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Dong H, Wei Y, Xie C, Zhu X, Sun C, Fu Q, Pan L, Wu M, Guo Y, Sun J, Shen H, Ye J. Structural and functional analysis of two novel somatostatin receptors identified from topmouth culter (Erythroculter ilishaeformis). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 210:18-29. [PMID: 29698686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we cloned and characterized two somatostatin (SS) receptors (SSTRs) from topmouth culter (Erythroculter ilishaeformis) designated as EISSTR6 and EISSTR7. Analysis of EISSTR6 and EISSTR7 signature motifs, 3D structures, and homology with the known members of the SSTR family indicated that the novel receptors had high similarity to the SSTRs of other vertebrates. EISSTR6 and EISSTR7 mRNA expression was detected in 17 topmouth culter tissues, and the highest level was observed in the pituitary. Luciferase reporter assay revealed that SS14 significantly inhibited forskolin-stimulated pCRE-luc promoter activity in HEK293 cells transiently expressing EISSTR6 and EISSTR7, indicating that the receptors can be activated by SS14. We also identified phosphorylation sites important for the functional activity of EISSTR6 and EISSTR7 by mutating Ser23, 43, 107, 196, 311 and Ser7, 29, 61, 222, 225 residues, respectively, to Ala, which significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of SS14 on the CRE promoter mediated by EISSTR6 and EISSTR7. Furthermore, treatment of juvenile topmouth culters with microcystin-LR or 17β-estradiol significantly affected EISSTR6 and EISSTR7 transcription in the brain, liver and spleen, suggesting that these receptors may be involved in the pathogenic mechanisms induced by endocrine disruptors. Our findings should contribute to the understanding of the structure-function relationship and evolution of the SSTR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Dong
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China; National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China.
| | - Yunhai Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Central Hospital of Huzhou, 198 Hongqi Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Chao Xie
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Qianwen Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Mengting Wu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Yinghan Guo
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China
| | - Jinyun Ye
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition (Zhejiang), Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources Conservation and Development, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Genetic Breeding and Nutrition of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 759 Erhuan East Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, PR China.
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Managing lymphoma with non-FDG radiotracers: current clinical and preclinical applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:626910. [PMID: 23841079 PMCID: PMC3690206 DOI: 10.1155/2013/626910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have played a prominent role in lymphoma management. PET with [(18)F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is the most commonly used tool for lymphoma imaging. However, FDG-PET has several limitations that give the false positive or false negative diagnosis of lymphoma. Therefore, development of new radiotracers with higher sensitivity, specificity, and different uptake mechanism is in great demand in the management of lymphoma. This paper reviews non-FDG radiopharmaceuticals that have been applied for PET and SPECT imaging in patients with different types of lymphoma, with attention to diagnosis, staging, therapy response assessment, and surveillance for disease relapse. In addition, we introduce three radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies for radioimmunotherapy, which is another important arm for lymphoma treatment and management. Finally, the relatively promising radiotracers that are currently under preclinical development are also discussed in this paper.
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