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Lou F, Xu Z, Bai J, Zhao X, Cui L, Li Q, Wang H. Identification and pre-clinical investigation of 3-O-cyclohexanecarbonyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid as a drug for external use to treat psoriasis. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1290-1307. [PMID: 37749894 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Psoriasis vulgaris is a refractory skin inflammatory disorder with 80% of the cases belonging to the mild-to-moderate type, which can be controlled by topical treatment. Nevertheless, the drugs for external use have not been upgraded for decades. We modified acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (ABKA), a natural compound shown to treat psoriasis animal models, to improve efficacy and solubility for topical use. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Eleven compounds were synthesized using AKBA as a lead compound, and their effects on Th17 cell differentiation were screened. 3-O-cyclohexanecarbonyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (CKBA) potently inhibited Th17 cell differentiation. Its efficacy in a mouse model of psoriasis was assessed along with its pharmacology and safety profile when topically or systemically delivered to several animal species. KEY RESULTS CKBA inhibited mouse and human Th17 cell differentiation with an IC50 of 3.28 and 3.61 μM, respectively, and directly targeted acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). Safety evaluation and toxicity tests suggested that systemically delivered high-dose CKBA for 14 days had no dose-associated adverse effects on the CNS, haematopoietic, cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems of cynomolgus monkeys. CKBA ointment permeated the skin and did not irritate or sensitize intact skin. CKBA ointment mediated dose-dependent suppression of imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation with slow absorption and limited bioavailability (<10% in rats and <1% in minipigs). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CKBA is safe when topically or systemically delivered to animals. The beneficial effects of CKBA ointment in a mouse model of psoriasis indicate that this is a promising drug candidate for further development as a treatment for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Lou
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyao Xu
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Qun Li
- The Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Patel P, Pal R, Butani K, Singh S, Prajapati BG. Nanomedicine-fortified cosmeceutical serums for the mitigation of psoriasis and acne. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1769-1793. [PMID: 37990979 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cosmetics have a long history of use for regenerative and therapeutic purposes that are appealing to both genders. The untapped potential of nanotechnology in cosmeceuticals promises enhanced efficacy and addresses the issues associated with conventional cosmetics. In the field of cosmetics, the incorporation of nanomedicine using various nanocarriers such as vesicle and solid lipid nanoparticles significantly enhances product effectiveness and promotes satisfaction, especially in tackling prevalent skin diseases. Moreover, vesicle-fortified serum is known for high skin absorption with the capacity to incorporate and deliver various therapeutics. Additionally, nano-embedded serum-based cosmeceuticals hold promise for treating various skin disorders, including acne and psoriasis, heralding potential therapeutic advancements. This review explores diverse nanotechnology-based approaches for delivering cosmetics with maximum benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360005, India
| | - Rohit Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360005, India
| | - Krishna Butani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, 360005, India
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Shree S.K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat, 384012, India
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Barnes TM, Mijaljica D, Townley JP, Spada F, Harrison IP. Vehicles for Drug Delivery and Cosmetic Moisturizers: Review and Comparison. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2012. [PMID: 34959294 PMCID: PMC8703425 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many dermatological conditions, such as eczema and psoriasis, are treated with topical therapeutic products. Instead of applying the active drug directly onto the skin, it is combined with a vehicle to aid in its delivery across the stratum corneum (SC) and into deeper regions of the skin, namely the epidermis and dermis. Absorption into the systemic circulation is minimized. Topical vehicles are also used as cosmetic moisturizers (often termed emollient therapy) to ameliorate dry skin, which is a cornerstone of the management of various dermatological conditions, including xerosis, eczema, psoriasis, and aging. The most common topical vehicles include ointments, creams, gels, and lotions, among others. It is crucial that topical vehicles are chosen based upon the size and properties (wet/dry, mucous/non-mucous, healthy/diseased) of the skin to be treated in order to optimize application and contact of the product with the skin, as this can have profound impacts on potency, efficacy, and patient compliance. This review examines common topical vehicles used for drug delivery and cosmetic moisturizers, including their formulation, advantages and disadvantages, and effects on the skin. The unique rules imposed by governing regulatory bodies in Australia and around the world, in terms of topical product claims, are also briefly examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian P. Harrison
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Ego Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd., Braeside, VIC 3195, Australia; (T.M.B.); (D.M.); (J.P.T.); (F.S.)
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Carrer V, Alonso C, Oliver MA, Coderch L. In vitro penetration through the skin layers of topically applied glucocorticoids. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1528-1535. [PMID: 29788546 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Corticoids are actives widely used in the treatment of skin diseases. This work aims to study the penetration of 3 corticoids (betamethasone, clobetasol, and flurandrenolide), their relationship with their Log D values and the effects of the vehicles. The 3 compounds were applied on a Franz-type diffusion cell in propylene glycol solution and their respective commercial creams and ointments. The active amounts found in the stratum corneum, epidermal, and dermal layers of the skin were investigated. Their diffusions were greatly affected by the formulation; moreover higher amounts of substance in the epidermis and dermis were detected in ointments than in creams. The enhancement effect of propylene glycol was also observed. The differences between the 3 substances could be related to their lipophilicity, molecular structure, and molecular weight. The more hydrophobic compounds (clobetasol and betamethasone) are present in higher amounts in the epidermis and dermis, while the hydrophilic compound (flurandrenolide) is mostly present in the receptor fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Carrer
- Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso
- Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Adrià Oliver
- Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Coderch
- Advanced Chemical Institute of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Adherence to topical treatment for a variety of chronic skin conditions, such as psoriasis, acne, and atopic dermatitis, is known to be very poor. A number of factors contribute to this phenomenon, including lack of treatment efficacy and patient concerns regarding side effects, among others. At the forefront of barriers facing optimal patient adherence to topical treatment is choosing the ideal topical vehicle formulation. Medical professionals have demonstrated a lack of understanding with respect to the composition and nomenclature of the various topical formulations. In this review, we clarify the properties and definitions of the following topical formulations: ointments, creams, lotions, topical solutions, topical suspensions, gels, foams, and sprays. We also provide suggested areas of application for the aforementioned formulations and a succinct, patient-geared summary of their advantages and disadvantages. This review hopes to deliver a clear and concise practical summary of the most commonly encountered topical formulations for the treatment of cutaneous disease for medical professionals. This will allow clinicians to provide their patients with accurate information to facilitate informed choice of topical formulation, which may serve to improve treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N Mayba
- 1 University of Manitoba Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Melinda J Gooderham
- 2 Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.,3 SKiN Centre for Dermatology, Peterborough, ON, Canada.,4 Probity Medical Research Inc., Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Iversen L, Dauden E, Segaert S, Freeman K, Magina S, Rigopoulos D, Thaci D. Reformulations of well-known active ingredients in the topical treatment of psoriasis vulgaris can improve clinical outcomes for patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1271-1284. [PMID: 28419600 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of patients with psoriasis vulgaris are treated exclusively with topical therapies, research to develop more effective topical therapies that are associated with higher patient satisfaction has lagged behind the development of systemic agents. The aim of this literature review was to determine whether there is documented evidence that applying an innovative approach to improving the formulation of active ingredients commonly used in the topical treatment of psoriasis can have a positive effect on clinical outcomes and patient-reported outcomes (PROs). The Embase and PubMed databases were searched for articles published between 2001 and 2016 that made direct head-to-head comparisons of different formulations of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), focusing on clinical outcomes and PROs. In total, 22 publications on APIs or API combinations met the eligibility criteria (19 head-to-head clinical trials, one pooled analysis, one health-economic modelling study and one systematic review). Significant clinical benefit associated with the use of a reformulated API over an older formulation was reported in three trials of clobetasol propionate, one trial of calcipotriol, three trials of betamethasone and five trials/pooled analyses of calcipotriol/calcipotriene + betamethasone dipropionate (Cal/BD) formulations. Significantly improved PROs associated with the use of a reformulated API over an older formulation were reported in three trials of clobetasol propionate, one trial of betamethasone valerate and two trials of Cal/BD formulations. These results demonstrate that the innovative reformulation of APIs used in the treatment of psoriasis can produce therapies that attain significantly improved clinical outcomes and PROs. This suggests that improvement in topical therapy for psoriasis need not only to be achieved by the identification of new targets and the development of new APIs, but that improvement in the vehicle used to deliver existing APIs has the potential to result in significant clinical and patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Iversen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - E Dauden
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Segaert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Freeman
- Bunny Hill Primary Care Centre, County Durham and Darlington NHS Foundation Trust & Sunderland Teaching Primary Care Trust, Sunderland, UK
| | - S Magina
- Department of Dermatology, CHSJoão, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - D Rigopoulos
- 2nd Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - D Thaci
- Comprehensive Centre for Inflammation Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
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Papp KA, Bissonnette R, Gooderham M, Feldman SR, Iversen L, Soung J, Draelos Z, Mamolo C, Purohit V, Wang C, Ports WC. Treatment of plaque psoriasis with an ointment formulation of the Janus kinase inhibitor, tofacitinib: a Phase 2b randomized clinical trial. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2016; 16:15. [PMID: 27716172 PMCID: PMC5048458 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-016-0051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Most psoriasis patients have mild to moderate disease, commonly treated topically. Current topical agents have limited efficacy and undesirable side effects associated with long-term use. Tofacitinib is a small molecule Janus kinase inhibitor investigated for the topical treatment of psoriasis. Methods This was a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, vehicle-controlled Phase 2b study of tofacitinib ointment (2 % and 1 %) applied once (QD) or twice (BID) daily in adults with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis. Primary endpoint: proportion of patients with Calculated Physician’s Global Assessment (PGA-C) clear or almost clear and ≥2 grade improvement from baseline at Weeks 8 and 12. Secondary endpoints: proportion of patients with PGA-C clear or almost clear; proportion achieving Psoriasis Area and Severity Index 75 (PASI75) response; percent change from baseline in PASI and body surface area; change from baseline in Itch Severity Item (ISI). Adverse events (AEs) were monitored and clinical laboratory parameters measured. Results Overall, 435 patients were randomized and 430 patients received treatment. The proportion of patients with PGA-C clear or almost clear and ≥2 grade improvement from baseline at Week 8 was 18.6 % for 2 % tofacitinib QD (80 % confidence interval [CI] for difference from vehicle: 3.8, 18.2 %) and 22.5 % for 2 % tofacitinib BID (80 % CI: 3.1, 18.5 %); this was significantly higher vs vehicle for both dosage regimens. No significant difference vs vehicle was seen at Week 12. Significantly more patients achieved PGA-C clear or almost clear with 2 % tofacitinib QD and BID and 1 % tofacitinib QD (not BID) at Week 8, and with 2 % tofacitinib BID at Week 12. Pruritus was significantly reduced vs vehicle with 2 % and 1 % tofacitinib BID (starting Day 2), and 2 % tofacitinib QD (starting Day 3). Overall, 44.2 % of patients experienced AEs, 8.1 % experienced application site AEs, and 2.3 % experienced serious AEs. The highest incidence of AEs (including application site AEs) was in the vehicle QD group. Conclusions In adults with mild to moderate plaque psoriasis, 2 % tofacitinib ointment QD and BID showed greater efficacy than vehicle at Week 8, but not Week 12, with an acceptable safety and local tolerability profile. Trial registration NCT01831466 registered March 28, 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12895-016-0051-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Papp
- K Papp Clinical Research and Probity Medical Research Inc, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Melinda Gooderham
- SKiN Centre for Dermatology and Probity Medical Research Inc, Peterborough, and Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Zoe Draelos
- Dermatology Consulting Services, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Carla Mamolo
- Pfizer Worldwide Biopharmaceuticals, Global Innovative Pharma Business, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Vivek Purohit
- Pfizer Worldwide Biopharmaceuticals, Global Innovative Pharma Business, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Cunshan Wang
- Pfizer Worldwide Biopharmaceuticals, Global Innovative Pharma Business, Groton, CT, USA
| | - William C Ports
- Pfizer Worldwide Biopharmaceuticals, Global Innovative Pharma Business, Groton, CT, USA.
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Enhanced epidermal localization of topically applied steroids using SPACE™ peptide. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 5:523-30. [PMID: 25939432 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The balance of efficacy and safety of topical corticosteroids (TCs) depends on their ability to penetrate into and be retained within the skin. Here, we evaluated the ability of SPACE™ peptide to enhance epidermal delivery and localization of three model TCs. In vitro and in vivo skin penetration studies were performed to evaluate penetration of TCs into and across the skin in the presence of various formulations of SPACE™ peptide. Topical formulations of corticosterone containing free SPACE™ peptide produced significantly enhanced epidermal penetration and localization. Ratio of drug deposition in the skin and receiver (efficacy/safety, indicative of ratio of local to systemic uptake) exhibited higher values for SPACE™ peptide-based formulation as compared to aqueous and hydroethanolic solutions and Cortizone™ cream. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that SPACE™ peptide associates with corticosterone, which may explain its enhanced retention effect. SPACE™ peptide also enhanced dermal retention of two more TCs (hydrocortisone and triamcinolone acetonide) compared to the vehicle control. An in vivo study in mice further established the ability of SPACE™ peptide to enhance skin retention of hydrocortisone without producing elevated blood concentrations. These results show that SPACE™ peptide is an effective additive to the formulation for enhanced skin localization of topical steroids.
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Lifting the silver flakes: the pathogenesis and management of chronic plaque psoriasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:168321. [PMID: 24062996 PMCID: PMC3766987 DOI: 10.1155/2013/168321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin condition in which patients suffer from mild to chronic plaque skin plaques. The disease manifests through an excessive inflammatory response in the skin due to complex interactions between different genetic and environmental factors. Psoriasis can affect the physical, emotional, and psychosocial well-being of patients, and currently there is no cure with treatments focusing primarily on the use of anti-inflammatory agents to control disease symptoms. Traditional anti-inflammatory agents can cause immunosuppression and adverse systemic effects. Further understanding of the disease has led to current areas of research aiming at the development of selective molecular targets to suppress the pathogenic immune responses.
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Puig L, Carrascosa J, Belinchón I, Fernández-Redondo V, Carretero G, Ruiz-Carrascosa J, Careaga J, de la Cueva P, Gárate M, Ribera M. Adherencia y satisfacción del paciente y características organolépticas y de uso de los tratamientos tópicos utilizados para la psoriasis: Consenso Delphi del panel de expertos y miembros del Grupo de Psoriasis de la Academia Española de Dermatología y Venereología. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013; 104:488-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Adherence and Patient Satisfaction With Topical Treatment in Psoriasis, and the Use, and Organoleptic Properties of Such Treatments: A Delphi Study With an Expert Panel and Members of the Psoriasis Group of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tan X, Feldman SR, Chang J, Balkrishnan R. Topical drug delivery systems in dermatology: a review of patient adherence issues. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1263-71. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.711756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kragballe K, Menter A, Lebwohl M, Tebbey PW, van de Kerkhof PCM. Long-term management of scalp psoriasis: perspectives from the international psoriasis council. J DERMATOL TREAT 2012; 24:188-92. [DOI: 10.3109/09546634.2012.681017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Uva L, Miguel D, Pinheiro C, Antunes J, Cruz D, Ferreira J, Filipe P. Mechanisms of action of topical corticosteroids in psoriasis. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:561018. [PMID: 23213332 PMCID: PMC3508578 DOI: 10.1155/2012/561018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a lifelong, chronic, and immune-mediated systemic disease, which affects approximately 1-3% of the Caucasian population. The different presentations of psoriasis require different approaches to treatment and appropriate prescriptions according to disease severity. The use of topical therapy remains a key component of the management of almost all psoriasis patients, and while mild disease is commonly treated only with topical agents, the use of topical therapy as adjuvant therapy in moderate-to-severe disease may also be helpful. This paper focuses on the cutaneous mechanisms of action of corticosteroids and on the currently available topical treatments, taking into account adverse effects, bioavailability, new combination treatments, and strategies to improve the safety of corticosteroids. It is established that the treatment choice should be tailored to match the individual patient's needs and his/her expectations, prescribing to each patient the most suitable vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Uva
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
- *Luís Uva:
| | - Diana Miguel
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pinheiro
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Antunes
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo Cruz
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Ferreira
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Filipe
- Clínica Universitária de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
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