Determination of total lead in lipstick: Development and validation of a microwave-assisted digestion, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method

Lipsticks History, Formulations, and Production: A Narrative Review

A considerable amount of literature has been published on several aspects of lipsticks production. To date, there is no collation of studies related to lipsticks production that has been published. This review was conducted to examine information about the history of lipsticks; ingredients used in the preparation of lipsticks, focusing on the natural and chemical ingredients; methods of preparation for the lipsticks; and the characterization of the lipsticks. A literature search for English language articles was conducted by searching electronic databases including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Overall, the evidence indicates that lipsticks have been used since ancient times and are among the highest demand cosmetics. The findings of this review summarize those of earlier studies that explained the use of different types of ingredients in the manufacturing processes of lipsticks. It highlights the importance of using green technology and ingredients to fabricate lipsticks to avoid potential side effects such as skin irritation and allergy reaction.

Effects of proteinate complex zinc on growth performance, hepatic and splenic trace elements concentrations, antioxidative function and immune functions in weaned piglets

Objective

To assess the effects of proteinate complex zinc (PC-Zn) on growth performance, antioxidative function, trace element concentrations and immune function in weaned piglets.

Methods

Three hundred newly weaned barrows (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire), 28 days of age, were randomly allotted to 3 dietary groups of 5 replicate pens per group for 4 weeks of feeding. Experimental diets were: i) zinc deficient diet (ZnD, 24 mg/kg Zn supplementation from ZnSO₄), ii) inorganic Zn diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg of Zn from Zn sulfate (ZnSO₄), and iii) organic Zn diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg of Zn from PC-Zn. The body weight of pigs were recorded at the beginning, at the middle and at the end of the experiment, and the amount of feed supplied each day was recorded. Five barrows from each dietary treatment group were selected to be anesthetized and euthanized at the end of the trial to determine the Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn concentrations, the hepatic metallothionein content, the levels of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), Mn, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the spleen, the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ T lymphocyte.

Results

The accumulation of Zn in the spleen, levels of SOD, GSH-Px, IL-4, IL-10, the proportions of CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ T lymphocyte, and the ratio of CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T lymphocyte were increased by organic Zn supplementation compared to ZnD, while the levels of MDA, IFN-γ, and proportion of CD8⁺ T lymphocyte were lowered.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that Zn can improve the antioxidant potential and immune functions of weaned piglets.

Pyridine-2,6-diamine-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a novel sorbent for determination of lead and cadmium ions in cosmetic samples

A novel sorbent based on pyridine-2,6-diamine-functionalized Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles was developed and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The application of the sorbent was investigated for pre-concentration and determination of lead and cadmium ions in aqueous samples. Effects of various factors such as the sample pH, eluent parameters (type, concentration and volume) and time (adsorption and desorption) were appraised. The effects of several interfering ions on method recovery were also investigated. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 1.3 and 0.089 μg L(-1) for lead and cadmium ions, respectively. Recovery and precision (RSD%) of the method were above 97.9% and below 0.6%, respectively. Validation of the outlined method was performed by analysing several certified reference materials. This method was successfully used for determination of lead and cadmium ions in several cosmetic samples, which are usually contaminated by lead and cadmium ions.