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Heyman HM, Senejoux F, Seibert I, Klimkait T, Maharaj VJ, Meyer JJM. Identification of anti-HIV active dicaffeoylquinic- and tricaffeoylquinic acids in Helichrysum populifolium by NMR-based metabolomic guided fractionation. Fitoterapia 2015; 103:155-64. [PMID: 25841639 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
South Africa being home to more than 35% of the world's Helichrysum species (c.a. 244) of which many are used in traditional medicine, is seen potentially as a significant resource in the search of new anti-HIV chemical entities. It was established that five of the 30 Helichrysum species selected for this study had significant anti-HIV activity ranging between 12 and 21 μg/mL (IC50) by using an in-house developed DeCIPhR method on a full virus model. Subsequent toxicity tests also revealed little or no toxicity for these active extracts. With the use of NMR-based metabolomics, the search for common chemical characteristics within the plant extract was conducted, which resulted in specific chemical shift areas identified that could be linked to the anti-HIV activity of the extracts. The NMR chemical shifts associated with the activity were identified to be 2.56-3.08 ppm, 5.24-6.28 ppm, 6.44-7.04 ppm and 7.24-8.04 ppm. This activity profile was then used to guide the fractionation process by narrowing down and focusing the fractionation and purification processes to speed up the putative identification of five compounds with anti-HIV activity in the most active species, Helichrysum populifolium. The anti-HIV compounds identified for the first time from H. populifolium were three dicaffeoylquinic acid derivatives, i.e. 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid as well as two tricaffeoylquinic acid derivatives i.e. 1,3,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid and either 5-malonyl-1,3,4-tricaffeoylquinic or 3-malonyl-1,4,5-tricaffeoylquinic acid, with the latter being identified for the first time in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heino Martin Heyman
- Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0002, South Africa
| | - François Senejoux
- Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0002, South Africa
| | - Isabell Seibert
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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Nishijima N, Marusawa H, Ueda Y, Takahashi K, Nasu A, Osaki Y, Kou T, Yazumi S, Fujiwara T, Tsuchiya S, Shimizu K, Uemoto S, Chiba T. Dynamics of hepatitis B virus quasispecies in association with nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment determined by ultra-deep sequencing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35052. [PMID: 22523569 PMCID: PMC3327662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although the advent of ultra-deep sequencing technology allows for the analysis of heretofore-undetectable minor viral mutants, a limited amount of information is currently available regarding the clinical implications of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomic heterogeneity. METHODS To characterize the HBV genetic heterogeneity in association with anti-viral therapy, we performed ultra-deep sequencing of full-genome HBV in the liver and serum of 19 patients with chronic viral infection, including 14 therapy-naïve and 5 nucleos(t)ide analogue(NA)-treated cases. RESULTS Most genomic changes observed in viral variants were single base substitutions and were widely distributed throughout the HBV genome. Four of eight (50%) chronic therapy-naïve HBeAg-negative patients showed a relatively low prevalence of the G1896A pre-core (pre-C) mutant in the liver tissues, suggesting that other mutations were involved in their HBeAg seroconversion. Interestingly, liver tissues in 4 of 5 (80%) of the chronic NA-treated anti-HBe-positive cases had extremely low levels of the G1896A pre-C mutant (0.0%, 0.0%, 0.1%, and 1.1%), suggesting the high sensitivity of the G1896A pre-C mutant to NA. Moreover, various abundances of clones resistant to NA were common in both the liver and serum of treatment-naïve patients, and the proportion of M204VI mutants resistant to lamivudine and entecavir expanded in response to entecavir treatment in the serum of 35.7% (5/14) of patients, suggesting the putative risk of developing drug resistance to NA. CONCLUSION Our findings illustrate the strong advantage of deep sequencing on viral genome as a tool for dissecting the pathophysiology of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Nishijima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nasu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukio Osaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Kou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shujiro Yazumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Soken Tsuchiya
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuharu Shimizu
- Department of Nanobio Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Vidal V, Potterat O, Louvel S, Hamy F, Mojarrab M, Sanglier JJ, Klimkait T, Hamburger M. Library-based discovery and characterization of daphnane diterpenes as potent and selective HIV inhibitors in Daphne gnidium. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:414-419. [PMID: 22148316 DOI: 10.1021/np200855d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite the existence of an extended armamentarium of effective synthetic drugs to treat HIV, there is a continuing need for new potent and affordable drugs. Given the successful history of natural product based drug discovery, a library of close to one thousand plant and fungal extracts was screened for antiretroviral activity. A dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of Daphne gnidium exhibited strong antiretroviral activity and absence of cytotoxicity. With the aid of HPLC-based activity profiling, the antiviral activity could be tracked to four daphnane derivatives, namely, daphnetoxin (1), gnidicin (2), gniditrin (3), and excoecariatoxin (4). Detailed anti-HIV profiling revealed that the pure compounds were active against multidrug-resistant viruses irrespective of their cellular tropism. Mode of action studies that narrowed the site of activity to viral entry events suggested a direct interference with the expression of the two main HIV co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, at the cell surface by daphnetoxin (1).
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Miazga A, Hamy F, Louvel S, Klimkait T, Pietrusiewicz Z, Kurzyńska-Kokorniak A, Figlerowicz M, Wińska P, Kulikowski T. Thiated derivatives of 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-fluorothymidine: Synthesis, in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity and interaction with recombinant drug resistant HIV-1 reverse transcriptase forms. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fehr J, Glass TR, Louvel S, Hamy F, Hirsch HH, von Wyl V, Böni J, Yerly S, Bürgisser P, Cavassini M, Fux CA, Hirschel B, Vernazza P, Martinetti G, Bernasconi E, Günthard HF, Battegay M, Bucher HC, Klimkait T. Replicative phenotyping adds value to genotypic resistance testing in heavily pre-treated HIV-infected individuals--the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Transl Med 2011; 9:14. [PMID: 21255386 PMCID: PMC3032678 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Replicative phenotypic HIV resistance testing (rPRT) uses recombinant infectious virus to measure viral replication in the presence of antiretroviral drugs. Due to its high sensitivity of detection of viral minorities and its dissecting power for complex viral resistance patterns and mixed virus populations rPRT might help to improve HIV resistance diagnostics, particularly for patients with multiple drug failures. The aim was to investigate whether the addition of rPRT to genotypic resistance testing (GRT) compared to GRT alone is beneficial for obtaining a virological response in heavily pre-treated HIV-infected patients. Methods Patients with resistance tests between 2002 and 2006 were followed within the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS). We assessed patients' virological success after their antiretroviral therapy was switched following resistance testing. Multilevel logistic regression models with SHCS centre as a random effect were used to investigate the association between the type of resistance test and virological response (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL or ≥1.5log reduction). Results Of 1158 individuals with resistance tests 221 with GRT+rPRT and 937 with GRT were eligible for analysis. Overall virological response rates were 85.1% for GRT+rPRT and 81.4% for GRT. In the subgroup of patients with >2 previous failures, the odds ratio (OR) for virological response of GRT+rPRT compared to GRT was 1.45 (95% CI 1.00-2.09). Multivariate analyses indicate a significant improvement with GRT+rPRT compared to GRT alone (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.31-2.15). Conclusions In heavily pre-treated patients rPRT-based resistance information adds benefit, contributing to a higher rate of treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fehr
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital of Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Minor drug-resistant variants exist in every patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Because these minority variants are usually present at very low levels, they cannot be detected and quantified using conventional genotypic and phenotypic tests. Recently, several assays have been developed to characterize these low-abundance drug-resistant variants in the large, genetically complex population that is present in every HIV-infected individual. The most important issue is what results generated by these assays can predict clinical or treatment outcomes and might guide the management of patients in clinical practice. Cutoff values for the detection of these low-abundance viral variants that predict an increased risk of treatment failure should be determined. These thresholds may be specific for each mutation and treatment regimen. In this review, we summarize the attributes and limitations of the currently available detection assays and review the existing information about both acquired and transmitted drug-resistant minority variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gianella
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0679, USA
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Prior therapy influences the efficacy of lamivudine monotherapy in patients with lamivudine-resistant HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 54:51-8. [PMID: 19838125 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181bef889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The M184V mutation decreases the replication capacity of HIV-1. This prospective study aimed to characterize the virologic and immunologic changes during monotherapy with lamivudine (3TC) in patients with limited options for a fully suppressive new therapy. METHODS Clinically stable patients with CD4 cells greater than 300/microL, previous virologic failure, and a M184V mutation were treated with 3TC 300 mg once daily during 48 weeks. The primary study endpoint was time to CD4 cell decrease by 30% or to below 200 cells/microL. RESULTS Patients were switched from either a protease inhibitor (PI)-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (PI group, N = 10) or from reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor regimens (RT group, N = 16). Among all 26 patients with a median baseline HIV-1 RNA of 3866 copies/mL and CD4 cell count of 432/microL, the probability of reaching the endpoint after 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks was 15%, 36%, 57%, and 70%, respectively. The median time to the endpoint was 6.0 months. In the PI versus the RT group, 81% versus 40% reached the CD4 endpoint (P < 0.05); the CD4 decline was -170 versus -99 cells/microL (P < 0.05). The replication capacity of the RT increased from mean 53% to 73% (P < 0.01). The increase in the replication capacity of the protease was greater in the PI group (from 51% to 72%, P = 0.07) than in the RT group (from 70% to 82%, P = 0.32). Mutations detected at baseline reverted partially to the wild type. No new HIV-associated illnesses and no 3TC-related toxicities were reported during the study. CONCLUSIONS 3TC monotherapy as a partial treatment interruption did not prevent immunologic deterioration in the majority of patients. It may be considered a temporary maintenance strategy in selected patients failing under RT inhibitors only. Withdrawal of the residual activity of a PI from the failing regimen led to a faster CD4 decline, possibly because of greater increase in the fitness of the protease gene.
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Liu CM, Driebe EM, Schupp J, Kelley E, Nguyen JT, McSharry JJ, Weng Q, Engelthaler DM, Keim PS. Rapid quantification of single-nucleotide mutations in mixed influenza A viral populations using allele-specific mixture analysis. J Virol Methods 2010; 163:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Saladini F, Vicenti I, Razzolini F, Zazzi M. Detection of residual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase K103N minority species in plasma RNA and peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA following discontinuation of non-nucleoside therapy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 16:848-51. [PMID: 19681953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) therapy failed in 30 patients with the typical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase K103N mutation, detected using standard genotyping. Following discontinuation of NNRTI therapy for a median of 55.9 weeks and a decrease of K103N mutant species to undetectable levels in plasma RNA, minority K103N species remained detectable, by allele-specific PCR, for longer periods of time and at higher frequency, in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA than in plasma RNA (76.7% and 46.7% of samples with residual K103N species detected at median frequencies of 18.0% and 3.8%, respectively). Analysis of PBMC DNA should be considered when searching for residual K103N mutant species in patients previously exposed to NNRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Saladini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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