1
|
Ng AS, Tan J, Ng E, Tay KY, Au WL, Tan LC, Tan EK. Serum peroxiredoxin 3 is reduced in genetic carriers of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:250-251. [PMID: 36171102 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-329433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Sl Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore .,Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jayne Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - E Ng
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute - Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kay Yaw Tay
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Wing Lok Au
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Louis Cs Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore .,Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute - Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Monin M, Lesage S, Brice A. Basi molecolari della malattia di Parkinson. Neurologia 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(18)41584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
3
|
Billingsley KJ, Bandres-Ciga S, Saez-Atienzar S, Singleton AB. Genetic risk factors in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:9-20. [PMID: 29536161 PMCID: PMC6201690 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, we have witnessed a revolution in the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) genetics. Great advances have been made in identifying many loci that confer a risk for PD, which has subsequently led to an improved understanding of the molecular pathways involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite this success, it is predicted that only a relatively small proportion of the phenotypic variability has been explained by genetics. Therefore, it is clear that common heritable components of disease are still to be identified. Dissecting the genetic architecture of PD constitutes a critical effort in identifying therapeutic targets and although such substantial progress has helped us to better understand disease mechanism, the route to PD disease-modifying drugs is a lengthy one. In this review, we give an overview of the known genetic risk factors in PD, focusing not on individual variants but the larger networks that have been implicated following comprehensive pathway analysis. We outline the challenges faced in the translation of risk loci to pathobiological relevance and illustrate the need for integrating big-data by noting success in recent work which adopts a broad-scale screening approach. Lastly, with PD genetics now progressing from identifying risk to predicting disease, we review how these models will likely have a significant impact in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Billingsley
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Bandres-Ciga
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S Saez-Atienzar
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - A B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chai C, Lim KL. Genetic insights into sporadic Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:486-501. [PMID: 24532982 PMCID: PMC3924245 DOI: 10.2174/1389202914666131210195808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive research over the last 15 years has led to the identification of several autosomal recessive and dominant
genes that cause familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Importantly, the functional characterization of these genes has
shed considerable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Collectively;
these studies implicate aberrant protein and mitochondrial homeostasis as key contributors to the development of PD, with
oxidative stress likely acting as an important nexus between the two pathogenic events. Interestingly, recent genome-wide
association studies (GWAS) have revealed variations in at least two of the identified familial PD genes (i.e. α-synuclein
and LRRK2) as significant risk factors for the development of sporadic PD. At the same time, the studies also uncovered
variability in novel alleles that is associated with increased risk for the disease. Additionally, in-silico meta-analyses of
GWAS data have allowed major steps into the investigation of the roles of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions
in sporadic PD. The emergent picture from the progress made thus far is that the etiology of sporadic PD is multi-factorial
and presumably involves a complex interplay between a multitude of gene networks and the environment. Nonetheless,
the biochemical pathways underlying familial and sporadic forms of PD are likely to be shared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chou Chai
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore ; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng Y, Liu Y, Wu Q, Hong H, Zhou H, Chen J, Wang H, Xian W, Li J, Liu Z, Pei Z, Chen L. Confirmation of LRRK2 S1647T variant as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease in southern China. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18:538-40. [PMID: 20629711 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) S1647T has been identified as a risk variant for Parkinson's disease (PD) in Han Chinese. METHODS To replicate the association of LRRK2 S1647T with risk of PD, we conducted a case-control study of this variant involving 406 PD subjects and 412 controls from southern mainland China. RESULTS The results showed that the frequency of A allele was higher in patients with PD (OR=1.238, 95% CI: 1.015-1.510, P=0.035) compared to controls. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis with the disease group (patients with PD vs. controls) as the dependent variable and genotype as an independent factor adjusting for the effect of age and gender, the homozygous S1647T genotype (AA) was associated with an increased risk of PD (OR=1.815, 95% CI:1.270-2.594, P=0.001). The pooled analysis of present data and the data from the previous work demonstrated that the frequency of A allele was higher in patients with PD (OR=1.2, 95% CI: 1.09-1.32, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS LRRK2 S1647T increases the risk of Parkinson's disease in southern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pandey UB, Nichols CD. Human disease models in Drosophila melanogaster and the role of the fly in therapeutic drug discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:411-36. [PMID: 21415126 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a well studied and highly tractable genetic model organism for understanding molecular mechanisms of human diseases. Many basic biological, physiological, and neurological properties are conserved between mammals and D. melanogaster, and nearly 75% of human disease-causing genes are believed to have a functional homolog in the fly. In the discovery process for therapeutics, traditional approaches employ high-throughput screening for small molecules that is based primarily on in vitro cell culture, enzymatic assays, or receptor binding assays. The majority of positive hits identified through these types of in vitro screens, unfortunately, are found to be ineffective and/or toxic in subsequent validation experiments in whole-animal models. New tools and platforms are needed in the discovery arena to overcome these limitations. The incorporation of D. melanogaster into the therapeutic discovery process holds tremendous promise for an enhanced rate of discovery of higher quality leads. D. melanogaster models of human diseases provide several unique features such as powerful genetics, highly conserved disease pathways, and very low comparative costs. The fly can effectively be used for low- to high-throughput drug screens as well as in target discovery. Here, we review the basic biology of the fly and discuss models of human diseases and opportunities for therapeutic discovery for central nervous system disorders, inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. We also provide information and resources for those interested in pursuing fly models of human disease, as well as those interested in using D. melanogaster in the drug discovery process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Schapira AHV. Challenges to the development of disease-modifying therapies in Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18 Suppl 1:16-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony HV Schapira
- University College London, Institute of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK ;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ambegaokar SS, Roy B, Jackson GR. Neurodegenerative models in Drosophila: polyglutamine disorders, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 40:29-39. [PMID: 20561920 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a large group of neurological disorders. Clinical symptoms can include memory loss, cognitive impairment, loss of movement or loss of control of movement, and loss of sensation. Symptoms are typically adult onset (although severe cases can occur in adolescents) and are reflective of neuronal and glial cell loss in the central nervous system. Neurodegenerative diseases also are considered progressive, with increased severity of symptoms over time, also reflective of increased neuronal cell death. However, various neurodegenerative diseases differentially affect certain brain regions or neuronal or glial cell types. As an example, Alzheimer disease (AD) primarily affects the temporal lobe, whereas neuronal loss in Parkinson disease (PD) is largely (although not exclusively) confined to the nigrostriatal system. Neuronal loss is almost invariably accompanied by abnormal insoluble aggregates, either intra- or extracellular. Thus, neurodegenerative diseases are categorized by (a) the composite of clinical symptoms, (b) the brain regions or types of brain cells primarily affected, and (c) the types of protein aggregates found in the brain. Here we review the methods by which Drosophila melanogaster has been used to model aspects of polyglutamine diseases, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and key insights into that have been gained from these models; Alzheimer disease and the tauopathies are covered elsewhere in this special issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surendra S Ambegaokar
- Department of Neurology and George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Basi molecolari del morbo di Parkinson. Neurologia 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(10)70497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
12
|
Tan EK, Schapira AH. Summary of GIGYF2 studies in Parkinson’s disease: the burden of proof. Eur J Neurol 2009; 17:175-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02834.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Tan EK, Peng R, Wu YR, Wu RM, Wu-Chou YH, Tan LC, An XK, Chen CM, Fook-Chong S, Lu CS. LRRK2 G2385R modulates age at onset in Parkinson's disease: A multi-center pooled analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:1022-3. [PMID: 19152345 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) (PARK8) are associated with both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease. Most studies have shown that LRRK2 mutations may explain between 5% and 13% of familial and 1-5% of sporadic Parkinson's disease. Importantly, a common recurrent mutation (G2019S) located in the kinase domain has been reported across most ethnic populations, with the highest prevalence among Ashkenazi Jews and North African Arabs. A recent worldwide meta-analysis pooling data from 24 populations reported a higher occurrence of G2019S in southern than in northern European countries and the penetrance is estimated to be approximately 75% at the age of 79 years. The R1441 'hotspot' amino acid codon residue (G/H/C) in the Ras of complex proteins domain is the second most common site of pathogenic LRRK2 substitutions after G2019S, with most carriers developing symptoms by the age of 75 years. Two polymorphic variants found almost exclusively among Asians (G2385R and R1628P) have been shown to increase the Parkinson's disease risk by approximately two-fold. The mutational event associated with R1628P is more recent, occurring approximately 2500 years ago, compared to estimates of 4000 years for G2385R carriers. LRRK2 mutation carriers generally simulate late onset Parkinson's disease and present with the usual typical clinical features. Genetic testing for G2019S in sporadic late-onset Parkinson's disease can be considered in some situations and may be useful in populations with high carrier status. The identification of asymptomatic mutation and risk variant carriers provides a unique opportunity for recruiting these subjects in potential neuroprotective trials and longitudinal studies to identify biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Kumari
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schapira AH, Agid Y, Barone P, Jenner P, Lemke MR, Poewe W, Rascol O, Reichmann H, Tolosa E. Perspectives on recent advances in the understanding and treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:1090-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
16
|
Parkin protects against LRRK2 G2019S mutant-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2009; 29:11257-62. [PMID: 19741132 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2375-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are currently recognized as the most common genetic cause of parkinsonism. Among the large number of LRRK2 mutations identified to date, the G2019S variant is the most common. In Asia, however, another LRRK2 variant, G2385R, appears to occur more frequently. To better understand the contribution of different LRRK2 variants toward disease pathogenesis, we generated transgenic Drosophila over-expressing various human LRRK2 alleles, including wild type, G2019S, Y1699C, and G2385R LRRK2. We found that transgenic flies harboring G2019S, Y1699C, or G2385R LRRK2 variant, but not the wild-type protein, exhibit late-onset loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in selected clusters that is accompanied by locomotion deficits. Furthermore, LRRK2 mutant flies also display reduced lifespan and increased sensitivity to rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. Importantly, coexpression of human parkin in LRRK2 G2019S-expressing flies provides significant protection against DA neurodegeneration that occurs with age or in response to rotenone. Together, our results suggest a potential link between LRRK2, parkin, and mitochondria in the pathogenesis of LRRK2-related parkinsonism.
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
|
19
|
Tan EK, Tan LC, Lim HQ, Li R, Tang M, Yih Y, Pavanni R, Prakash KM, Fook-Chong S, Zhao Y. LRRK2 R1628P increases risk of Parkinson’s disease: replication evidence. Hum Genet 2008; 124:287-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Tan EK, Tang M, Tan LC, Wu YR, Wu RM, Ross OA, Zhao Y. Lrrk2 R1628P in non-Chinese Asian races. Ann Neurol 2008; 64:472-3. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.21467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
21
|
ERRATUM. Eur J Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|