color) based sub-categories only when shirt-wearers were White, but not when they were Black. These findings confirm that perceptual narrowing of other-race faces blurs distinctions among members of unfamiliar categories. Consequently, infants: a) readily categorize other-race faces as being of the same kind, and b) find it hard to distinguish between their sub-categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matar Ferera
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthea Pun
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew Scott Baron
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gil Diesendruck
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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12
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Quinn PC, Balas BJ, Pascalis O. Reorganization in the representation of face-race categories from 6 to 9 months of age: Behavioral and computational evidence. Vision Res 2020; 179:34-41. [PMID: 33285348 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prior research has reported developmental change in how infants represent categories of other-race faces (Developmental Science 19 (2016) 362-371). In particular, Caucasian 6-month-olds were shown to represent African versus Asian face categories, whereas Caucasian 9 month-olds represented different classes of other-race faces in one category, inclusive of African and Asian faces but exclusive of Caucasian faces. The current investigation sought to provide stronger evidence that is convergent with these findings by asking whether infants will generalize looking-time responsiveness from one to another other-race category. In Experiment 1, an experimental group of Caucasian 6-month-olds was familiarized with African (or Asian) faces and then given a novel category preference test with an Asian (or African) face versus a Caucasian face, while a control group of Caucasian 6-month-olds viewed the test faces without prior familiarization. Infants in the experimental group divided attention between the test faces and infants in the control group did not manifest a spontaneous preference. Experiment 2 used the same procedure, but was conducted with Caucasian 9-month-olds. Infants in the experimental group displayed a robust preference for Caucasian faces when considered against the finding that infants in the control group displayed a spontaneous preference for other-race faces. The results offer confirmation that between 6 and 9 months, infants transition to representing own-race versus other-race face categories, with the latter inclusive of multiple other-race face classes with clear perceptual differences. Computational modeling of infant responding suggests that the developmental change is rooted in the statistics of experience with majority versus minority group faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, United States.
| | - Benjamin J Balas
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, United States
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, Universite Grenoble Alpes, France
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13
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Keenan B, Markant J. Differential sensitivity to species- and race-based information in the development of attention orienting and attention holding face biases in infancy. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:461-469. [PMID: 32803776 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Experience-based biases in face processing can reflect both attention orienting biases that support efficient selection of faces from competing stimuli and attention holding biases that allow for detailed encoding of selected faces. It is well established that infants demonstrate both species- and race-based biases in attention holding. Fewer studies have found species-based, but not race-based, orienting biases in infancy but these studies examined species- and race-based biases separately and measured overall orienting without examining attention to distractors. The present study directly compared 6- and 11-month-old infants' species- and race-based biases in attention holding and orienting to faces. We measured infants' duration of looking and frequency/speed of orienting to own-race, other-race, and monkey faces in multi-item search arrays, and their frequency of orienting to faces and distractors during search. Infants showed expected species- and race-based biases in attention holding but only a species-based bias in overall orienting. However, they also showed reduced orienting to salient distractors in the context of own-race faces. These results suggest that orienting mechanisms mediating face selection are robustly driven by species information while orienting to faces versus distractors during search may also reflect prior learning about frequently experienced own-race faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Keenan
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Julie Markant
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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14
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Woo PJ, Quinn PC, Méary D, Lee K, Pascalis O. A developmental investigation of the other-race categorization advantage in a multiracial population: Contrasting social categorization and perceptual expertise accounts. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 197:104870. [PMID: 32563132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Most prior studies of the other-race categorization advantage have been conducted in predominantly monoracial societies. This limitation has left open the question of whether tendencies to more rapidly and accurately categorize other-race faces reflect social categorization (own-race vs. other-race) or perceptual expertise (frequent exposure vs. infrequent exposure). To address this question, we tested Malay and Malaysian Chinese children (9- and 10-year-olds) and adults on (a) own-race faces (i.e., Malay faces for Malay participants and Chinese faces for Malaysian Chinese participants), (b) high-frequency other-race faces (i.e., Chinese faces for Malay participants and Malay faces for Malaysian Chinese participants), and (c) low-frequency other-race faces (i.e., Caucasian faces). Whereas the other-race categorization advantage was in evidence in the accuracy data of Malay adults, other aspects of performance were supportive of either the social categorization or perceptual expertise accounts and were dependent on the race (Malay vs. Chinese) or age (child vs. adult) of the participants. Of particular significance is the finding that Malaysian Chinese children and adults categorized own-race Chinese faces more rapidly than high-frequency other-race Malay faces. Thus, in accord with a perceptual expertise account, the other-race categorization advantage seems to be more an advantage for racial categories of lesser experience regardless of whether these face categories are own-race or other-race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jun Woo
- Department of Psychology, Sunway University, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - David Méary
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC), University of Grenoble-Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Kang Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition (LPNC), University of Grenoble-Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
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15
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Schoenherr JR, Burleigh TJ. Dissociating affective and cognitive dimensions of uncertainty by altering regulatory focus. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 205:103017. [PMID: 32229317 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive uncertainty is evidenced across learning, memory, and decision-making tasks. Uncertainty has also been examined in studies of positive affect and preference by manipulating stimulus presentation frequency. Despite the extensive research in both of these areas, there has been little systematic study into the relationship between affective and cognitive uncertainty. Using a categorization task, the present study examined changes in cognitive and affective uncertainty by manipulating stimulus presentation frequency and processing focus (i.e., promotion v. prevention focus). Following training, participants categorized stimuli and provided ratings of both typicality and negative affect. Results indicated that cognitive uncertainty was influenced by a categorical representation of stimuli whereas affective uncertainty was also influenced by exemplar presentation frequency during training. We additionally found that when the training was framed in terms of the avoidance of errors (i.e., a prevention focus), categorization performance was affected across the stimulus continuum whereas affective ratings remained unchanged.
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16
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Quinn PC, Lee K, Pascalis O. Beyond perceptual development: Infant responding to social categories. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 58:35-61. [PMID: 32169198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A body of research is reviewed that has investigated how infants respond to social category information in faces based on differential experience. Whereas some aspects of behavioral performance (visual preference, discrimination, and scanning) are consistent with traditional models of perceptual development (induction, maintenance, and attunement), other aspects (category formation, association with valence, and selective learning) suggest the need for an account that links perceptual with social-emotional processing. We also consider how responding to social categories in infancy may anticipate subsequent responding to these categories in childhood and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Quinn
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
| | - Kang Lee
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Prunty JE, Jackson KC, Keemink JR, Kelly DJ. Caucasian Infants' Attentional Orienting to Own- and Other-Race Faces. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E53. [PMID: 31963429 PMCID: PMC7016870 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants show preferential attention toward faces and detect faces embedded within complex naturalistic scenes. Newborn infants are insensitive to race, but rapidly develop differential processing of own- and other-race faces. In the present study, we investigated the development of attentional orienting toward own- and other-race faces embedded within naturalistic scenes. Infants aged six-, nine- and twelve-months did not show differences in the speed of orienting to own- and other race faces, but other-race faces held infants' visual attention for longer. We also found a clear developmental progression in attentional capture and holding, with older infants orienting to faces faster and fixating them for longer. Results are interpreted within the context of the two-process model of face processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Prunty
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, UK; (J.E.P.); (J.R.K.)
| | - Kelsey C. Jackson
- Seattle Children’s Innovative Technologies Lab, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA;
| | - Jolie. R. Keemink
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, UK; (J.E.P.); (J.R.K.)
| | - David J. Kelly
- School of Psychology, Keynes College, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NP, UK; (J.E.P.); (J.R.K.)
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18
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Abstract
Social categorization is a universal mechanism for making sense of a vast social world with roots in perceptual, conceptual, and social systems. These systems emerge strikingly early in life and undergo important developmental changes across childhood. The development of social categorization entails identifying which ways of classifying people are culturally meaningful, how these categories might be used to predict, explain, and evaluate the behavior of other people, and how one's own identity relates to these systems of categorization and representation. Social categorization can help children simplify and understand their social environment but has detrimental consequences in the forms of stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Thus, understanding how social categorization develops is a central problem for the cognitive, social, and developmental sciences. This review details the multiple developmental processes that underlie this core psychological capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Andrew Baron
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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19
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Teachers' nonverbal behaviors influence children's stereotypic beliefs. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 188:104671. [PMID: 31476615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current research tested whether differences in teachers' nonverbal behaviors influence children's intergroup attitudes and stereotypic beliefs. In this study, 5- to 8-year-old participants (N = 96) were assigned to novel groups (marked by T-shirt color) and then viewed interactions between teachers and pairs of students who were also members of the novel groups. Across four interactions, the teacher directed positive nonverbal behaviors toward students from one group and directed negative nonverbal behaviors toward students from another group. After viewing the interactions, participants were presented with pairs of new students from the two novel groups and were asked three types of test questions. When participants were asked who was smarter, they selected new students from the group that had received positive nonverbal behaviors regardless of their own group membership. However, when asked who they would like to befriend, only participants who were assigned to the group that received positive behaviors selected ingroup members. On trials where participants were asked to select a partner on an academic task, participants' selections did not differ from chance. This study shows that teachers' nonverbal behaviors may be one source of children's academic stereotypes, including negative stereotypes about groups to which they belong. Moreover, these findings highlight the importance of subtle social cues in guiding children's beliefs about social groups.
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20
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Infants' Individuation of Faces by Gender. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9070163. [PMID: 31373332 PMCID: PMC6680589 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9070163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
By 3 months of age, infants can perceptually distinguish faces based upon differences in gender. However, it is still unknown when infants begin using these perceptual differences to represent faces in a conceptual, kind-based manner. The current study examined this issue by using a violation-of-expectation manual search individuation paradigm to assess 12- and 24-month-old infants’ kind-based representations of faces varying by gender. While infants of both ages successfully individuated human faces from non-face shapes in a control condition, only the 24-month-old infants’ reaching behaviors provided evidence of their individuating male from female faces. The current findings help specify when infants begin to represent male and female faces as being conceptually distinct and may serve as a starting point for socio-cognitive biases observed later in development.
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21
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White H, Jubran R, Heck A, Chroust A, Bhatt RS. Sex-specific scanning in infancy: Developmental changes in the use of face/head and body information. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 182:126-143. [PMID: 30825728 PMCID: PMC6414250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation sought to differentiate between contrasting perspectives of body knowledge development by determining whether infants' adult-like scanning of male and female bodies is dependent on relevant information from the face/head alone, the body alone, or a combination of both sources. Scanning patterns of 3.5-, 6.5-, and 9-month-olds (N = 80) in response to images that contained information relevant to sex classification in either the face/head or the body were examined. The results indicate that sex-specific scanning in the presence of only one source of relevant information (i.e., face/head or body) is present only at 9 months. Thus, although sex-specific scanning of bodies emerges as early as 3.5 months, information from both faces/heads and bodies is required until sometime between 6.5 and 9 months of age. These findings constrain theories of the development of social perception by documenting the complex interplay between body and face/head processing early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah White
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | | | - Alison Heck
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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22
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Dixon KC, Reynolds GD, Romano AC, Roth KC, Stumpe AL, Guy MW, Mosteller SM. Neural correlates of individuation and categorization of other-species faces in infancy. Neuropsychologia 2019; 126:27-35. [PMID: 28986267 PMCID: PMC5882603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate 9-month-old infants' ability to individuate and categorize other-species faces at the subordinate level. We were also interested in examining the effects of initial exposure conditions on infant categorization and individuation processes. Infants were either familiarized with a single monkey face in an individuation procedure or familiarized with multiple exemplars of monkey faces from the same species in a categorization procedure. Event-related potentials were recorded while the infants were presented: familiar faces, novel faces from the familiar species, or novel faces from a novel species. The categorization group categorized monkey faces by species at the subordinate level, whereas the individuation group did not discriminate monkey faces at the individual or subordinate level. These findings indicate initial exposure to multiple exemplars facilitates infant processing of other-species faces, and infants are efficient at subordinate-level categorization at 9 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate C Dixon
- University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; University of Louisville, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | - Greg D Reynolds
- University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Alexandra C Romano
- University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Kelly C Roth
- University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Alexa L Stumpe
- University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Maggie W Guy
- University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Sara M Mosteller
- University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; University of East Anglia, School of Psychology, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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23
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Stavans M, Lin Y, Wu D, Baillargeon R. Catastrophic individuation failures in infancy: A new model and predictions. Psychol Rev 2019; 126:196-225. [PMID: 30550314 PMCID: PMC6600085 DOI: 10.1037/rev0000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of infant findings from the physical-reasoning and object-individuation literatures reveals a contradictory picture. On the one hand, physical-reasoning results indicate that young infants can use featural information to guide their actions on objects and to detect interaction violations (when objects interact in ways that are not physically possible) as well as change violations (when objects spontaneously undergo featural changes that are not physically possible). On the other hand, object-individuation results indicate that young infants typically cannot use featural information to detect individuation violations (when the number of objects revealed at the end of an event is less than the number of objects introduced during the event). In this article, we attempt to reconcile these two bodies of research. In a new model of early individuation, we propose that two systems help infants individuate objects in physical events: the object-file and physical-reasoning systems. Under certain conditions, disagreements between the systems result in catastrophic individuation failures, leading infants to hold no expectation at all about how many objects are present. We report experiments with 9- to 11-month-old infants (N = 216) that tested predictions from the model. After two objects emerged in alternation from behind a screen, infants detected no violation when the screen was lowered to reveal no object. Similarly, after two objects emerged in alternation from inside a box, which was then shaken, infants detected no violation when the box remained silent, as though empty. We end with new directions, suggested by our model, for research on early object representations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Stavans
- Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yi Lin
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Psychology Department, Cedarville University, Cedarville, OH 45314, USA
| | - Renée Baillargeon
- Psychology Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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24
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Quinn PC, Lee K, Pascalis O. Face Processing in Infancy and Beyond: The Case of Social Categories. Annu Rev Psychol 2019; 70:165-189. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prior reviews of infant face processing have emphasized how infants respond to faces in general. This review highlights how infants come to respond differentially to social categories of faces based on differential experience, with a focus on race and gender. We examine six different behaviors: preference, recognition, scanning, category formation, association with emotion, and selective learning. Although some aspects of infant responding to face race and gender may be accounted for by traditional models of perceptual development, other aspects suggest the need for a broader model that links perceptual development with social and emotional development. We also consider how responding to face race and gender in infancy may presage responding to these categories beyond infancy and discuss how social biases favoring own-race and female faces are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2X2, Canada
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
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25
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White H, Jubran R, Chroust A, Heck A, Bhatt RS. Dichotomous Perception of Animal Categories in Infancy. VISUAL COGNITION 2018; 26:764-779. [PMID: 31447601 PMCID: PMC6707735 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2018.1553811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a wealth of knowledge on categorization early in life, there are still many unanswered questions about the nature of category representation in infancy. For example, it is unclear whether infants are sensitive to boundaries between complex categories, such as types of animals, or whether young infants exhibit such sensitivity without explicit experience in the lab. Using a morphing technique, we linearly altered the category composition of images and measured 6.5-month-olds' attention to pairs of animal faces that either did or did not cross the categorical boundary, with the stimuli in each pair being equally dissimilar from one another across the two types of image pairs. Results indicated that infants dichotomize the continua between cats and dogs and between cows and otters, but only when the images are presented in their canonical, upright orientations. These findings demonstrate a propensity to dichotomize early in life that could have implications for social categorizations, such as race and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah White
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044,
| | - Rachel Jubran
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044,
| | - Alyson Chroust
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044,
| | - Alison Heck
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044,
| | - Ramesh S Bhatt
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044,
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26
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White H, Chroust A, Heck A, Jubran R, Galati A, Bhatt RS. Categorical Perception of Facial Emotions in Infancy. INFANCY 2018; 24:139-161. [PMID: 32677204 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Ferera M, Baron AS, Diesendruck G. Collaborative and competitive motivations uniquely impact infants' racial categorization. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Weatherhead D, White KS. And then I saw her race: Race-based expectations affect infants’ word processing. Cognition 2018; 177:87-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Liu S, Quinn PC, Xiao NG, Wu Z, Liu G, Lee K. Relations between scanning and recognition of own- and other-race faces in 6- and 9-month-old infants. Psych J 2018; 7:92-102. [PMID: 29719136 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Infants typically see more own-race faces than other-race faces. Existing evidence shows that this difference in face race experience has profound consequences for face processing: as early as 6 months of age, infants scan own- and other-race faces differently and display superior recognition for own- relative to other-race faces. However, it is unclear whether scanning of own-race faces is related to the own-race recognition advantage in infants. To bridge this gap in the literature, the current study used eye tracking to investigate the relation between own-race face scanning and recognition in 6- and 9-month-old Asian infants (N = 82). The infants were familiarized with dynamic own- and other-race faces, and then their face recognition was tested with static face images. Both age groups recognized own- but not other-race faces. Also, regardless of race, the more infants scanned the eyes of the novel versus familiar faces at test, the better their face-recognition performance. In addition, both 6- and 9-month-olds fixated significantly longer on the nose of own-race faces, and greater fixation on the nose during test trials correlated positively with individual novelty preference scores in the own- but not other-race condition. The results suggest that some aspects of the relation between recognition and scanning are independent of differential experience with face race, whereas other aspects are affected by such experience. More broadly, the findings imply that scanning and recognition may become linked during infancy at least in part through the influence of perceptual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoying Liu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Naiqi G Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhijun Wu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangxi Liu
- Xiasha Street Community Health Service Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Xiao NG, Wu R, Quinn PC, Liu S, Tummeltshammer KS, Kirkham NZ, Ge L, Pascalis O, Lee K. Infants Rely More on Gaze Cues From Own-Race Than Other-Race Adults for Learning Under Uncertainty. Child Dev 2018; 89:e229-e244. [PMID: 28397243 PMCID: PMC5634912 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Differential experience leads infants to have perceptual processing advantages for own- over other-race faces, but whether this experience has downstream consequences is unknown. Three experiments examined whether 7-month-olds (range = 5.9-8.5 months; N = 96) use gaze from own- versus other-race adults to anticipate events. When gaze predicted an event's occurrence with 100% reliability, 7-month-olds followed both adults equally; with 25% (chance) reliability, neither was followed. However, with 50% (uncertain) reliability, infants followed own- over other-race gaze. Differential face race experience may thus affect how infants use social cues from own- versus other-race adults for learning. Such findings suggest that infants integrate online statistical reliability information with prior knowledge of own versus other race to guide social interaction and learning.
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31
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Quinn PC, Lee K, Pascalis O. Perception of Face Race by Infants: Five Developmental Changes. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Kawakami K, Friesen J, Vingilis-Jaremko L. Visual attention to members of own and other groups: Preferences, determinants, and consequences. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Kobayashi M, Macchi Cassia V, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK, Kakigi R. Perceptual narrowing towards adult faces is a cross-cultural phenomenon in infancy: a behavioral and near-infrared spectroscopy study with Japanese infants. Dev Sci 2018; 21:e12498. [PMID: 27921339 PMCID: PMC5763342 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent data showed that, in Caucasian infants, perceptual narrowing occurs for own-race adult faces between 3 and 9 months of age, possibly as a consequence of the extensive amount of social and perceptual experience accumulated with caregivers and/or other adult individuals of the same race of the caregiver. The neural correlates of this developmental process remain unexplored, and it is currently unknown whether perceptual tuning towards adult faces can be extended to other cultures. To this end, in the current study we tested the ability of 3- and 9-month-old Japanese infants to discriminate among adult and infant Asian faces in a visual familiarization task (Experiment 1), and compared 9-month-olds' cerebral hemodynamic responses to adult and infant faces as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (Experiment 2). Results showed that 3-month-olds exhibit above-chance discrimination of adult and infant faces, whereas 9-month-olds discriminate adult faces but not infant faces (Experiment 1). Moreover, adult faces, but not infant faces, induced significant increases in hemodynamic responses in the right temporal areas of 9-month-old infants. Overall, our data suggest that perceptual narrowing towards adult faces is a cross-cultural phenomenon occurring between 3 and 9 months of age, and translates by 9 months of age into a right-hemispheric specialization in the processing of adult faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kobayashi
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyNational Institute for Physiological SciencesJapan
- Japan Society for Promotion of ScienceJapan
| | | | - So Kanazawa
- Department of PsychologyJapan Women's UniversityJapan
| | | | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyNational Institute for Physiological SciencesJapan
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34
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Singh L, Loh D, Xiao NG. Bilingual Infants Demonstrate Perceptual Flexibility in Phoneme Discrimination but Perceptual Constraint in Face Discrimination. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1563. [PMID: 28955278 PMCID: PMC5601050 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceptual narrowing is a highly significant development associated with the first year of life. It conventionally refers to an orientation toward nativeness whereby infant's perceptual sensitivities begin to align with the phonetic properties of their native environment. Nativeness effects, such as perceptual narrowing, have been observed in several domains, most notably, in face discrimination within other-race faces and speech discrimination of non-native phonemes. Thus, far, nativeness effects in the face and speech perception have been theoretically linked, but have mostly been investigated independently. An important caveat to nativeness effects is that diversifying experiences, such as bilingualism or multiracial exposure, can lead to a reduction or postponement in attunement to the native environment. The present study was designed to investigate whether bilingualism influences nativeness effects in phonetic and face perception. Eleven-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants were tested on their abilities to discriminate native and non-native speech contrasts as well as own-race and other-race face contrasts. While monolingual infants demonstrated nativeness effects in face and speech perception, bilingual infants demonstrated nativeness effects in the face perception but demonstrated flexibility in speech perception. Results support domain-specific effects of bilingual experience on nativeness effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leher Singh
- Department of Psychology, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Darrell Loh
- Department of Psychology, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Naiqi G. Xiao
- Department of Psychology, Princeton UniversityPrinceton, NJ, United States
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35
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Lee K, Quinn PC, Pascalis O. Face race processing and racial bias in early development: A perceptual-social linkage. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017; 26:256-262. [PMID: 28751824 DOI: 10.1177/0963721417690276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infants have asymmetrical exposure to different types of faces (e.g., more human than other-species, more female than male, and more own-race than other-race). What are the developmental consequences of such experiential asymmetry? Here we review recent advances in research on the development of cross-race face processing. The evidence suggests that greater exposure to own- than other-race faces in infancy leads to developmentally early perceptual differences in visual preference, recognition, category formation, and scanning of own- and other-race faces. Further, such perceptual differences in infancy may be associated with the emergence of implicit racial bias, consistent with a Perceptual-Social Linkage Hypothesis. Current and future work derived from this hypothesis may lay an important empirical foundation for the development of intervention programs to combat the early occurrence of implicit racial bias.
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36
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Setoh P, Lee KJJ, Zhang L, Qian MK, Quinn PC, Heyman GD, Lee K. Racial Categorization Predicts Implicit Racial Bias in Preschool Children. Child Dev 2017; 90:162-179. [PMID: 28605007 PMCID: PMC8246978 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the relation between racial categorization and implicit racial bias in majority and minority children. Chinese and Indian 3‐ to 7‐year‐olds from Singapore (N = 158) categorized Chinese and Indian faces by race and had their implicit and explicit racial biases measured. Majority Chinese children, but not minority Indian children, showed implicit bias favoring own race. Regardless of ethnicity, children's racial categorization performance correlated positively with implicit racial bias. Also, Chinese children, but not Indian children, displayed explicit bias favoring own race. Furthermore, children's explicit bias was unrelated to racial categorization performance and implicit bias. The findings support a perceptual–social linkage in the emergence of implicit racial bias and have implications for designing programs to promote interracial harmony.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miao K Qian
- University of Toronto.,Hangzhou Normal University
| | | | - Gail D Heyman
- University of California, San Diego.,Zhejiang Normal University
| | - Kang Lee
- University of Toronto.,University of California, San Diego.,Zhejiang Normal University
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37
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Xiao NG, Quinn PC, Liu S, Ge L, Pascalis O, Lee K. Older but not younger infants associate own-race faces with happy music and other-race faces with sad music. Dev Sci 2017; 21. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naiqi G. Xiao
- Dr Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark USA
| | | | - Liezhong Ge
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
- Center for Psychological Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | | | - Kang Lee
- Dr Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
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38
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Singarajah A, Chanley J, Gutierrez Y, Cordon Y, Nguyen B, Burakowski L, Johnson SP. Infant attention to same- and other-race faces. Cognition 2017; 159:76-84. [PMID: 27894007 PMCID: PMC5186363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We recorded visual attention to same- and other-race faces in Hispanic and White 11-month-old infants, an age at which face processing is presumably biased by an own-race recognition advantage. Infants viewed pairs of faces differing in race or ethnicity as their eye movements were recorded. We discovered consistently greater attention to Black over Hispanic faces, to Black faces over White faces, and to Hispanic over White faces. Inversion of face stimuli, and infant ethnicity, had little effect on performance. Infants' social environments, however, differed sharply according to ethnicity: Hispanic infants are almost exclusively exposed to Hispanic family members, and White infants to White family members. Moreover, Hispanic infants inhabit communities that are more racially and ethnically diverse. These results imply that race-based visual attention in infancy is closely aligned with the larger society's racial and ethnic composition, as opposed to race-based recognition, which is more closely aligned with infants' immediate social environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill Chanley
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | - Bryan Nguyen
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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39
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Haist F, Anzures G. Functional development of the brain's face-processing system. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2017; 8:10.1002/wcs.1423. [PMID: 27906518 PMCID: PMC5182129 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the first 20 years of life, the human brain undergoes tremendous growth in size, weight, and synaptic connectedness. Over the same time period, a person achieves remarkable transformations in perception, thought, and behavior. One important area of development is face processing ability, or the ability to quickly and accurately extract extensive information about a person's identity, emotional state, attractiveness, intention, and numerous other types of information that are crucial to everyday social interaction and communication. Associating particular brain changes with specific behavioral and intellectual developments has historically been a serious challenge for researchers. Fortunately, modern neuroimaging is dramatically advancing our ability to make associations between morphological and behavioral developments. In this article, we demonstrate how neuroimaging has revolutionized our understanding of the development of face processing ability to show that this essential perceptual and cognitive skill matures consistently yet slowly over the first two decades of life. In this manner, face processing is a model system of many areas of complex cognitive development. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1423. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1423 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Haist
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gizelle Anzures
- Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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40
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Damon F, Quinn PC, Heron-Delaney M, Lee K, Pascalis O. Development of category formation for faces differing by age in 9- to 12-month-olds: An effect of experience with infant faces. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 34:582-597. [PMID: 27393740 PMCID: PMC5064872 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined category formation for faces differing in age in 9- and 12-month-olds, and the influence of exposure to infant faces on such ability. Infants were familiarized with adult or infant faces, and then tested with a novel exemplar from the familiarized category paired with a novel exemplar from a novel category (Experiment 1). Both age groups formed discrete categories of adult and infant faces, but exposure to infant faces in everyday life did not modulate performance. The same task was conducted with child versus infant faces (Experiment 2). Whereas 9-month-olds preferred infant faces after familiarization with child faces, but not child faces after familiarization with infant faces, 12-month-olds formed discrete categories of child and infant faces. Moreover, more exposure to infant faces correlated with higher novel category preference scores when infants were familiarized with infant faces in 12-month-olds, but not 9-month-olds. The 9-month-old asymmetry did not reflect spontaneous preference for infant over child faces (Experiment 3). These findings indicate that 9- and 12-month-olds can form age-based categories of faces. The ability of 12-month-olds to form separate child and infant categories suggests that they have a more exclusive representation of face age, one that may be influenced by prior experience with infant faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Damon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble, France.
- CNRS, LPNC, UMR, Grenoble, France.
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Kang Lee
- Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, LPNC, UMR, Grenoble, France
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41
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Zhou G, Liu J, Ding XP, Fu G, Lee K. Development of Effective Connectivity during Own- and Other-Race Face Processing: A Granger Causality Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:474. [PMID: 27713696 PMCID: PMC5031708 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous developmental studies have suggested that other-race effect (ORE) in face recognition emerges as early as in infancy and develops steadily throughout childhood. However, there is very limited research on the neural mechanisms underlying this developmental ORE. The present study used Granger causality analysis (GCA) to examine the development of children's cortical networks in processing own- and other-race faces. Children were between 3 and 13 years. An old-new paradigm was used to assess their own- and other-race face recognition with ETG-4000 (Hitachi Medical Co., Japan) acquiring functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data. After preprocessing, for each participant and under each face condition, we obtained the causal map by calculating the weights of causal relations between the time courses of [oxy-Hb] of each pair of channels using GCA. To investigate further the differential causal connectivity for own-race faces and other-race faces at the group level, a repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the GCA weights for each pair of channels with the face race task (own-race face vs. other-race face) as the within-subject variable and the age as a between-subject factor (continuous variable). We found an age-related increase in functional connectivity, paralleling a similar age-related improvement in behavioral face processing ability. More importantly, we found that the significant differences in neural functional connectivity between the recognition of own-race faces and that of other-race faces were modulated by age. Thus, like the behavioral ORE, the neural ORE emerges early and undergoes a protracted developmental course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifei Zhou
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao Pan Ding
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
| | - Genyue Fu
- Department of Psychology, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
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42
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Mesman J, Janssen S, van Rosmalen L. Black Pete through the Eyes of Dutch Children. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157511. [PMID: 27322583 PMCID: PMC4913949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional figure of Black Pete seen during the December festivities around Sinterklaas (the Dutch Santa Claus) in the Netherlands has sparked fierce debates about his racial stereotypical characteristics and his potentially negative effects on children’s opinions about black people. The Black Pete phenomenon has even been discussed by the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, resulting in a report urging the Netherlands to eliminate this form of racial stereotyping. The adult debate about Black Pete is clearly important, but Sinterklaas is essentially a children’s holiday. Surprisingly, there have never been any systematic studies to examine children’s views on Black Pete. The current study is the first to do so. In a sample of 201 children aged 5–7 years, we collected free descriptions of Black Pete, asked children to group him in relation to other figures, and to assign characteristics to him and comparison figures. The results showed that (1) Children are clearly aware of Black Pete’s skin color and subordinate status; (2) Children associate Black Pete more with clowns than with black people; (3) Children evaluate Black Pete very positively, but the positive characteristics do not generalize to their evaluation of black people. The findings illustrate the deep-rooted childhood origins of many Dutch people’s affection for Black Pete and their lack of awareness of his relation to racial stereotypes. This explains the resistance to changing the Black Pete figure and the slowness of the change process on this front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Mesman
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Sofie Janssen
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lenny van Rosmalen
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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43
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Timeo S, Farroni T, Maass A. Race and Color: Two Sides of One Story? Development of Biases in Categorical Perception. Child Dev 2016; 88:83-102. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Edwards DJ. Unsupervised categorization with a child sample: category cohesion development. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2016.1158706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Rennels JL, Kayl AJ, Langlois JH, Davis RE, Orlewicz M. Asymmetries in infants' attention toward and categorization of male faces: The potential role of experience. J Exp Child Psychol 2016; 142:137-57. [PMID: 26547249 PMCID: PMC4678036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infants typically have a preponderance of experience with females, resulting in visual preferences for female faces, particularly high attractive females, and in better categorization of female relative to male faces. We examined whether these abilities generalized to infants' visual preferences for and categorization of perceptually similar male faces (i.e., low masculine males). We found that 12-month-olds visually preferred high attractive relative to low attractive male faces within low masculine pairs only (Experiment 1) but did not visually prefer low masculine relative to high masculine male faces (Experiment 2). Lack of visual preferences was not due to infants' inability to discriminate between the male faces (Experiments 3 and 4). The 12-month-olds categorized low masculine, but not high masculine, male faces (Experiment 5). Infants could individuate male faces within each of the categories (Experiment 6). The 12-month-olds' attention toward and categorization of male faces may reflect a generalization of their female facial expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Rennels
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| | - Andrea J Kayl
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Judith H Langlois
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rachel E Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Mateusz Orlewicz
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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46
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Pauker K, Williams A, Steele JR. Children's Racial Categorization in Context. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2015; 10:33-38. [PMID: 27110279 DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to discriminate visually based on race emerges early in infancy: 3-month-olds can perceptually differentiate faces by race and 6-month-olds can perceptually categorize faces by race. Between ages 6 and 8 years, children can sort others into racial groups. But to what extent are these abilities influenced by context? In this article, we review studies on children's racial categorization and discuss how our conclusions are affected by how we ask the questions (i.e., our methods and stimuli), where we ask them (i.e., the diversity of the child's surrounding environment), and whom we ask (i.e., the diversity of the children we study). Taken together, we suggest that despite a developmental readiness to categorize others by race, the use of race as a psychologically salient basis for categorization is far from inevitable and is shaped largely by the experimental setting and the greater cultural context.
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47
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Shutts K. Young Children's Preferences: Gender, Race, and Social Status. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Goffaux V, Poncin A, Schiltz C. Selectivity of Face Perception to Horizontal Information over Lifespan (from 6 to 74 Year Old). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138812. [PMID: 26398215 PMCID: PMC4580649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Face recognition in young human adults preferentially relies on the processing of horizontally-oriented visual information. We addressed whether the horizontal tuning of face perception is modulated by the extensive experience humans acquire with faces over the lifespan, or whether it reflects an invariable processing bias for this visual category. We tested 296 subjects aged from 6 to 74 years in a face matching task. Stimuli were upright and inverted faces filtered to preserve information in the horizontal or vertical orientation, or both (HV) ranges. The reliance on face-specific processing was inferred based on the face inversion effect (FIE). FIE size increased linearly until young adulthood in the horizontal but not the vertical orientation range of face information. These findings indicate that the protracted specialization of the face processing system relies on the extensive experience humans acquire at encoding the horizontal information conveyed by upright faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Goffaux
- Institut de recherche en sciences psychologiques (IPSY), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
- Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
- Cognitive Neuroscience Department, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Aude Poncin
- Institut de recherche en sciences psychologiques (IPSY), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
- Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique
| | - Christine Schiltz
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Assessment (COSA); Education, Culture, Cognition and Society (ECCS) unit, University of Luxembourg, Walferdange, Luxembourg
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49
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Kim HI, Johnson KL, Johnson SP. Gendered race: are infants' face preferences guided by intersectionality of sex and race? Front Psychol 2015; 6:1330. [PMID: 26388823 PMCID: PMC4558472 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People occupy multiple social categories simultaneously (e.g., a White female), and this complex intersectionality affects fundamental aspects of social perception. Here, we examined the possibility that infant face processing may be susceptible to effects of intersectionality of sex and race. Three- and 10-month-old infants were shown a series of computer-generated face pairs (5 s each) that differed according to sex (Female or Male) or race (Asian, Black, or White). All possible combinations of face pairs were tested, and preferences were recorded with an eye tracker. Infants showed preferences for more feminine faces only when they were White, but we found no evidence that White or Asian faces were preferred even though they are relatively more feminized. These findings challenge the notions that infants’ social categories are processed independently of one another and that infants’ preferences for sex or race can be explained from mere exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin I Kim
- Department of Psychology, UCLA Baby Lab, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kerri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, UCLA Baby Lab, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott P Johnson
- Department of Psychology, UCLA Baby Lab, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
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50
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Jakobsen KV, Umstead L, Simpson EA. Efficient human face detection in infancy. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 58:129-36. [PMID: 26248583 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adults detect conspecific faces more efficiently than heterospecific faces; however, the development of this own-species bias (OSB) remains unexplored. We tested whether 6- and 11-month-olds exhibit OSB in their attention to human and animal faces in complex visual displays with high perceptual load (25 images competing for attention). Infants (n = 48) and adults (n = 43) passively viewed arrays containing a face among 24 non-face distractors while we measured their gaze with remote eye tracking. While OSB is typically not observed until about 9 months, we found that, already by 6 months, human faces were more likely to be detected, were detected more quickly (attention capture), and received longer looks (attention holding) than animal faces. These data suggest that 6-month-olds already exhibit OSB in face detection efficiency, consistent with perceptual attunement. This specialization may reflect the biological importance of detecting conspecific faces, a foundational ability for early social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsey Umstead
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Simpson
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Dickerson, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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