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Restrepo Pineda JE, Villegas Rojas S. [Factors associated with condom use among sex workers of venezuelan origin in ColombiaFatores associados ao uso de preservativo em profissionais do sexo de origem venezuelana na Colômbia]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2023; 47:e2. [PMID: 36874150 PMCID: PMC9910315 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2023.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the factors that determine condom use in Venezuelan immigrant sex workers in Colombia. Methods A qualitative study was conducted with an interpretive hermeneutic approach, using semi-structured interviews developed in the Metropolitan Area of Aburrá Valley, Bogotá, and the Colombian coffee-growing region. Results Fifty-five interviews were conducted. Of the total number of people interviewed, 60% were cisgender men, 31% were cisgender women, and 9% were transgender women. The average age of the participants was 27 years. Sixty-nine percent were irregular migrants in Colombia. Only 11% were affiliated with the health system. It was observed that condom use is inconsistent among sex workers, depending on personal and social factors. Conclusions The factors that influence condom use in sex workers of Venezuelan origin in Colombia are determined by various factors, both personal and social. Personal factors relate to knowledge, support networks, and risk perception, while social factors are associated with substance use, stigma and discrimination, and the places where sex work is done. Social factors are the ones that most influence inconsistent condom use in cisgender men and transgender women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair Eduardo Restrepo Pineda
- Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios - UNIMINUTO Bogotá Colombia Corporación Universitaria Minuto de Dios - UNIMINUTO, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Soraya Villegas Rojas
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira Risaralda Colombia Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Kazungu J, Richter M, Luchters S, Chersich MF, Quaife M. The economics of sex work and major sporting events: Learning from the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES OPEN 2022; 5:100251. [PMID: 35516462 PMCID: PMC8976284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Risk-taking in sex work is related to financial gains from condom-protected and condomless-acts alongside vulnerabilities, including socio-economic factors, which influence the safety of sex workers. Large international sporting events have been shown to significantly impact the economies of host countries, but there is a dearth of studies that examine how major sporting events may affect the economics of sex work and the risks taken by sex workers and clients. This study examines the determinants of the price of commercial sex alongside the price premium for and correlates of, condomless sex before, during and after the 2010 world cup in South Africa. We analysed data from three phases of repeated cross-sectional surveys with sex workers. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to examine the predictors of condomless sex. We also fitted fixed-effect regression models to examine the determinants of the price of commercial sex across each survey phase. Findings suggest that the price of sex was higher during the world cup compared to before and after, whilst the price premium for condomless-sex increased from 36% before the world cup to 40% (p-value<0.001) and 57% (p-value<0.001) during and after the world cup, respectively. Across the survey phases, anal, oral or masturbation sex were more likely to be supplied without a condom compared to vaginal sex. The type of sex was the primary determinant of the price of sex across all phases. We show indicative evidence that the 2010 world cup was associated with an increase in the price of sex and supply of condomless-sex. Although these findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal relationships, we recommend that countries with substantial sex-worker populations that host major events shouldexplicitly consider the context and structures of sex work, and promote client-focused safe-sex-interventions that explicitly consider the economic pressures faced by sexworkers to provide riskier acts, to minimise health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kazungu
- Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI | Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
- Corresponding author. Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640 – 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Marlise Richter
- African Centre for Migration & Society, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stanley Luchters
- Department of Population Health, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matthew F. Chersich
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Matthew Quaife
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
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Liu H, Wang H, Feldman M. The Risk of HIV/STDs Infection and Transmission Among Never-Married Male Migrants in China: Is Risk Attributable to Bachelorhood or Migration? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:3115-3124. [PMID: 34606023 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the context of sex-ratio imbalance and rural-to-urban migration in China, never-married male migrants may become a vulnerable group as well as a bridge population that facilitates HIV/STDs transmission. It is still not clear, however, whether increased HIV/STDs transmission risk can be attributed to bachelorhood, migration, or both. This study identified the contributions of bachelorhood and migration to an increased risk of HIV/STDs infection, as well as the risk of HIV/STDs transmission across populations and regions. Data were from a cross-sectional questionnaire survey, in which 180 never-married non-migrant males in rural areas, 558 never-married male migrants, and 302 married male migrants in urban areas of China were interviewed in 2017. Results showed that never-married male migrants are more likely to engage in commercial sex and unsafe sex than never-married non-migrant males, and their likelihood of engaging in unsafe sex was also higher than married male migrants. Although never-married male migrants were less likely to have multiple sex partners than married male migrants, they were more likely to have multiple sex partners and sex partners from different regions than never-married non-migrant males. These findings indicate that both migration and bachelorhood increase the risk of HIV/STDs infection for never-married male migrants, and migration also increases the risk of HIV/STDs transmission across populations and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Liu
- Institute for Population and Development Studies, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute for Population and Development Studies, School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Marcus Feldman
- Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Lee C, McManus H, Foster R, Davies SC. A survey of condom use among female sex workers in Northern Sydney; declining condom use for fellatio. Int J STD AIDS 2021; 32:1326-1337. [PMID: 34525849 DOI: 10.1177/09564624211040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Condom use among female sex workers (FSWs) is dynamic. We conducted a survey, by anonymous questionnaire, of condom use among FSWs routinely attending our clinical service in Northern Sydney. Logistic regression models determined associations with inconsistent condom use. All 201 women approached completed a questionnaire. Chinese-born women comprised 67% of participants. The median age was 35 years. Clients requesting unprotected fellatio was reported by 95% of participants, and approximately two-thirds felt pressure to have unprotected fellatio and vaginal sex (VSI). Inconsistent condom use at work was reported by 74% for fellatio and by 24% for VSI. The strongest adjusted association with inconsistent condom use for fellatio was monetary inducement by clients (aOR = 40.7, 95% CI 4.87-340, p = 0.001). The only other significant adjusted association was age ≥ 30 years (p = 0.02). The strongest adjusted association with inconsistent condom use for VSI was also monetary inducement by clients (aOR = 56.1, 95% CI 9.26-340, p < 0.001). Other significant adjusted associations were Chinese-speaking participants (p = 0.03) and clients requesting unprotected VSI (p = 0.02). We report high levels of inconsistent condom use. Health promotion should assist FSWs, particularly those of Chinese ethnicity, develop skills in dealing with pressure for unprotected sex, particularly fellatio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Lee
- Northern Sydney Sexual Health Service, 3960Northern Sydney Local Heath District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamish McManus
- 2786The Kirby Institute, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosalind Foster
- 2786The Kirby Institute, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Sexual Health Centre, 379373South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen C Davies
- Northern Sydney Sexual Health Service, 3960Northern Sydney Local Heath District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, 198092University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Passos TS, Almeida-Santos MA. [Sex Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in the Ibero-American Context: analysis of advertisements on websites]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:4237-4248. [PMID: 33175033 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320202511.26622020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex workers become increasingly economically vulnerable due to the restrictive measures implemented to combat the coronavirus pandemic. In this respect, the scope of this study is to analyze the content of prostitution websites and advertisements regarding measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It involved a description of the visits and analysis of content of communications on websites that advertise commercial sex transactions. The percentage change in the number of visits for three periods from 02/2019 to 04/2020 was calculated. Subsequently, ads with the terms "corona," "pandemic" and "quarantine" on websites that offer search engines were extracted. The Bardin method was then used for content analysis. There was an increase in the number of visits to prostitution websites between 2019 and 2020, followed by a decrease with the advent of the coronavirus pandemic crisis. With regard to the protection measures during the pandemic, health recommendations and the incentive to engage in virtual sex are highlighted. Of the 1,991,014 advertisements, 0.51% mention the COVID-19 crisis regarding noncompliance with social distancing, protection measures and the offer of online sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taciana Silveira Passos
- Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Universidade Tiradentes. Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia. 49032-490 Aracaju SE Brasil.
| | - Marcos Antonio Almeida-Santos
- Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Ambiente, Universidade Tiradentes. Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia. 49032-490 Aracaju SE Brasil.
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Quaife M, Lépine A, Deering K, Terris-Prestholt F, Beattie T, Isac S, Paranjape RS, Vickerman P. The cost of safe sex: estimating the price premium for unprotected sex during the Avahan HIV prevention programme in India. Health Policy Plan 2020; 34:784-791. [PMID: 31603470 PMCID: PMC6913694 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czz100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is some evidence that female sex workers (FSWs) receive greater earnings for providing unprotected sex. In 2003, the landscape of the fight against HIV/AIDS dramatically changed in India with the introduction of Avahan, the largest HIV prevention programme implemented globally. Using a unique, cross-sectional bio-behavioural dataset from 3591 FSWs located in the four Indian states where Avahan was implemented, we estimate the economic loss faced by FSWs who always use condoms. We estimate the causal effect of condom use on the price charged during the last paid sexual intercourse using the random targeting of Avahan as an instrumental variable. Results indicate that FSWs who always use condoms face an income loss of 65% (INR125, US$2.60) per sex act compared to peers providing unprotected sex, consistent with our expectations. The main finding confirms that clients have a preference for unprotected sex and that policies aiming at changing clients’ preferences and at improving the bargaining power of FSWs are required to limit the spread of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Quaife
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Aurélia Lépine
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kathleen Deering
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Gender and Sexual Health Initiative, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fern Terris-Prestholt
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tara Beattie
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shajy Isac
- Monitoring and Evaluation, Research and Special Studies, Karnataka Health Promotion Trust, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, India.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Center for Global Public Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Peter Vickerman
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Jovanovski N, Tyler M. “Bitch, You Got What You Deserved!”: Violation and Violence in Sex Buyer Reviews of Legal Brothels. Violence Against Women 2018; 24:1887-1908. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801218757375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we use feminist critical discourse analysis to examine online brothel reviews (148 reviews and 2,424 reply posts) of sex buyers in the context of debates surrounding harm minimization. Our findings show that sex buyers actively construct and normalize narratives of sexual violation and violence against women in licensed brothels through their language, referencing objectification, unsafe sex practices, and, in more extreme cases, rape to create a sense of community with other punters. Through this analysis, we challenge existing assumptions about harm minimization in systems of prostitution, which are legalized or fully decriminalized.
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The limits of ethical consumption in the sex industry: An analysis of online brothel reviews. WOMENS STUDIES INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wsif.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Semple SJ, Pitpitan EV, Chavarin CV, Strathdee SA, Mendoza DV, Aarons GA, Patterson TL. Correlates of unprotected sex with male clients among female sex workers in 13 Mexican cities. Glob Public Health 2016; 12:1538-1552. [PMID: 27416059 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2016.1206603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined correlates of unprotected vaginal and anal sex (UVA) with male clients among female sex workers (FSWs). Baseline data were gathered from 1089 FSWs recruited from 13 cities across Mexico enrolled in an evidence-based sexual risk reduction intervention. We used generalised estimating equations (GEE) to predict total UVA while controlling for the nested structure of the data. Total UVA with clients in the past month was examined in relation to selected sociodemographic, substance-use, and micro- and macro-environmental factors. A greater number of UVA acts was associated with three micro-level environmental factors (i.e. never getting condoms for free, unaffordability of condoms, greater number of clients per month), and three macro-level environmental factors (i.e. lower health and higher education indices, greater population size of city). These findings suggest the development of social and structural approaches to HIV prevention for FSWs in Mexico, including modification of venue-based policies that pressure FSWs to maximise client volume, changes to the work environment that promote availability and affordability of condoms, and improved population health. Moreover, our findings call for the development of context-specific HIV interventions that take into account variations in the sexual risk behaviours and HIV risk environments of FSWs throughout Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley J Semple
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Eileen V Pitpitan
- b Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Claudia V Chavarin
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Steffanie A Strathdee
- b Division of Global Public Health, Department of Medicine , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Doroteo V Mendoza
- c Evaluation and Research Department , Mexican Foundation for Family Planning (Mexfam) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Gregory A Aarons
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Thomas L Patterson
- a Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego , CA , USA
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Reilly KH, Neaigus A, Jenness SM, Hagan H, Wendel T, Gelpí-Acosta C. High HIV prevalence among low-income, Black women in New York City with self-reported HIV negative and unknown status. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2013; 22:745-54. [PMID: 23931126 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2013.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black women are disproportionally affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study investigates factors associated with newly identified HIV infection among previously self-reported HIV negative or unknown status black women living in high risk areas (HRAs) of New York City (NYC). METHODS Heterosexuals residing in or socially connected to NYC HRAs were recruited using respondent driven sampling for participation in the United States Centers for Disease Control-sponsored National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System in 2010. Eligible individuals were interviewed and offered an HIV test. The analysis reported here focused on black women with valid HIV results who did not report being HIV positive, and examined factors related to HIV infection in this group. RESULTS Of 153 black women who did not report being HIV positive at enrollment, 15 (9.8%) tested HIV positive. Age ≥40 years, ever injected drugs, and in the last 12 months had unprotected vaginal sex, exchange sex, last sex partner used crack, non-injection crack use, and non-injection heroin use were significantly associated with HIV infection (p<0.05). Only ever injected drugs (prevalence ratio: 5.1; 95% confidence interval: 2.0, 12.9) was retained in the final model. CONCLUSIONS Black women who had reported being either HIV negative or unaware of their serostatus had high HIV prevalence. Efforts to identify and treat HIV positive black women in HRAs should target those with a history of injection drug use. Frequent testing for HIV should be promoted in HRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen H Reilly
- HIV Epidemiology Program, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA.
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