1
|
Galli V, Golia D'Augè T, DI Pierro F, Cazzaniga M, Guasti L, Zerbinati N, Bertuccioli A, Khan A, D'Ovidio G, Iaculli F, Tibaldi V, Santangelo G, Fischetti M, Casorelli AF, DI Donato V, Giannini A, Musella A, Giancotti A, Monti M. Safety and efficacy of a class II medical device based on highly purified and standardized plant extracts in the management of post-menopausal patients with vulvar and vaginal atrophy: a single-center prospective observational study. Minerva Obstet Gynecol 2024; 76:343-352. [PMID: 38358384 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-606x.23.05409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the gold standard treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) is based on the use of local or systemic estrogen-containing products, the typical long-term side effects of hormonal treatments and, most importantly, the contraindications in patients with history of breast and endometrial neoplasms do limit in some extent its use. As hyaluronic acid and some highly purified botanicals have clearly demonstrated their anti-inflammatory and mucosa-protecting properties, we have tested, in women with GSM, a class II vaginal medical device containing hyaluronate gel and a mucoadhesive active enriched with purified alkylamides from Zanthoxylum bungeanum, triterpenes from Centella asiatica and high molecular weight polysaccharides from Tamarindus indica. METHODS Our single-center, open-label, prospective and observational study was conducted on 50 menopausal women enrolled at the Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital in Rome, Italy. Gel administration lasted 150 days and was performed daily for the first 12 days and every 48 hours for the remaining 138 days. Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline and after 12, 57 and 150 days. Besides product safety, main outcomes of our study were: 1) vaginal health (by Vaginal Health Index score [VHI]); 2) sexual quality of life (by Female Sexual Distress Scale [FSDS]); and 3) percentage of women declaring regular sexual activity. RESULTS The product was safe with no specific adverse events reported. It significantly improved VHI (about 5% after 57 days and 8% after 150 days), FSDS (about 7% after 57 days and 10% after 150 days), and sexual activity (about 20% after 150 days). It also reduced dryness, dyspareunia, burning, itching, and dysuria incidence, respectively by about 18%, 14%, 14%, 27% and 11% after 150 days. CONCLUSIONS In women with GSM, the intravaginal administration of a hyaluronate-based gel enriched with purified botanical actives endowed with anti-inflammatory and mucosal-protecting properties, reduced painful sensation during sexual acts and increased regular sexual activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Galli
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Tullio Golia D'Augè
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco DI Pierro
- Department of Science and Research, Velleja Research, Milan, Italy -
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Luigina Guasti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicola Zerbinati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Liaguat University of Medical and Health Sceinces, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Giulia D'Ovidio
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Iaculli
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tibaldi
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giusi Santangelo
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Fischetti
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Assunta F Casorelli
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Violante DI Donato
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Giannini
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Musella
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giancotti
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Monti
- Department of Maternal, Child Health and Urological Sciences, Umberto I Polyclinic Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang D, Lin Z, Xuan L, Lu M, Shi B, Shi J, He F, Battino M, Zhao L, Zou X. Rapid determination of geographical authenticity and pungency intensity of the red Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) using differential pulse voltammetry and machine learning algorithms. Food Chem 2024; 439:137978. [PMID: 38048663 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of an analytical method for assessing pungency intensity and determining geographical origins is crucial for evaluating the quality of visually similar Zanthoxylum bungeanum pericarp (PZB). This study analyzed 210 PZB samples from 14 origins across China, focusing on origin adulteration identification and pungency intensity using a combination of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and machine learning algorithms. The artificial neural network (ANN) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms provided the highest accuracy in origin identification (100 %) and adulteration detection (97.9 %) respectively. Moreover, the ANN excelled in predicting pungency intensity (R2 = 0.918). Assessment via feature importance analysis of DPV features revealed that segments of polyphenols (0.34-0.52 V and 1.0-1.2 V) and alkylamides (1.0-1.2 V) contributed significantly to the PZB pungency intensity. These findings highlight the potential of DPV as a reliable method for assessing the quality of PZB, and offer a promising solution for ensuring the geographical authenticity of this important crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zitao Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lilei Xuan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Minmin Lu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Bolin Shi
- Food and Agriculture Standardization Institute, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 102200, China.
| | - Jiyong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fatao He
- Jinan Fruit Research Institute, China Federation of Supply and Marketing Co-operatives, Jinan, Shandong 250200, China
| | - Maurizio Battino
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lei Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Standardization Institute, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang R, Rao C, Liu Q, Liu X. Degradation and Transformation Mechanisms of Zanthoxylum Alkylamides Exposed to UVB Light. Foods 2023; 12:4392. [PMID: 38137195 PMCID: PMC10743192 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zanthoxylum oleoresin, a concentrated extract derived from Zanthoxylum bungeanum, is rich in non-volatile, intensely flavorful substances and amide compounds, such as hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, and hydroxy-ε-sanshool. The production process of Zanthoxylum oleoresin remains unstandardized, and there is still a lack of research on the precise classification and quantification of its key chemical constituents, as well as the stability of these compounds when produced using different extraction methods. This study utilized preparative liquid chromatography to extract and purify amide compounds from Zanthoxylum oleoresin, successfully isolating three sanshools: hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, and hydroxy-ε-sanshool. The stability of three these sanshools under UVB irradiation in different solvents was explored in UVB-simulated sunlight conditions to investigate the degradation or transformation mechanism of Zanthoxylum alkylamides under UVB irradiation. The findings indicate a rapid decrease in the hydroxy-α-sanshool content under UVB ultraviolet light, aligning with the second-order kinetics. This study revealed alterations in the contents of hydroxy-α-sanshool, hydroxy-β-sanshool, and hydroxy-ε-sanshool and the formation of a new compound following exposure to UVB light. This new compound, along with the three sanshools, possesses a uniform m/z 264 and shares similar chemical structures. Further analysis also uncovered that these compounds are capable of undergoing isomerization reactions under UVB irradiation. This demonstrates that UVB irradiation of certain intensities can modify the concentrations and chemical structures of these Zanthoxylum alkylamides. These insights offer crucial guidance for future studies on the processing and preservation of Zanthoxylum alkylamides and their derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Child Nutrition and Health Development, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Chaolong Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qiuyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tan F, Li H, Zhang K, Xu L, Zhang D, Han Y, Han J. Sodium Alginate/Chitosan-Coated Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Hydroxy-α-Sanshool: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2010. [PMID: 37514196 PMCID: PMC10383520 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxy-α-Sanshool (HAS) possesses various pharmacological properties, such as analgesia and regulating gastrointestinal function. However, the low oral bioavailability of HAS has limited its oral delivery in clinical application. METHODS AND RESULTS To enhance its oral bioavailability, a nanocomposite delivery system based on chitosan (CH, as the polycation) and sodium alginate (SA, as the polyanion) was prepared using a layer-by-layer coating technique. The morphology, thermal behavior and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) showed that the obtained sodium alginate/chitosan-coated HAS-loaded liposomes (SA/CH-HAS-LIP) with core-shell structures have been successfully covered with polymers. When compared with HAS-loaded liposomes (HAS-LIP), SA/CH-HAS-LIP displayed obvious pH sensitivity and a sustained-release behavior in in vitro studies, which fitted well to Weibull model. In vivo, the half-life of HAS from SA/CH-HAS-LIP remarkably extended after oral administration compared to the free drug. Additionally, it allowed a 4.6-fold and 4.2-fold increase in oral bioavailability, respectively, compared with free HAS and HAS-LIP. CONCLUSIONS SA/CH-HAS-LIP could be a promising release vehicle for the oral delivery of HAS to increase its oral bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lulu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dahan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Han
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao C, Zhang F, Chen S, Hu W, Dong L, Zhao Y, Han M, Li Z. Effects of drying methods on the quality of Hanyuan Zanthoxylum bungeanum based on physicochemical and functional metabolite analysis. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2023.114674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
|
6
|
Chen Q, Wang Z, Yang B, Yang Q, Kan J. Determination of main alkylamides responsible for Zanthoxylum bungeanum pungency through quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker. Food Chem 2022; 396:133645. [PMID: 35870244 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pungency of Chinese pepper (Zanthoxylum bungeanum) is mainly attributed to the alkylamides contained therein. However, the quantitation and application of these alkylamides are hindered by the lack of commercially available standards. Herein, five alkylamides mainly responsible for the pungency of Z. bungeanum were quantified in 31 batch samples of this plant by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) to reveal significant differences in composition distribution according to the sample source. The two methods employed for this purpose, namely an external standard method and QAMS, were shown to be consistent, as the corresponding standardized mean difference was below 5.0%. Thus, the developed QAMS method was concluded to be a promising alternative for the comprehensive and effective quality control of Z. bungeanum from different sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Guangdong Province Technician College of Light Industry, 160 Xingang West, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Bing Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang K, Meng XH, Chai T, Wang CB, Sang CY, Wang WF, Shang XY, Yang JL. Chemical constituents from the fruits of Zanthoxylum bungeanum and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2021.104356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Feng S, Liu Z, Cheng J, Li Z, Tian L, Liu M, Yang T, Liu Y, Liu Y, Dai H, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Wang G, Zhang J, Jiang H, Wei A. Zanthoxylum-specific whole genome duplication and recent activity of transposable elements in the highly repetitive paleotetraploid Z. bungeanum genome. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:205. [PMID: 34480029 PMCID: PMC8417289 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum bungeanum is an important spice and medicinal plant that is unique for its accumulation of abundant secondary metabolites, which create a characteristic aroma and tingling sensation in the mouth. Owing to the high proportion of repetitive sequences, high heterozygosity, and increased chromosome number of Z. bungeanum, the assembly of its chromosomal pseudomolecules is extremely challenging. Here, we present a genome sequence for Z. bungeanum, with a dramatically expanded size of 4.23 Gb, assembled into 68 chromosomes. This genome is approximately tenfold larger than that of its close relative Citrus sinensis. After the divergence of Zanthoxylum and Citrus, the lineage-specific whole-genome duplication event η-WGD approximately 26.8 million years ago (MYA) and the recent transposable element (TE) burst ~6.41 MYA account for the substantial genome expansion in Z. bungeanum. The independent Zanthoxylum-specific WGD event was followed by numerous fusion/fission events that shaped the genomic architecture. Integrative genomic and transcriptomic analyses suggested that prominent species-specific gene family expansions and changes in gene expression have shaped the biosynthesis of sanshools, terpenoids, and anthocyanins, which contribute to the special flavor and appearance of Z. bungeanum. In summary, the reference genome provides a valuable model for studying the impact of WGDs with recent TE activity on gene gain and loss and genome reconstruction and provides resources to accelerate Zanthoxylum improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Feng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenshan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zihe Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Tian
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Liu
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Tuxi Yang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - He Dai
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Zujun Yang
- Center for Information in Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- Research Centre for Engineering and Technology of Zanthoxylum State Forestry Administration, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Neurocosmetics in Skincare—The Fascinating World of Skin–Brain Connection: A Review to Explore Ingredients, Commercial Products for Skin Aging, and Cosmetic Regulation. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The “modern” cosmetology industry is focusing on research devoted to discovering novel neurocosmetic functional ingredients that could improve the interactions between the skin and the nervous system. Many cosmetic companies have started to formulate neurocosmetic products that exhibit their activity on the cutaneous nervous system by affecting the skin’s neuromediators through different mechanisms of action. This review aims to clarify the definition of neurocosmetics, and to describe the features of some functional ingredients and products available on the market, with a look at the regulatory aspect. The attention is devoted to neurocosmetic ingredients for combating skin stress, explaining the stress pathways, which are also correlated with skin aging. “Neuro-relaxing” anti-aging ingredients derived from plant extracts and neurocosmetic strategies to combat inflammatory responses related to skin stress are presented. Afterwards, the molecular basis of sensitive skin and the suitable neurocosmetic ingredients to improve this problem are discussed. With the aim of presenting the major application of Botox-like ingredients as the first neurocosmetics on the market, skin aging is also introduced, and its theory is presented. To confirm the efficacy of the cosmetic products on the market, the concept of cosmetic claims is discussed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang M, Tong S, Ma T, Xi Z, Liu J. Chromosome-level genome assembly of Sichuan pepper provides insights into apomixis, drought tolerance, and alkaloid biosynthesis. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2533-2545. [PMID: 34145765 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sichuan pepper is a commonly used spice in Asian cuisine. Sanshools and wgx-50/gx-50 isolated from it have been shown to possess a wide spectrum of medicinal properties. Here we generated a chromosome-level genome assembly of one Sichuan pepper species Zanthoxylum armatum characterized by drought tolerance and apomixis. Analyses of functionally related genes suggested that increased gene copy number and expression level of drought-tolerant genes might play an important role in improving drought tolerance of Z. armatum. Moreover, a gene encoding an RWP-RK domain-containing protein was shown to contribute to apomixis in Z. armatum, which was further characterized by overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, based on gene homology searching and co-expression patterns of metabolite concentration and gene expressions, we identified a number of candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of sanshools and wgx-50/gx-50. Taken together, our results yield valuable insights for understanding the evolution of apomixis, drought tolerance, and alkaloid biosynthesis in Z. armatum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingcheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaofei Tong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenxiang Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The effect of the pungent sensation elicited by Sichuan pepper oleoresin on the sensory perception of saltiness throughout younger and older age groups. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
12
|
Zheng T, Zhang Q, Su KX, Liu SM. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal the regulation of peel coloration in green, red Chinese prickly ash ( Zanthoxylum L.). FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2020; 1:100004. [PMID: 35415618 PMCID: PMC8991852 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2020.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peel colour is an important external economic characteristic of Chinese prickly ash cultivars (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.). To gain insight into their coloration mechanisms, we performed an integrated analysis of green and red peels using combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Pelargonin-O-hexoside-O-rhamnoside-O-hexoside, pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, peonidin O-hexoside, cyanidin O-syringic acid and peonidin 3-O-glucoside were found to be the key anthocyanins. Transcriptome data indicated that the anthocyanidin synthase genes and UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosytransferase genes were significantly increased to promote the redness of the peels. In addition, we discussed the role of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in coloration, of which the c80935 and c226097 genes may be the key regulatory factors for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Generally, this is the first study to identify and reveal the main anthocyanins in Chinese prickly ash peels during different developmental periods. The results of this research lay the foundation for understanding the regulation of coloration in Chinese prickly ash peels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ke-Xing Su
- College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shu-Ming Liu
- College of Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meng XH, Chai T, Shi YP, Yang JL. Bungsteroid A: One Unusual C 34 Pentacyclic Steroid Analogue from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10806-10812. [PMID: 32702985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bungsteroid A (1), possessing an unreported carbon skeleton, was isolated from the pericarps of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. It represents the first carbon skeleton of a C34 steroid analogue featuring a unique 6/6/6/6/5-fused pentacyclic skeleton, which has been determined by spectroscopic methods, quantum-chemical 13C NMR, ECD calculations, and calculations of optical rotations. Bungsteroid A showed the antiproliferative effects against HepG2, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines with the IC50 values of 56.3 ± 1.1, 64.2 ± 0.9, and 74.2 ± 1.3 μM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Hua Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Li Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun L, Yu D, Wu Z, Wang C, Yu L, Wei A, Wang D. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis and Expression of Genes Reveal the Biosynthesis and Accumulation Patterns of Key Flavonoids in Different Varieties of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13258-13268. [PMID: 31714769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Rutaceae), a popular food flavoring and traditional Chinese medicine ingredient, is an important cash crop. Its leaves are rich in flavonoids with multiple bioactivities. However, the transcriptional sequencing has not been investigated, and the molecular basis for the flavonoid biosynthesis remains unclear in this plant. This paper, the key flavonoids (epicatechin, rutin, hyperoside, trifolin, quercitrin, and afzelin) contents were determined in the leaves of 10 Z. bungeanum varieties from a common garden. Results show the leaves of Z. bungeanum mainly contained hyperoside (11.410-21.721 mg/g) and quercitrin (9.401-18.016 mg/g). The total content of these key components was the highest in Fengxian Dahongpao (66.012 mg/g) and the lowest in Fugu (32.223 mg/g). Three varieties (Hancheng stingless, Fugu, and Fengxian Dahongpao) with significant differences in the total content of key flavonoids were selected for transcriptome analysis to obtain flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes. In total, 83 522 unigenes were obtained, 40 668 (48.69%) unigenes were annotated, and 6656 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Comparison of the other two varieties, Fugu had many differentially expressed genes indicating the particularity of its variety. Flavonoid-related DEGs of 22 structural genes, including three PALs, one CYP73A, three 4CLs, six CHSs, one CHI, one F3H, one DFR, two ANSs, one ANR, one FLS, and two CYP75B1s, as well as nine MYBs were obtained. These structural genes had different expression patterns in different Z. bungeanum varieties. It is worth noting that the genes expressing the flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase are absent in Z. bungeanum. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR experiment showed consistent results in transcriptome analysis. The RNA-Seq data set of this study sheds lights on the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in Z. bungeanum, provides valuable information for the metabolic regulation of flavonoids, and may serve as a guide for future breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leiwen Sun
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Danmeng Yu
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaochen Wu
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wound Healing and the Use of Medicinal Plants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2684108. [PMID: 31662773 PMCID: PMC6778887 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2684108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is the process by which skin repairs itself. It is generally accepted that cutaneous wound healing can be divided into 4 phases: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. In humans, keratinocytes re-form a functional epidermis (reepithelialization) as rapidly as possible, closing the wound and reestablishing tissue homeostasis. Dermal fibroblasts migrate into the wound bed and proliferate, creating “granulation tissue” rich in extracellular matrix proteins and supporting the growth of new blood vessels. Ultimately, this is remodelled over an extended period, returning the injured tissue to a state similar to that before injury. Dysregulation in any phase of the wound healing cascade delays healing and may result in various skin pathologies, including nonhealing, or chronic ulceration. Indigenous and traditional medicines make extensive use of natural products and derivatives of natural products and provide more than half of all medicines consumed today throughout the world. Recognising the important role traditional medicine continues to play, we have undertaken an extensive survey of literature reporting the use of medical plants and plant-based products for cutaneous wounds. We describe the active ingredients, bioactivities, clinical uses, formulations, methods of preparation, and clinical value of 36 medical plant species. Several species stand out, including Centella asiatica, Curcuma longa, and Paeonia suffruticosa, which are popular wound healing products used by several cultures and ethnic groups. The popularity and evidence of continued use clearly indicates that there are still lessons to be learned from traditional practices. Hidden in the myriad of natural products and derivatives from natural products are undescribed reagents, unexplored combinations, and adjunct compounds that could have a place in the contemporary therapeutic inventory.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zeng X, Li X, Wang X, Wen X, Jiang X. The effect of Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim extract on crow's feet: A double-blind, split-face trial. Dermatol Ther 2019; 32:e13079. [PMID: 31482633 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most obvious signs of aging, wrinkles have long been the concern of many people and continue to be a major topic in dermal-cosmetic industry. Accordingly, there is a need to develop products with good efficacy and safety profile. The Zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim (ZBM) extract is a natural food which may possess the property of a toxin-like botulinum. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a formulation that contains 2% ZBM pericarp extract in the treatment of wrinkles. Twenty females aged 35-60 years old were enrolled in this randomized, vehicle-controlled, double-blind, and split-face trial. The trial lasted for 30 days, when participants randomly used formulations containing 2% ZBM extract on one side of the temporal canthus and vehicle formulation on the other side. Skin roughness, skin hydration, and skin elasticity were evaluated by Primospico, Corneometer® CM825, and Cutometer® MPA580, respectively. The formulation containing 2% ZBM extract has a significant short-term anti-crow's feet effect compared with vehicle. No adverse effect was shown during the study. Topical application of 2% ZBM extract is tolerable and can be used as an effective cosmetic agent for short-term wrinkle treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chemical composition, sensory properties and application of Sichuan pepper (Zanthoxylum genus). FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Hao D, Wen X, Liu L, Wang L, Zhou X, Li Y, Zeng X, He G, Jiang X. Sanshool improves UVB-induced skin photodamage by targeting JAK2/STAT3-dependent autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:19. [PMID: 30622245 PMCID: PMC6325150 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation is markedly increased because of pollution and the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Excessive exposure to sunlight can negatively affect the skin, resulting in sunburn, photo-aging, or skin cancer. In this study, we first determined the photoprotective effect of sanshool, a major component in Zanthoxylum bungeanum, on UVB-irradiated responses in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and nude mouse. We found that sanshool treatment can protect cells against the effects of UVB irradiation by (i) increasing cell viability, (ii) inhibiting MMP expression, and (iii) inducing autophagy. We also used the recombinant CSF2 or anti-CSF2 antibody co-cultured with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and found that CSF2 contributes to sanshool-induced autophagy. Sanshool hindered the UVB-induced activation of JAK2-STAT3 signaling in HDFs, thereby inhibiting the expression of MMPs and activation of autophagic flux. Exposure of the dorsal skin of hairless mice to UVB radiation and subsequent topical application of sanshool delayed the progression of skin inflammation, leading to autophagy and inhibiting the activation of JAK2-STAT3 signaling. These results provide a basis for the study of the photoprotective effect of sanshool and suggest that it can be potentially used as an agent against UVB-induced skin damage in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xianli Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, P.R. China.
| | - Yanmei Li
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Formulating O/W Emulsions with Plant-Based Actives: A Stability Challenge for an Effective Product. COSMETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics5040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality, safety, and efficacy concerns added to instability, poor absorption, and the dispersion of actives are common problems while formulating plant-based cosmetics. Furthermore, a correct balance between the stability of the emulsion, the sensory profile, and the high efficacy has to be considered to formulate an effective product. In this paper, we demonstrate that rheology is a methodological tool that can be used while designing a new product. In particular, we developed an O/W emulsion which is easy to spread on irritated skin, and that can soothe the redness and discomfort caused by the exposure to both physical and chemical irritating agents. The green active mixture consists of three natural raw materials: Bosexil®, Zanthalene®, and Xilogel®. Each ingredient has a well-demonstrated efficacy in terms of soothing, anti-itching, and moisturizing properties respectively. Starting from the selection of a new green emulsifying system, through the analysis of the rheological properties, we obtained a stable and easy-to-apply o/w emulsion. The efficacy of the optimized product was assessed in vitro on intact and injured skin using the SkinEthic™ Reconstituted Human Epidermis (RHE) as a biological model.
Collapse
|
20
|
Perichet C, Philippe F, Dupouyet A, Marteaux B, Schnaebele N, Dubrulle N, Lavoine-Hanneguelle S, Giraud N. Study of Some Zanthoxylum
Species by Chemical and DNA Analysis Approaches. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1800251. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Philippe
- DNA Gensee; 17 rue du Lac St André 73370 Le Bourget du Lac France
| | - Alice Dupouyet
- Charabot-Robertet; 10 Avenue Y.E. Baudoin 06130 Grasse France
| | | | | | - Nelly Dubrulle
- DNA Gensee; 17 rue du Lac St André 73370 Le Bourget du Lac France
| | | | - Nicole Giraud
- DNA Gensee; 17 rue du Lac St André 73370 Le Bourget du Lac France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chruma JJ, Cullen DJ, Bowman L, Toy PH. Polyunsaturated fatty acid amides from the Zanthoxylum genus – from culinary curiosities to probes for chemical biology. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:54-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00044h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A critical and comprehensive review of the discovery, synthesis, and biological activities of alkamides isolated from Zanthoxylum plants and synthetic derivatives thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J. Chruma
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology (MOE)
- College of Chemistry
- Sino-British Materials Research Institute
- College of Physical Science & Technology
- Sichuan University
| | | | - Lydia Bowman
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Patrick H. Toy
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mariano M, De Padova M, Lorenzi S, Cameli N. Clinical and Videodermoscopic Evaluation of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of a Shampoo Containing Ichthyol, Zanthalene, Mandelic Acid, and Honey in the Treatment of Scalp Psoriasis. Skin Appendage Disord 2018; 4:296-300. [DOI: 10.1159/000486461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Purpose of the Study:</i></b> The aim of the present prospective multicenter open study was to clinically and instrumentally evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a shampoo, Mellis Cap® shampoo, containing ichthyol, zanthalene, mandelic acid, and honeydew honey in the treatment of mild to moderate scalp psoriasis. <b><i>Procedures:</i></b> Thirty subjects with mild to moderate psoriasis applied the shampoo three times a week for 12 weeks. The outcome was evaluated at 30 days (T1), 60 days (T2), and 90 days (T3) of treatment, comparing it to baseline (T0) by means of clinical and patients’ evaluation, digital photographs, and videodermoscopy. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Clinical and patients’ evaluation showed improvement of scalp psoriasis and itching. This was confirmed by videodermoscopy analysis with a significant reduction of scalp psoriasis severity at T2 and T3 compared to baseline. No side effects were observed or reported. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Study treatment was well tolerated and showed significant clinical and instrumental improvement of scalp psoriasis. Mellis Cap® shampoo is a good alternative to other medicated shampoos in the treatment of mild to moderate scalp psoriasis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang H, Zhou X, Wong MHY, Man KY, Pin WK, Yeung JHK, Kwan YW, Leung GPH, Hoi PM, Lee SMY, Chan CO, Mok DKW, Yu PHF, Chan SW. Sichuan pepper attenuates H 2O 2-induced apoptosis via antioxidant activity and up-regulating heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in primary rat hepatocytes. J Food Biochem 2017; 41:e12403. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Marcus Ho-Yin Wong
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
| | - Ka-Yi Man
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
| | - Wing-Kwan Pin
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
| | - John Hok-Keung Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Yiu-Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - George Pak-Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Pui-Man Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenue Padre Tomás Pereira S.J., Taipa Macau China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Avenue Padre Tomás Pereira S.J., Taipa Macau China
| | - Chi-On Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
| | - Daniel Kam-Wah Mok
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
| | - Peter Hoi-Fu Yu
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology; Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Shun-Wan Chan
- Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology (Incubation), Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong China
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology; Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Feng S, Zhao L, Liu Z, Liu Y, Yang T, Wei A. De novo transcriptome assembly of Zanthoxylum bungeanum using Illumina sequencing for evolutionary analysis and simple sequence repeat marker development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16754. [PMID: 29196697 PMCID: PMC5711952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zanthoxylum, an ancient economic crop in Asia, has a satisfying aromatic taste and immense medicinal values. A lack of genomic information and genetic markers has limited the evolutionary analysis and genetic improvement of Zanthoxylum species and their close relatives. To better understand the evolution, domestication, and divergence of Zanthoxylum, we present a de novo transcriptome analysis of an elite cultivar of Z. bungeanum using Illumina sequencing; we then developed simple sequence repeat markers for identification of Zanthoxylum. In total, we predicted 45,057 unigenes and 22,212 protein coding sequences, approximately 90% of which showed significant similarities to known proteins in databases. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Zanthoxylum is relatively recent and estimated to have diverged from Citrus ca. 36.5–37.7 million years ago. We also detected a whole-genome duplication event in Zanthoxylum that occurred 14 million years ago. We found no protein coding sequences that were significantly under positive selection by Ka/Ks. Simple sequence repeat analysis divided 31 Zanthoxylum cultivars and landraces into three major groups. This Zanthoxylum reference transcriptome provides crucial information for the evolutionary study of the Zanthoxylum genus and the Rutaceae family, and facilitates the establishment of more effective Zanthoxylum breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Feng
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhenshan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Tuxi Yang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang M, Wang J, Zhu L, Li T, Jiang W, Zhou J, Peng W, Wu C. Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. (Rutaceae): A Systematic Review of Its Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2172. [PMID: 29057808 PMCID: PMC5666853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. (Rutaceae) is a popular food additive and traditional Chinese herbal medicine commonly named HuaJiao in China. This plant is widely distributed in Asian countries. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic review on the traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of this plant. Furthermore, the possible development and perspectives for future research on this plant are also discussed. To date, over 140 compounds have been isolated and identified from Z. bungeanum, including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and free fatty acids. The extracts and compounds have been shown to possess wide-ranging biological activity, such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, antioxidant and anti-tumor effects, antibacterial and antifungal effects, as well as regulatory effects on the gastrointestinal system and nervous system, and other effects. As a traditional herbal medicine, Z. bungeanum has been widely used to treat many diseases, especially digestive disorders, toothache, stomach ache, and diarrhea. Many traditional usages of this plant have been validated by present investigations. However, further research elucidating the structure-function relationship among chemical compounds, understanding the mechanism of unique sensation, as well as exploring new clinical effects and establishing criteria for quality control for Z. bungeanum should be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jiaolong Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Tao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Weidong Jiang
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Juan Zhou
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Wei Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Chunjie Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li XQ, Kang R, Huo JC, Xie YH, Wang SW, Cao W. Wound-healing Activity of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim Seed Oil on Experimentally Burned Rats. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:363-371. [PMID: 28839358 PMCID: PMC5551351 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_211_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The seed oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZBSO) is considered to be rich source of fatty acids, mainly oleic and linoleic acids, and has been used for the treatment of burns in Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the healing efficacy of ZBSO and explored its possible mechanism on scalded rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley rat models with deep second-degree burns were set up, and ZBSO (500 and 1000 μl/wound) was topically applied twice daily for 7 days and then once daily until wound healing. The therapeutic effects of ZBSO were evaluated by observing wound closure time, decrustation time, wound-healing ratio, and pathological changes. Collagen type-III, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, phospho-nuclear factor-κB (p-NF-κB) p65, inhibitor of NF-κB subunit α p-IκBα, and inhibitor of NF-κB subunit α (IκBα) expression were determined using Western blotting. RESULTS The ZBSO-treated group showed a higher wound-healing ratio and shorter decrustation and wound closure times than the untreated group. The topical application of ZBSO increased collagen synthesis as evidenced by an increase in hydroxyproline level and upregulated expression of collagen type-III on days 7, 14, and 21 posttreatment. A reduction in MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions also confirmed the collagen formation efficacy of ZBSO. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in superoxide dismutase levels and a decrease in malondialdehyde levels in ZBSO-treated wounds. ZBSO also decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 (IL-1) β, and IL-6 levels in serum, upregulated IκBα, and downregulated p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα expression in vivo, indicating the anti-inflammatory action of ZBSO. CONCLUSION ZBSO has significant potential to treat burn wounds by accelerating collagen synthesis and the anti-inflammatory cascade of the healing process. SUMMARY The seed oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim (ZBSO) is rich of fatty acidsThe healing efficacy of ZBSO on experimentally scalded rats was evaluatedZBSO has significant potential to treat deep second-degree burn woundsZBSO could accelerate collagen synthesis and inhibit the inflammatory signaling. Abbreviations used: ECL: Enhanced chemiluminescence; ECM: Extracellular matrix; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GC-MS: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HRP: Horseradish peroxidase; HYP: Hydroxyproline; IκBα: Inhibitor of NF-κB subunit α; IL: Interleukin; MDA: Malondialdehyde; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase-2; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; SFE: Supercritical fluid extraction; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; SSD: Silver sulfadiazine; TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Rong Kang
- Department of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jun-Cheng Huo
- Department of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yan-Hua Xie
- Department of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Si-Wang Wang
- Department of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Skin aging is caused by several factors. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure as well as oxidative stress elevates inflammatory mediators causing degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is regarded as the major cause of skin wrinkles, one of the signs of aging. Topical applications of active ingredients protect against dermal photodamage and scavenge radicals that can delay skin aging. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors against degradation of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronan are the key strategy to combat cutaneous aging. In addition, active ingredients with the efficacy to enhance extracellular matrix production, including those with UV protection efficacy, play an important role in protecting the skin from aging. Naturally derived compounds for combating skin wrinkles are gaining more interest among the consumers as they are perceived to be milder, safer, and healthier. This article, therefore, briefly addresses the causes of skin aging and extensively summarizes on herbs appraisal for skin wrinkles treatment. Therefore, delaying aging of skin using the functional herbs would maintain the individual's appearance with high esthetic and psychosocial impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nattaya Lourith
- a School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University , Chiang Rai , Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
You Y, Ren T, Zhang S, Shirima GG, Cheng Y, Liu X. Hypoglycemic effects of Zanthoxylum alkylamides by enhancing glucose metabolism and ameliorating pancreatic dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Funct 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00432b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkylamides extracted from Zanthoxylum, a seasoning spice and folk medicine, exhibited hypoglycemic properties by enhancing glucose metabolism and ameliorating pancreatic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuming You
- College of Food Science
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
- College of Forestry and Life Science
| | - Ting Ren
- College of Food Science
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Shiqi Zhang
- College of Food Science
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
| | | | - YaJiao Cheng
- College of Food Science
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
| | - Xiong Liu
- College of Food Science
- Southwest University
- Chongqing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the leaves of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:181072. [PMID: 25147836 PMCID: PMC4134800 DOI: 10.1155/2014/181072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ethanol crude extracts (ECE) and their subfractions from Zanthoxylum bungeanum leaves were prepared and their phytochemical profiles and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were investigated. Moreover, the effective HPLC procedure for simultaneous quantification of twelve compounds in Z. bungeanum leaves was established. The correlation between the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity was also discussed. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) had the highest total phenolic (97.29 mmol GAE/100 g) and flavonoid content (67.93 mmol QE/100 g), while the greatest total alkaloid content (4.39 mmol GAE/100 g) was observed in the chloroform fraction (CF). Twelve compounds were quantified by RP-HPLC assay. EAF exhibited the highest content of quercitrin, kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, quercetin, sesamin, and nitidine chloride (125.21, 54.95, 24.36, 26.24, and 0.20 mg/g); acetone fraction (AF) contained the highest content of chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, and trifolin (5.87, 29.94, 98.33, and 31.24 mg/g), while kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, xanthyletin, and sesamin were rich in CF. EAF and AF exhibited significant DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging abilities and reducing power (FRAP), whereas CF exhibited significant antifungal activity. Moreover, EAF also showed stronger antibacterial activity. In conclusion, Z. bungeanum leaves have health benefits when consumed and could be served as an accessible source for production of functional food ingredients and medicinal exploration.
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
De Spiegeleer B, Boonen J, Malysheva SV, Mavungu JDD, De Saeger S, Roche N, Blondeel P, Taevernier L, Veryser L. Skin penetration enhancing properties of the plant N-alkylamide spilanthol. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 148:117-125. [PMID: 23583736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plants are often used for skin diseases in different ethnopharmacological systems. Local and systemic effects of topically applied compounds can be significantly increased by plant constituents having skin penetration enhancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we examined the proposed penetration enhancing properties of spilanthol, an N-alkylamide abundantly present in several Asteraceae plants like Spilanthes acmella L., on three model drugs (caffeine, testosterone and ibuprofen). Moreover, as plants are frequently contaminated with toxic environmental substances, the mutual influence on the transdermal behavior between spilanthol and six model mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, citrinin, zearalenone, T-2 toxin) was investigated. RESULTS Spilanthol exhibits component and concentration dependent penetration enhancing effects. No significant penetration enhancing effect for ibuprofen has been observed, but with increasing spilanthol concentration (from 0 up to 1w/V%), the permeability of caffeine increased, resulting in an enhancing ratio (ER) of 4.60. For testosterone, a maximal penetration enhancing concentration of 0.5% spilanthol was found (ER=4.13). Next to its beneficial applicability to increase local as well as systemic pharmacological effects of dermally co-administrated drug, this N-alkylamide negatively influences human health risk if spilanthol containing formulations are polluted with mycotoxins: the presence of spilanthol (0.3w/V%) induced a significant increase of permeability coefficient Kp of five investigated mycotoxins, with ER values ranging between 1.57 and 6.37. On the other hand, mycotoxins themselves do not significantly influence the transdermal behavior of spilanthol. CONCLUSIONS The existence of a significant mutual influence of compounds towards skin penetration should always be considered during the development or as part of the functional quality evaluation of topical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:827248. [PMID: 23431351 PMCID: PMC3569896 DOI: 10.1155/2013/827248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The fact that the skin is the most visible organ makes us aware of the ageing process every minute. The use of plant extracts and herbs has its origins in ancient times. Chronological and photo-ageing can be easily distinguished clinically, but they share important molecular features. We tried to gather the most interesting evidence based on facts about plants and plant extracts used in antiaging products. Our main idea was to emphasize action mechanisms of these plant/herbal products, that is, their “strategies” in fighting skin ageing. Some of the plant extracts have the ability to scavenge free radicals, to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin. There are some plants that can affect skin elasticity and tightness. Certainly, there is a place for herbal principles in antiaging cosmetics. On the other hand, there is a constant need for more evaluation and more clinical studies in vivo with emphasis on the ingredient concentration of the plant/herbal products, its formulation, safety, and duration of the antiaging effect.
Collapse
|
33
|
Nilius B, Appendino G. Spices: the savory and beneficial science of pungency. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 164:1-76. [PMID: 23605179 DOI: 10.1007/112_2013_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spicy food does not only provide an important hedonic input in daily life, but has also been anedoctically associated to beneficial effects on our health. In this context, the discovery of chemesthetic trigeminal receptors and their spicy ligands has provided the mechanistic basis and the pharmacological means to investigate this enticing possibility. This review discusses in molecular terms the connection between the neurophysiology of pungent spices and the "systemic" effects associated to their trigeminality. It commences with a cultural and historical overview on the Western fascination for spices, and, after analysing in detail the mechanisms underlying the trigeminality of food, the main dietary players from the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation channels are introduced, also discussing the "alien" distribution of taste receptors outside the oro-pharingeal cavity. The modulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by spices is next described, discussing how spicy sensations can be turned into hedonic pungency, and analyzing the mechanistic bases for the health benefits that have been associated to the consumption of spices. These include, in addition to a beneficial modulation of gastro-intestinal and cardio-vascular function, slimming, the optimization of skeletal muscle performance, the reduction of chronic inflammation, and the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. We conclude by reviewing the role of electrophilic spice constituents on cancer prevention in the light of their action on pro-inflammatory and pro-cancerogenic nuclear factors like NFκB, and on their interaction with the electrophile sensor protein Keap1 and the ensuing Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity. Spicy compounds have a complex polypharmacology, and just like any other bioactive agent, show a balance of beneficial and bad actions. However, at least for moderate consumption, the balance seems definitely in favour of the positive side, suggesting that a spicy diet, a caveman-era technology, could be seriously considered in addition to caloric control and exercise as a measurement to prevent and control many chronic diseases associate to malnutrition from a Western diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nilius
- KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Leuven, Belgium,
| | | |
Collapse
|