1
|
Korous KM, Farr DE, Brooks E, Tuuhetaufa F, Rogers CR. Economic Pressure and Intention to Complete Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Among U.S. Men. Am J Mens Health 2022; 16:15579883221125571. [PMID: 36121251 PMCID: PMC9490476 DOI: 10.1177/15579883221125571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although men's lives can be saved by colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, its utilization remains below national averages among men from low-income households. However, income has not been consistently linked to men's CRC screening intent. This study tested the hypothesis that men who perceive more economic pressure would have lower CRC screening intent. Cross-sectional data were collected via an online survey in February 2022. Men (aged 45-75 years) living in the U.S. (N = 499) reported their CRC screening intent (outcome) and their perception of their economic circumstances (predictors). Adjusted binary and ordinal logistic analyses were conducted. All analyses were conducted in March 2022. Men who perceived greater difficulty paying bills or affording the type of clothing or medical care they needed (i.e., economic strain) were less likely to have CRC screening intent (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.49, 0.93). This association was no longer significant when prior screening behavior was accounted for (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.52, 1.10). Contrary to our hypothesis, men who reported more financial cutbacks were more likely to report wanting to be screened for CRC within the next year (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.11). This is one of the first studies to demonstrate that men's perceptions of their economic circumstances play a role in their intent to complete early-detection screening for CRC. Future research should consider men's perceptions of their economic situation in addition to their annual income when aiming to close the gap between intent and CRC screening uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Korous
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA,Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,Kevin M. Korous, Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Deeonna E. Farr
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Ellen Brooks
- Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Fa Tuuhetaufa
- Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Charles R. Rogers
- Institute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA,Department of Family & Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dressler J, Johnsen AT, Madsen LJ, Rasmussen M, Jorgensen LN. Factors affecting patient adherence to publicly funded colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review. Public Health 2020; 190:67-74. [PMID: 33360029 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer. Many countries in Europe have already implemented systematic screening programmes as per the recommendations by the European Union. The impact of screening is highly dependent on participation rates. The aim of the study was to identify barriers, facilitators and modifiers to participation in systematised, stool sample-based, publicly financed CRC screening programmes. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Google Scholar and PsycINFO was undertaken. We included both qualitative and quantitative studies reporting on barriers and facilitators (excluding sociodemographic variables) to participation in stool sample-based CRC screening. Barriers and facilitators to participation were summarised and analysed. RESULTS The inclusion criteria were met in 21 studies. Reported barriers and facilitators were categorised into the following seven themes (examples): psychology (fear of cancer), religion (believing cancer is the will of God), logistics (not knowing how to conduct the test), health-related factors (mental health), knowledge and awareness (lack of knowledge about the test), role of the general practitioner (being supported in taking the test by the general practitioner), and environmental factors (knowing someone who has participated in a screening programme). Six studies reported that non-participation was not due to a negative attitude towards screening for CRC. CONCLUSION Many barriers to screening were found. It is important to work with peoples' fear of screening. Moreover, this review suggests that it might be possible to increase participation rates, if the population-wide awareness and knowledge of potential health benefits of CRC screening are increased and proper logistical support is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dressler
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - A T Johnsen
- Institute of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - L J Madsen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Rasmussen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - L N Jorgensen
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Brand Bateman L, Khamess S, Abdelmoneim SE, Arafat W, Fouad MN, Khamis Y, Omar A, Abdelmoneim RS, Scarinci I. Designing an Effective Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in Egypt: A Qualitative Study of Perceptions of Egyptian Primary Care Physicians and Specialists. Oncologist 2020; 25:e1525-e1531. [PMID: 32091658 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Egypt more than one-third of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases occur in individuals aged 40 years and younger, and are diagnosed at advanced stages; currently, CRC screening is not done as a routine part of preventive care. To lay the foundation for the development of a CRC multilevel screening program in Egypt, this qualitative study aimed to explore the perspectives of Egyptian physicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PRECEDE-PROCEED model, which focuses on predisposing (intrapersonal), reinforcing (interpersonal), and enabling (structural) factors inherent in health behaviors, served as our theoretical framework. Primary health care physicians, oncologists, and gastroenterologists practicing in Alexandria, Egypt, participated in 1 one-hour semistructured interview. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, translated into English, and analyzed by thematic analysis. RESULTS Seventeen physicians participated (n = 8 specialists and n = 9 primary care physicians). Barriers to CRC screening included socioeconomic status, a lack of emphasis on prevention, fear, and cost (predisposing); a belief that only high risk patients should be screened and a lack of confidence in providers to perform and interpret screening tests appropriately (reinforcing); and cost, lack of availability of the tests, and inadequate training for laboratory technicians and providers (enabling). Potential facilitators included implementing a media campaign emphasizing early detection, curability and prevention (predisposing); educating physicians and eliciting physician engagement (reinforcing); and decreasing costs, making screening tests widely available, and providing well-trained providers (enabling). CONCLUSION A CRC screening program is needed in Egypt, and to be successful it would likely need to address barriers at multiple levels. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE In Egypt, colorectal screening is not a routine part of preventive care, and colorectal cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage in individuals aged 40 years or younger. Screening can prevent and detect colorectal cancer in its early stages, but before designing any screening program, understanding the context is important as cultural beliefs may impact the acceptability of screening methods. By exploring the perspectives of Egyptian physicians, this study found important insights into how screening program components should be considered in the Egyptian culture and lays the foundation for the development of a multilevel colorectal screening program in Egypt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Brand Bateman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Somaia Khamess
- Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Waleed Arafat
- Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mona N Fouad
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yomna Khamis
- Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abbas Omar
- Alexandria University Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Isabel Scarinci
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ireland MJ, March S, Crawford-Williams F, Cassimatis M, Aitken JF, Hyde MK, Chambers SK, Sun J, Dunn J. A systematic review of geographical differences in management and outcomes for colorectal cancer in Australia. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:95. [PMID: 28152983 PMCID: PMC5290650 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Australia and New Zealand have the highest incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the world, presenting considerable health, economic, and societal burden. Over a third of the Australian population live in regional areas and research has shown they experience a range of health disadvantages that result in a higher disease burden and lower life expectancy. The extent to which geographical disparities exist in CRC management and outcomes has not been systematically explored. The present review aims to identify the nature of geographical disparities in CRC survival, clinical management, and psychosocial outcomes. METHODS The review followed PRISMA guidelines and searches were undertaken using seven databases covering articles between 1 January 1990 and 20 April 2016 in an Australian setting. Inclusion criteria stipulated studies had to be peer-reviewed, in English, reporting data from Australia on CRC patients and relevant to one of fourteen questions examining geographical variations in a) survival outcomes, b) patient and cancer characteristics, c) diagnostic and treatment characteristics and d) psychosocial and quality of life outcomes. RESULTS Thirty-eight quantitative, two qualitative, and three mixed-methods studies met review criteria. Twenty-seven studies were of high quality, sixteen studies were of moderate quality, and no studies were found to be low quality. Individuals with CRC living in regional, rural, and remote areas of Australia showed poorer survival and experienced less optimal clinical management. However, this effect is likely moderated by a range of other factors (e.g., SES, age, gender) and did appear to vary linearly with increasing distance from metropolitan centres. No studies examined differences in use of stoma, or support with stomas, by geographic location. CONCLUSIONS Overall, despite evidence of disparity in CRC survival and clinical management across geographic locations, the evidence was limited and at times inconsistent. Further, access to treatment and services may not be the main driver of disparities, with individual patient characteristics and type of region also playing an important role. A better understanding of factors driving ongoing and significant geographical disparities in cancer related outcomes is required to inform the development of effective interventions to improve the health and welfare of regional Australians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Ireland
- Institute of Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
| | - Sonja March
- Institute of Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
| | - Fiona Crawford-Williams
- Institute of Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
| | - Mandy Cassimatis
- Non-communicable Disease Control Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Joanne F. Aitken
- Institute of Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Fortitude Valley, 4006 QLD Australia
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Melissa K. Hyde
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Fortitude Valley, 4006 QLD Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD Australia
| | - Suzanne K. Chambers
- Institute of Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Fortitude Valley, 4006 QLD Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD Australia
- Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia, St Leonards, NSW Australia
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jiandong Sun
- Institute of Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
| | - Jeff Dunn
- Institute of Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
- Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Council Queensland, Fortitude Valley, 4006 QLD Australia
- School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Janda M, Stanton WR, Hughes K, Del Mar C, Clavarino A, Aitken JF, Tong S, Short L, Leggett B, Newman B. Knowledge, Attitude and Intentions Related to Colorectal Cancer Screening Using Faecal Occult Blood Tests in a Rural Australian Population. Asia Pac J Public Health 2016; 15:50-6. [PMID: 14620498 DOI: 10.1177/101053950301500109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A telephone survey with 604 men and women without history of colorectal cancer (CRC)(age 50-74 years) explored knowledge of, attitudes toward, and intention to screen for CRC using faecal occult blood tests (FOBT) in a rural Australian population. Overall, 53% intended to participate in and 86% would follow a doctor's recommendation for FOBT screening. In contrast, only 18% had ever had a FOBT, and fewer than 60% of those with high-risk family history had undergone appropriate screening for CRC. Prior use of FOBT ( OR=3.2) , high perceived susceptibility to CRC ( OR=2.4), belief in the importance of screening despite the absence of symptoms ( OR=2.1) were positively and older age ( OR = 0.5) was negatively related to screening intention in multivariate logistic regression analysis. A doctor's recommendation improved screening intention among those who never tested for CRC before but believe in the importance of early treatment. This study highlights the lack of compliance with standard CRC screening recommendations in Australia and provides evidence for the importance of continued educational efforts, with the particular emphasis on older adults and the medical community. Asia Pac JPublic Health 2003; 1 5(1): 50-56.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Janda
- Centre for Public Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tong S, Hughes K, Oldenburg BB, Mar CD. Colorectal Cancer Screening with Faecal Occult Blood Testing: Community Intention, Knowledge, Beliefs and Behaviour. Asia Pac J Public Health 2016; 18:16-23. [PMID: 16629434 DOI: 10.1177/10105395060180010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the current community intention, knowledge, beliefs and behaviour regarding colorectal cancer (CRC) screening with faecal occult blood testing (FOBT). A cross sectional telephone survey of the general population was conducted in Queensland, Australia. A random sample of 1,136 residents aged 40-80 years were invited to participate in the survey with a response rate of 77.8%. 77.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 74.0 to 80.7%) of respondents reported that they would participate in CRC screening by FOBT if recommended to do so by doctors or health authorities. Screening intention was significantly associated with interest in further information concerning CRC or CRC screening (odds ratio: 6.7; 95% CI: 3.4 - 13.1), belief that CRC screening is necessary for persons without symptoms (5.0; 95% CI: 1.5 -17.1), and belief that treating bowel cancer in the early stages increases a person's chance of survival (5.1; 95% CI: 2.6 - 9.9). Knowledge of seeking medical advice (2.8; 95% CI: 0.9 - 8.7) and diarrhoea/constipation as a symptom of CRC (1.7; 95% CI: 0.9 - 3.2), self-initiated screening behaviour (1.5; 95% CI: 0.8 -2.9), and medical check a couple of times a year or more (2.4; 95% CI: 0.9 - 6.5) were also marginally significantly associated with screening intention. Community intention to screen for CRC with FOBT may have increased over recent years. Screening intention is associated with community knowledge, attitudes/beliefs and behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tong
- School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cole SR, Young GP, Esterman A, Cadd B, Morcom J. A Randomised Trial of the Impact of New Faecal Haemoglobin Test Technologies on Population Participation in Screening for Colorectal Cancer. J Med Screen 2016; 10:117-22. [PMID: 14561262 DOI: 10.1177/096914130301000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect on participation in colorectal cancer screening of testing for blood products in faeces using technologies that remove dietary restrictions (i.e. immunochemical tests) and simplify faecal sampling (i.e. tests that use brush sampling). METHODS SETTING Urban residents (n=1818) of Adelaide, Australia, aged between 50 and 69 years, randomly selected from the electoral roll. DESIGN Three randomised cohorts of 606 invitees were offered a screening test by mail in 2001. The Hemoccult SENSA and FlexSure OBT cohorts were instructed to sample three stools using a spatula while the InSureTM cohort sampled two stools using a brush. The Hemoccult SENSA cohort was asked to restrict certain (high-peroxidase) foods and drugs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participation (i.e. return of completed sample kits within 12 weeks) and generalised linear modelling (GLM) of relationships between participation, test technologies and demographic variables. RESULTS Participation was 23.4%, 30.5% and 39.6% for the Hemoccult, FlexSure and InSure cohorts, respectively (chi(2)=37.1, p<0.00001). GLM demonstrated that participation was increased by 28% by removal of restrictions (p=0.01) and by 30% by simplification of sampling (p=0.001); both together increased participation by 66% (p<0.001). The differences in participation between tests occurred in the first three weeks. Socio-economic status, gender or age did not significantly influence technology-based improvements in participation. CONCLUSIONS The brush-sampling faecal immunochemical test for haemoglobin (InSure) achieves the best participation rates by simplifying sampling and removing the need for restrictions of diet and drugs. Because participation in screening is vital to detection, this new technology should contribute to better detection of neoplasia at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Cole
- Bowel Health Service, Repatriation General Hospital Daw Park, SA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Arafa MA, Farhat K. Colorectal Cancer in the Arab World - Screening Practices and Future Prospects. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7425-30. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.17.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
9
|
Gimeno Garcia AZ, Hernandez Alvarez Buylla N, Nicolas-Perez D, Quintero E. Public awareness of colorectal cancer screening: knowledge, attitudes, and interventions for increasing screening uptake. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2014; 2014:425787. [PMID: 24729896 PMCID: PMC3963118 DOI: 10.1155/2014/425787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer ranks as one of the most incidental and death malignancies worldwide. Colorectal cancer screening has proven its benefit in terms of incidence and mortality reduction in randomized controlled trials. In fact, it has been recommended by medical organizations either in average-risk or family-risk populations. Success of a screening campaign highly depends on how compliant the target population is. Several factors influence colorectal cancer screening uptake including sociodemographics, provider and healthcare system factors, and psychosocial factors. Awareness of the target population of colorectal cancer and screening is crucial in order to increase screening participation rates. Knowledge about this disease and its prevention has been used across studies as a measurement of public awareness. Some studies found a positive relationship between knowledge about colorectal cancer, risk perception, and attitudes (perceived benefits and barriers against screening) and willingness to participate in a colorectal cancer screening campaign. The mentioned factors are modifiable and therefore susceptible of intervention. In fact, interventional studies focused on average-risk population have tried to increase colorectal cancer screening uptake by improving public knowledge and modifying attitudes. In the present paper, we reviewed the factors impacting adherence to colorectal cancer screening and interventions targeting participants for increasing screening uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Z Gimeno Garcia
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Unidad de Endoscopia, La Laguna, 38320 Tenerife, Spain ; Departamento de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Unidad de Endoscopia, Ofra s/n, La Laguna, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Noemi Hernandez Alvarez Buylla
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Unidad de Endoscopia, La Laguna, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| | - David Nicolas-Perez
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Unidad de Endoscopia, La Laguna, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Enrique Quintero
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Unidad de Endoscopia, La Laguna, 38320 Tenerife, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Myong JP, Shin JY, Kim SJ. Factors associated with participation in colorectal cancer screening in Korea: the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV). Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:1061-9. [PMID: 22354136 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the Government's National Cancer Screening Program for colorectal cancer (CRC), the number of individuals participating in screening in Korea is low. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify associations between relevant risk factors and the uptake of screening in Korea. METHODS The Health Interview Survey sub-dataset derived from the Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV) was used to evaluate participation in CRC screening and factors associated with attendance in individuals aged ≥50. Those that completed the questionnaire and not previously diagnosed with CRC were enrolled (8,042 subjects). Multi-dimensional covariates were considered as potential predictors for CRC screening in multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 33.2% complied with the CRC screening recommendations. The following were associated with participation: age (aged 70 or older [ref], aged 70 or over; odds ratio (OR) 1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54-2.14), marital status (OR 1.43, 95%CI 1.23-1.66), urban-dwelling (OR 1.16, 95%CI 1.02-1.32), education level (elementary school or less [ref], high school (OR 1.29, 95%CI 1.09-1.53), university or higher (OR 1.53, 95%CI 1.23-1.91)), household income (fourth quartile [ref], first quartile (OR 1.29, 95%CI 1.07-1.56)), private health insurance (OR 1.38, 95%CI 1.21-1.58), smoking (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.43-1.60), self-reported depression (OR 0.79, 95%CI 0.68-0.92), and number of chronic diseases (0-3 [ref], ≥4 (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.22-1.62)). CONCLUSION To improve participation in CRC screening, appropriate strategies must be directed toward vulnerable populations, such as those with low socioeconomic status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Pyo Myong
- Graduate School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, 505 BanPo-dong Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-707, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Van Roosbroeck S, Hoeck S, Van Hal G. Population-based screening for colorectal cancer using an immunochemical faecal occult blood test: a comparison of two invitation strategies. Cancer Epidemiol 2012; 36:e317-24. [PMID: 22560885 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there is no screening programme for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Flanders, Belgium. However, The European Code Against Cancer (2003) recommends a population-based approach for CRC screening. This study aimed to obtain information about potential participation rates for a population-based screening programme for CRC in Flanders, and to compare two invitation strategies. METHODS In 2009, a trial programme for CRC screening was set up in three Flemish areas for all average-risk people aged 50-74 years, using an immunochemical faecal occult blood test (iFOBT) with a cut-off value set at 75 ng/ml of haemoglobin. The faecal sampling set was sent at random by post (mail group) or provided by the general practitioner (GP group). RESULTS In total, 19,542 people were invited to participate. Of these, 8229 provided a faecal sample, resulting in an overall participation rate of 42.1%. Participation by mail and through the GP was 52.3% (95% CI, 51.3-53.2) and 27.7% (95% CI, 26.7-28.6), respectively. The difference of 24.6% was statistically significant (95% CI, 23.3-25.9, p<0.001). Before the reminder letter was sent and the other invitation strategy was offered, the overall participation rate was 26.5% (n=5176); 36.4% (95% CI, 35.5-37.4) for the mail group and 16.6% (95% CI, 15.8-17.3) for the GP group. The odds of participating in CRC screening was almost three times higher for people invited by mail as opposed to people invited through a GP (OR=2.96, 95% CI, 2.78-3.14, p<0.001). Women were more likely to participate in CRC screening than men (OR=1.22, 95% CI, 1.15-1.30, p<0.001). In addition, we found that inhabitants from residential (OR=1.98, 95% CI, 1.85-2.11) and rural (OR=2.90, 95% CI, 2.66-3.16) areas were more likely to participate than those in urban areas. Of the 8229 people who submitted a faecal sample, 435 (5.3%) had a positive iFOBT, and of those, CRC was diagnosed in 18 (5.7%) individuals. Compliance for follow-up colonoscopy was 72.9%, and did not differ between the mail (72.4%, 95% CI, 67.5-77.3) and GP groups (74.3, 95% CI, 66.2-82.5). CONCLUSION Inviting people for CRC screening by means of a direct-mail invitation, and including a faecal sampling set (iFOBT), results in much higher participation rates than inviting people through the GP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Van Roosbroeck
- Research Group Medical Sociology and Health Policy, Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gimeno-García AZ, Quintero E, Nicolás-Pérez D, Jiménez-Sosa A. Public awareness of colorectal cancer and screening in a Spanish population. Public Health 2011; 125:609-15. [PMID: 21794885 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Z Gimeno-García
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Ofra s/n,38320 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vedel I, Puts MT, Monette M, Monette J, Bergman H. Barriers and facilitators to breast and colorectal cancer screening of older adults in primary care: A systematic review. J Geriatr Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
14
|
Zajac IT, Whibley AH, Cole SR, Byrne D, Guy J, Morcom J, Young GP. Endorsement by the primary care practitioner consistently improves participation in screening for colorectal cancer: a longitudinal analysis. J Med Screen 2010; 17:19-24. [PMID: 20356941 DOI: 10.1258/jms.2010.009101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of general practice (GP) and general practitioner (GPR) endorsement for faecal occult blood test (FOBT)-based screening on maintenance of participation in screening over four successive screening rounds. SETTING South Australian residents aged > or = 50 years. METHODS Random selection of four groups (n = 600 per group): one from the Commonwealth electoral roll (ER) and three from the combined patient lists of two collaborating GPs (GP1, GP2, GP3). Subjects were mailed offers to screen using a faecal immunochemical test over four successive rounds, spaced approximately 18 months apart. The GP1 and ER groups were invited to screen without any endorsement from a GPR or medical practice; GP2 invitees received an invitation indicating support for screening from their medical practice; and GP3 invitations were printed on practice letterhead and were signed by a GPR. RESULTS Multivariate analyses indicated that initial participation as well as re-participation over four successive rounds was significantly enhanced in the GP2 (39%, 42%, 45% and 44%) and GP3 groups (42%, 47%, 48% and 49%) relative to the ER group (33%, 37%, 40% and 36%). The analyses also indicated that 60-69 year olds were most likely to participate in all rounds (relative risk [RR] 1.49, 1.39, 1.43 and 1.25), and men were generally less likely to participate than women in all screening rounds (RR 0.86, 0.84, 0.80 and 0.83). CONCLUSIONS Associating a GPR or medical practice of recent contact with an invitation to screen achieves better participation and re-participation than does an invitation from a centralized screening unit. Furthermore, enhanced participation can be achieved by practice endorsement alone without requiring actual GPR involvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I T Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Janda M, Hughes K, Tong S, Stanton WR, Aitken J, Clavarino A, Short L, Mar CD, Leggett B, Newman B. FAECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST: CURRENT PRACTICE IN A RURAL QUEENSLAND COMMUNITY. Aust J Rural Health 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1584.2002.tb00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
16
|
Forbes GM, Fritschi L, Mendelson RM, Foster NM, Edwards JT. Influences on participation in a community-based colorectal neoplasia screening program by virtual colonoscopy in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2007; 28:283-7. [PMID: 15707176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2004.tb00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of certain personal and health behaviour characteristics on participation in a community-based colorectal neoplasia (CRN) screening program using virtual colonoscopy. METHODS The study population comprised randomly selected subjects from the State electoral roll; screening by virtual colonoscopy was offered through letter of invitation. For non-responders, a further invitation was sent a month later. Non-response after a further month led to subjects being considered non-participants. Non-participants were contacted by letter to complete a structured questionnaire; participants completed a similar questionnaire immediately after their screening virtual colonoscopy. RESULTS Discussing the invitation to screening with someone else increased the likelihood of participation by 63% (prevalence ratio 1.63, 95% CI 1.38-1.93); knowing someone with cancer increased the likelihood of participation by 23% (PR 1.23, 95% CI 1.07-1.42). Among participants who discussed screening with another individual, the spouse was the most common (71%). Subjects who were single were less likely to participate (PR 0.79, 95% CI 0.67-0.94). The strongest reported influence for participation was information provided in the letter of invitation (29.8%). The most common reasons for non-participation were lack of time and perceived good health. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study suggests that a simple strategy to facilitate participation is to encourage subjects to discuss screening with others; further, to recognise that this may be most difficult for those who are single. Information provided to subjects prior to screening positively contributes to participation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Forbes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Men are at highest risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, some cancers, suicide and transport-related injury. An anticipatory approach to men's health in general practice should assess risk for these conditions and offer effective interventions, either to prevent them or manage them early. This requires attention to the barriers, not only to men accessing general practice, but also to appropriate assessment and management, especially among disadvantaged groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Harris
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. m.f.harrisATunsw.edu.au
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tong S, Hughes K, Oldenburg B, Del Mar C. Would general practitioners support a population-based colorectal cancer screening programme of faecal-occult blood testing? Intern Med J 2005; 34:532-8. [PMID: 15482265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2004.00652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The success of a population-based screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is determined to a large extent by general practitioner (GP) attitudes, beliefs and support. The extent to which GPs support population-based CRC screening remains unclear. AIMS To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of GPs in relation to CRC screening, and to identify the determinants of GP support for population-based faecal-occult blood testing (FOBT). METHODS A cross-sectional postal survey was conducted with a random sample of 692 GPs in Queensland, -Australia. We assessed GP knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning CRC screening in relation to their stance on population-based FOBT screening. RESULTS Although the response rate was low (41%), participants were representative of Queensland GPs in general. Of 284 participating GPs, 143 (50.5%) indicated that they would support a population-based FOBT screening programme, 42 (14.8%) would not and 98 (34.6%) were unsure. Belief in FOBT test efficacy (P <0.001), possession of CRC guidelines (P <0.05) and belief in earlier stage detection (P <0.05) were major determinants of support for population-based FOBT screening. No significant association was observed for doctor's sex, location of practice, age, year completed medical training, membership of a Division of General Practice, number of weekly consultations, number of patients investigated for CRC per month, size of practice, own family history of CRC, interest in further information on CRC screening or treatment, and current use of FOBT with asymptomatic patients aged > or =40 years. CONCLUSIONS GP support for FOBT population-based screening appears to have increased over recent years. The knowledge and attitudes/beliefs of GPs are key determinants of their support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tong
- School of Public Health, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Janda M, Youl PH, Lowe JB, Elwood M, Ring IT, Aitken JF. Attitudes and intentions in relation to skin checks for early signs of skin cancer. Prev Med 2004; 39:11-8. [PMID: 15207981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Screening for melanoma by whole-body clinical skin examination or skin self-examination may improve early diagnosis of melanoma. As part of the first phase of a community-based randomised controlled trial of screening for melanoma, this study examined the prevalence of skin screening intentions and associated factors in a population at high risk for skin cancer. METHODS A telephone survey stratified by gender reached 3,110 participants > or = 30 years representative for the population. RESULTS Overall, 45% intended to have a clinical skin check, and 72% intended to examine their own skin within the next 12 months. In multivariate analysis, a history of a clinical skin examination was most strongly related to intention to screen. Concern about skin cancer or a personal history of skin cancer and high susceptibility towards skin cancer were further important determinants of screening intention. Men were less likely than women to intend participation. CONCLUSIONS Given that skin screening is not recommended by health authorities in absence of scientific evidence of benefit, the intention to participate in screening for melanoma in this Australian sample was high. Except for the lower intention among men, screening intention appears to be highest in those at highest risk of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Janda
- Epidemiology Unit, Queensland Cancer Fund, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thomas BC, Pandey M, Ramdas K, Sebastian P, Nair MK. FACT-G: reliability and validity of the Malayalam translation. Qual Life Res 2004; 13:263-9. [PMID: 15058807 DOI: 10.1023/b:qure.0000015303.68562.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emphasis is currently being placed on the need for quality of life in cancer survivors. There is a great need to identify an appropriate tool for quality of life estimation in these linguistically and culturally different settings. PATIENTS AND METHOD The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) questionnaire was translated into the Malayalam language complying with the standard cross-cultural translation methodology. The tool was validated and used for estimating quality of life (QOL) of 214 cancer patients undergoing treatment with curative intent. RESULTS Cronbach's alpha for the Malayalam version of the FACT-G was 0.8, and for the subscales it ranged from 0.64 to 0.83, compared to source tool alpha of 0.89, with the subscale's ranging from 0.63 to 0.89. The mean overall FACT-G score was 79.8 (standard deviation [SD] = 18.7). Socio-economic factors such as education, education of the spouse, occupation of the spouse, and family income were found to influence FACT-G scores. CONCLUSION Despite cultural variations, the local Malayalam language version of the FACT-G scale was found to be reliable like the source scale and sensitive cross-culturally. The instrument makes it possible to identify domains influencing QOL and thereby may help direct interventions to them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Thomas
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Forbes GM, Fritschi L, Mendelson RM, Foster NM, Edwards JT. Influences on participation in a community-based colorectal neoplasia screening program by virtual colonoscopy in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2004.tb00488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
22
|
Abstract
A spectrum of colorectal cancer screening studies identified barriers to screening adherence, although definitive and comprehensive conclusions cannot be drawn. Barriers can be intrinsic (demographic, medical, psychological, and knowledge/attitudes/beliefs) or extrinsic (access to health care, health care provider knowledge and motivation, and lifestyle issues). Certain consistent patterns are emerging. Lower adherence is generally seen in persons who have less knowledge and lower perceived risk of colorectal cancer, as well as when health care providers do not recommend screening. Remedies that reduce intrinsic and extrinsic barriers to screening adherence are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M Petersen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cockburn J, Paul C, Tzelepis F, McElduff P, Byles J. Screening for bowel cancer among NSW adults with varying levels of risk: a community survey. Aust N Z J Public Health 2002; 26:236-41. [PMID: 12141619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2002.tb00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the extent and modality of screening for colorectal cancer in NSW among community-dwelling adults aged over 40 with varying degrees of familial risk. DESIGN Cross-sectional telephone survey with participants randomly selected from the electronic NSW telephone directory. MAIN RESULTS 5.7% of people at average risk aged 40-49 report having had at least one faecal occult blood test (FOBT) in the previous five years, compared with 18.4% of those at average risk aged 50 and over. Of those at above-average risk (by age and familial risk), 7.9% reported that they had had an FOBT in the previous five years. Around 5% of respondents aged 40-49 and 10% of those aged 50+ reported having had a colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy for screening within the previous five years, compared with 30% of those at above-average risk. People with medical insurance were more likely to have undergone a screening test (either FOBT or sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy), than those without insurance (PR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.02-1.67). Compared with those employed full time, those who were retired (PR = 1.45 95% CI 1.01-2.09) and those who reported home duties (PR = 1.54 95% CI 1.01-2.36) were slightly, but significantly more likely to report having had a test. As perception of personal risk for colorectal cancer increased, so did the likelihood of having had a screening test within the previous five years (PR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.05-1.35). CONCLUSION We have reported important baseline data with which to compare the progress of both pilot screening programs and more widespread implementation of colorectal screening in Australia. In particular, we have highlighted the need for greater participation in screening for those at increased familial risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill Cockburn
- The Cancer Council NSW Cancer Education Research Program, School of Medical Practice and Population Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, New South Wales.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen MA, Eisenberg MS, Meischke H. Impact of in-home defibrillators on postmyocardial infarction patients and their significant others: an interview study. Heart Lung 2002; 31:173-85. [PMID: 12011808 DOI: 10.1067/mhl.2002.124344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of automated external defibrillator (AED) placement in the homes of postmyocardial infarction (MI) patients and their significant others. DESIGN This qualitative study used a semistructured interview to examine a nonrandomized convenience sample recruited from a larger study of home AEDs. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Patients (and their significant others) were recruited from an ongoing study of AED use in the home. Seventeen interviews with 15 patients (14 men, 1 woman) and 16 significant others (1 man, 15 women) aged 39 to 80 years were performed in patients' homes. METHODS Verbatim transcripts of audiotaped interviews were reviewed, and responses were categorized. Other data were obtained from hospital chart abstraction. RESULTS The majority of subjects noted only positive effects of the presence of home AEDs (eg, giving them feelings of security and control). There was no evidence that AED presence in the home caused excessive anxiety or stress either in patients or their significant others, nor were they perceived to cause relationship stress. On average, patients and their significant others estimated a 38% and 43% (respectively) risk of cardiac arrest and a 92% and 87% likelihood of a successful resuscitation with the use of the AED. Subjects' perceived risk of cardiac arrest were subjectively related to their estimate of current health status, size of infarction, and symptoms during their MI. Subjects also related their estimates of risk to their likelihood of traveling with their AED and whether they would consider purchasing one. Significant others had high confidence in their ability to properly use the AED. CONCLUSIONS AEDs were valued highly by subjects and enhanced their perceived control over their heart disease. This was especially true for subjects who believed that their risk of cardiac arrest was high. The possible effects of providing education regarding expert estimates of the likelihood of cardiac arrest and of a successful resuscitation at the time of AED placement are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Health Services, University of Washington Hospitals, 9008 30th Avenue NE, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cockburn J, Paul C, Tzelepis F, McElduff P, Byles J. Screening for bowel cancer among NSW adults with varying levels of risk: a community survey. Aust N Z J Public Health 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-842x.2002.tb00159.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
26
|
Janda M, Hughes K, Tong S, Stanton WR, Aitken J, Clavarino A, Short L, Del Mar C, Leggett B, Newman B. Faecal occult blood test: current practice in a rural Queensland community. Aust J Rural Health 2002; 10:57-64. [PMID: 11952524 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1584.2002.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The findings of a recent telephone survey of 604 residents (50-74 years of age) in a rural community in Queensland are presented. The survey focused on the participants' knowledge concerning the faecal occult blood test (FOBT) and their previous testing history. Responses were analysed in terms of gender, age and education differences. More than half of all participants were aware of the FOBT, and 109 (18%) had undergone FOBT in the past. Fewer understood the importance of "health checks without symptoms" than the "advantage of early treatment". The most common reasons to use FOBT were: "prevention" and "I want to know if I have cancer". A person's gender, age and education were shown to be associated with their knowledge and beliefs. These results suggest an increase in the use of the FOBT with time (in relation to previous surveys), but a poor understanding of its place in promoting health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Janda
- Centre for Public Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|