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Babiker A, Hassan M, Muhammed S, Taylor G, Poonia B, Shah A, Bagchi S. Inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases biomarkers in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: A review. Clin Cardiol 2019; 43:222-234. [PMID: 31785111 PMCID: PMC7068107 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 180 million people worldwide and over 4 million people in the United States. HCV infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and is recognized as a risk factor for clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Many studies have shown increased prevalence of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with chronic HCV infection (CHC), and though these markers may be used to risk stratify people for cardiac disease in the general population their role in the HCV population is unknown. Patients with CHC have elevated cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers compared to noninfected controls which may play a role in CVD risk stratification. We undertook a systematic review of inflammatory and cardiac biomarkers in people with HCV infection with a focus on the effect of CHC on serum levels of these markers and their utility as predictors of CVD in this population. Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant articles until June 2019. A total of 2430 results were reviewed with 115 studies included. Our review revealed that HCV infection significantly alters serum levels of markers of inflammation, endothelial function, and cardiac dysfunction prior to HCV treatment, and some of which may change in response to HCV therapy. Current risk stratification tools for development of CVD in the general population may not account for the increased inflammatory markers that appear to be elevated among HCV‐infected patients contributing to increased CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Babiker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Safwan Muhammed
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland.,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gregory Taylor
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bhawna Poonia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anoop Shah
- Division of Cardiology, University of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh
| | - Shashwatee Bagchi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Osibogun O, Ogunmoroti O, Michos ED, Spatz ES, Olubajo B, Nasir K, Maziak W. A systematic review of the associations between HIV/HCV coinfection and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Rev Med Virol 2017; 28. [PMID: 29135056 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection has been increasing with over 10 million people affected globally. The role biomarkers play as predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among coinfected individuals is not well defined. We aimed to systematically review current evidence describing CVD biomarkers among individuals with HIV/HCV coinfection. We searched EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science from inception to June 2017. MeSH terms and keywords were used to identify studies with information on HIV/HCV coinfection and CVD biomarkers (structural, functional, and serological) such as carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), endothelial markers, C-reactive protein (CRP), homocysteine, and lipids. Among 332 articles screened, 28 were included (39,498 participants). Study designs varied: 18 cross-sectional, 9 cohort, and 1 clinical trial. Compared with healthy controls and people with HIV or HCV monoinfection, individuals with HIV/HCV coinfection had statistically significant lower levels of lipids and CRP and higher levels of endothelial markers (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1), CIMT, homocysteine, and IL-6. One study found the odds of carotid plaque in coinfected individuals was 1.64 (0.91-2.94) compared with healthy controls, and another study showed the prevalence of vascular plaques (carotid and femoral) in coinfected individuals was higher compared with HIV monoinfected individuals (44% vs 14%, P = 0.04). Biomarkers of CVD have different patterns of association with HIV/HCV coinfection compared with monoinfection and healthy controls. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the predictive value of these biomarkers for clinical CVD risk among coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatokunbo Osibogun
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Oluseye Ogunmoroti
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Erin D Michos
- The Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erica S Spatz
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Khurram Nasir
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA.,Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wasim Maziak
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
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Townsend K, Meissner EG, Sidharthan S, Sampson M, Remaley AT, Tang L, Kohli A, Osinusi A, Masur H, Kottilil S. Interferon-Free Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus in HIV/Hepatitis C Virus-Coinfected Subjects Results in Increased Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Concentration. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:456-62. [PMID: 26559180 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with lower serum concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), the primary cholesterol metabolite targeted pharmaceutically to modulate cardiovascular risk. Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and treatment with antiretrovirals (ARVs) are associated with dyslipidemia and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In subjects coinfected with HIV and HCV, lipid abnormalities associated with either infection alone are often attenuated. Treatment of chronic HCV infection in HIV/HCV-coinfected subjects is now possible with interferon (IFN)-free regimens composed of directly acting antivirals (DAAs). We previously observed a marked increase in serum LDL-C in HCV-monoinfected subjects treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin (SOF/RBV) that correlated with viral decline in serum, suggesting a direct influence of HCV clearance on serum cholesterol. In the present study, we assessed longitudinal changes in cholesterol in HIV/HCV-coinfected subjects during treatment of HCV genotype-1 (GT1) infection with combination DAA therapy. We report a rapid increase in LDL-C and LDL particle size by week 2 of treatment that was sustained during and after treatment in HIV/HCV-coinfected subjects. No change in serum LDL-C was observed at day 3 of treatment, in spite of a marked reduction in serum HCV viral load, suggesting LDL-C increases do not directly reflect HCV clearance as measured in peripheral blood. After effective DAA therapy for HCV, an increase in LDL should be anticipated in HIV/HCV-coinfected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Townsend
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Eric G. Meissner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sreetha Sidharthan
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maureen Sampson
- Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lydia Tang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anita Kohli
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
- St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Hepatology, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Anu Osinusi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
- Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Henry Masur
- Critical Care Medicine Department, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shyam Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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Butt AA, Yan P, Simon TG, Chung RT, Abou-Samra AB. Changes in circulating lipids level over time after acquiring HCV infection: results from ERCHIVES. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:510. [PMID: 26558512 PMCID: PMC4642733 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in lipid levels over time after acquiring HCV infection, and how they differ from HCV-uninfected persons are unknown. METHODS We used ERCHIVES to identify those with a known HCV seroconversion window and persistently negative controls. We excluded subjects with HIV and hepatitis B and those who received lipid lowering agents. Total Cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), triglycerides (TG) and non-HDL cholesterol were retrieved at yearly intervals and plotted over time. RESULTS Among 1,270 HCV+ and 5,070 HCV- subjects, median age [IQR] was 47[37,53] for HCV+ and 52[47,57] for the HCV- group; 69% were White and 91% were males in each group. Mean BMI [SD] was 26.94[6.73] in the HCV+ and 28.15 [5.98] in the HCV- group (P < 0.001). Over a 10-year follow-up period among HCV+ persons, TC decreased by (mean (SD) mg/dL) 12.06(36.95), LDL by 9.22(31.44), TG by 13.58(87.01) and non-HDL-C by 12.55(35.14). Among HCV- persons, TC cholesterol decreased by 4.15(31.21), LDL by 4.16(26.51); TG by 4.42(82.34) and non-HDL-C by 5.78(30.17). CONCLUSIONS After HCV acquisition, TC, LDL, TG and non-HDL-C progressively decline over time independent of BMI and liver fibrosis. Consequences of lipid changes and the need and optimal timing of lipid lowering therapy in HCV+ persons require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel A Butt
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 3601 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3A, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Hamad Healthcare Quality Institute, Doha, Qatar. .,Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Peng Yan
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 3601 Fifth Avenue, Suite 3A, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Kohli R, Winston D, Sheehan H, Muzzio E, Benetucci J, Weissenbacher M, Wanke C, Knox T, Tang A. Cholesterol Levels in HIV- and/or HCV-Infected Drug Users Living in Argentina. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2015; 15:400-5. [PMID: 26518591 DOI: 10.1177/2325957415614650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved understanding of cholesterol levels in HIV- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected persons in Argentina will guide optimal antiretroviral therapy. The authors conducted a cross-sectional study in Argentina to describe associations between HIV, HCV, and cholesterol. Of the 202 participants, 21 were HIV infected, 15 were HCV infected, 46 were HIV/HCV coinfected, and 120 were HIV/HCV uninfected. HIV/HCV-uninfected participants had the highest total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Multivariate modeling revealed that HIV/HCV-coinfected patients had the lowest TC levels (-28.7 mg/dL, P < .001) compared to the HIV/HCV-uninfected reference group. Hepatitis C virus and HIV/HCV coinfection were associated with lower LDL levels (-21.4 mg/dL, P = .001 and -20.3 mg/dL, P < .0001, respectively). HIV and HIV/HCV coinfection, but not HCV alone, were associated with lower high-density lipoprotein levels (-9.1 mg/dL, P = .0008 and -6.8 mg/dL, P = .0006, respectively). Further study is needed to examine whether the more favorable lipid profile observed in HIV/HCV-coinfected persons is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Kohli
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana Winston
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heidi Sheehan
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Estela Muzzio
- Centro Nacional de Reeducación Social, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Benetucci
- Fundación de Ayuda al Inmunodeficiente, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Christine Wanke
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamsin Knox
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice Tang
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Chew KW, Bhattacharya D, McGinnis KA, Horwich TB, Tseng CH, Currier JS, Butt AA. Short Communication: Coronary Heart Disease Risk by Framingham Risk Score in Hepatitis C and HIV/Hepatitis C-Coinfected Persons. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:718-22. [PMID: 25858663 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the Framingham risk score (FRS) for 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in age- and race-matched hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected and HCV-uninfected persons: 114,073 HCV-infected (111,436 HCV-monoinfected and 2,637 HIV/HCV-coinfected) and 122,996 HCV-uninfected (121,380 HIV and HCV-uninfected and 1,616 HIV-monoinfected) males without cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or hepatitis B. In unadjusted analyses, FRS was similar between the HCV-infected and HCV-uninfected groups [median (interquartile range, IQR) risk points 13 (10-14) vs. 13 (10-14), p=0.192]. Cholesterol levels were lower and current smoking more prevalent in the HCV groups (both HCV and HIV/HCV) compared with the uninfected groups (p<0.001 for both). Prevalence of non-FRS CHD risk factors, such as substance abuse and chronic kidney disease, in the cohort was high, and differed by HCV and HIV status. Adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index, chronic kidney disease, drug and alcohol use, and HIV status, HCV infection was associated with minimally lower FRS (β=-0.095 risk points, p<0.001), suggesting a small but significant difference in 10-year CHD risk estimation in HCV-infected as compared to HCV-uninfected persons when measuring risk by FRS. Given the complex relationship between HCV, HIV, and CHD risk factors, some of which are not captured by the FRS, the FRS may underestimate CHD risk in HCV-monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected persons. HCV- and HIV/HCV-specific risk scores may be needed to optimize CHD risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara W. Chew
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Chi-hong Tseng
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Adeel A. Butt
- VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Hamad Healthcare Quality Institute, Doha, Qatar
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Li D, Long Y, Wang T, Xiao D, Zhang J, Guo Z, Wang B, Yan Y. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in highly endemic HBV areas in China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54815. [PMID: 23372775 PMCID: PMC3555996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wuwei City has the highest prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in China. From 2007 to 2011, the average reported incidence rate of hepatitis B was 634.56/100,000 people. However, studies assessing the epidemic features and risk factors of HCV in the general population of Wuwei City are limited. Methods A total of 7189 people were interviewed and screened for HCV antibodies. HCV RNA and HCV genotypes were analyzed by PCR. Relevant information was obtained from the general population using a standardized questionnaire, and association and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results The anti-HCV prevalence was 1.64% (118/7189), and HCV-RNA was detected in 37.29% (44/118) of the anti-HCV positive samples. The current HCV infection rate was 0.61% (44/7189) in the Wuwei general population. Hepatitis C infection rate was generally higher in the plains regions (χ2 = 27.54,P<0.05), and the most predominant HCV genotypes were 2a (59.1%) and 1b (34.1%). The concurrent HCV and HBV infection rate was 1.37%, and a history of blood transfusion (OR = 17.9, 95% CI: 6.1 to 52.6, p<0.001) was an independent risk factor for HCV positivity. Conclusions Although Wuwei is a highly endemic area for HBV, the anti-HCV positive rate in the general population is low. More than one-third of HCV-infected people were unaware of their infection; this may become an important risk factor for hepatitis C prevalence in the general population. Maintaining blood safety is important in order to help reduce the burden of HCV infection in developing regions of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yong Long
- Department of Epidemiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tingcai Wang
- Wuwei Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingxia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhiwen Guo
- Wuwei Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yongping Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
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Dyslipidaemia in HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy. Analysis of 922 patients from the Spanish VACH cohort. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2011; 11:36. [PMID: 21816091 PMCID: PMC3167744 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-11-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Information concerning lipid disturbances in HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is scarce. The objective of the study is to describe the lipid profile in a large cohort of HIV-infected women on contemporary ART and analyse differences between regimes and patient's characteristics. Methods Observational, multicentre, cross-sectional study from the Spanish VACH Cohort. 922 women on stable ART without lipid-lowering treatment were included. Results Median age was 42 years, median CD4 lymphocyte count was 544 cells/mm3, and 85.6% presented undetectable HIV-1 viral load. Median total cholesterol (TC) was 189 mg/dL (interquartile range, IQR, 165-221), HDL cholesterol 53 mg/dL (IQR, 44-64), LDL cholesterol 108 mg/dL (IQR, 86-134), and triglycerides 116 mg/dL (IQR, 85-163). Mean accumulated time on ART was 116 months; 47.4% were on NNRTI-based regimes, 44.7% on PI, and 6.7% on only-NRTI therapy. 43.8% were also hepatitis C (HCV) coinfected. Patients on PI treatment presented higher TC/HDL ratio than those on NNRTI (p < 0.001). Significantly higher HDL values were observed in NNRTI-treated patients. HCV-coinfected patients presented lower TC/HDL ratio than the non HCV-coinfected. In multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with TC/HDL ratio were age, triglyceride levels and HCV co-infection. PI treatment presented a non-significant association with higher TC/HDL ratio. Conclusions In HIV-infected women, the NNRTI-based ART is associated with a better lipid profile than the PI-based. Factors unrelated to ART selection may also exert an independent, significant influence on lipids; in particular, age, and triglyceride levels are associated with an increased TC/HDL ratio while HCV co-infection is associated with a reduced TC/HDL ratio.
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Diong C, Raboud JM, Li M, Cooper C. HIV/hepatitis C virus and HIV/hepatitis B virus coinfections protect against antiretroviral-related hyperlipidaemia. HIV Med 2011; 12:403-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2010.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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