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LA LADN, Hernández-Pereira CE, Castillo-Castañeda AC, Patiño LH, Castañeda S, Herrera G, Mogollón E, Muñoz M, Duran A, Loyo D, Pacheco M, Arena L, Isquiel G, Yepez L, Colmenarez B, Caviedes M, Mendez Y, Herrera S, Ramírez JD, Paniz-Mondolfi AE. Diversity and geographical distribution of Leishmania species and the emergence of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and L. (Viannia) panamensis in Central-Western Venezuela. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106901. [PMID: 36940857 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Venezuela reveals diverse and changing epidemiological landscapes, as well as a spectrum of clinical phenotypes presumed to be linked to a variety of Leishmania species. Central-western Venezuela constitutes one of the highest endemic epicenters in the country, yet updated molecular epidemiological information is still lacking. Therefore, in this study we aimed to characterize the landscape of circulating Leishmania species across central-western Venezuela through the last two decades, performed comparisons of haplotype and nucleotide diversity, and built a geospatial map of parasite species distribution. A total of 120 clinical samples were collected from patients across the cutaneous disease spectrum, retrieving parasitic DNA, and further characterizing by PCR and sequencing of the HSP70 gene fragment. This data was later collated with further genetic, geospatial and epidemiological analyses. A peculiar pattern of species occurrence including Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis (77.63% N=59), Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum (14.47% N=11), Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis (5.26% N=4) and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (2.63% N=2) was revealed, also highlighting a very low genetic diversity amongst all analyzed sequences. Geographical distribution showed that most cases are widely distributed across the greater urban-sub urban area of the Irribaren municipality. L.(L.) amazonensis appears to be widely dispersed throughout Lara state. Statistical analyses failed to reveal significance for any comparisons, leading to conclude a lack of association between the infective Leishmania species and clinical phenotypes. To the best of our knowledge, this is an unprecedented study which addresses comprehensively the geographical distribution of Leishmania species in central-western Venezuela throughout the last two decades, and the first to incriminate L. (L.) infantum as an etiologic agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in this region. Our findings support that Leishmania endemism in central-western Venezuela is caused mainly by L.(L.) amazonensis. Future studies are needed to unveil additional details on the ecological intricacies and transmission aspects of leishmaniasis (i.e. sampling phlebotomines and mammals) and to adopt adequate public health prevention and control strategies and mitigate disease impact in this endemic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes A Delgado-Noguera LA
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Emerging Pathogens Network-Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Cabudare, 3023, Venezuela; Escuela de Medicina "Dr Pablo Acosta Ortiz". Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Carlos E Hernández-Pereira
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Emerging Pathogens Network-Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Cabudare, 3023, Venezuela
| | - Adriana C Castillo-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz Helena Patiño
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Sergio Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Giovanny Herrera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Euler Mogollón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Emerging Pathogens Network-Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Cabudare, 3023, Venezuela; Escuela de Medicina "Dr Pablo Acosta Ortiz". Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alexander Duran
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Doris Loyo
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Mirna Pacheco
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Luzmir Arena
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Glenis Isquiel
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Lisbeth Yepez
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Beatriz Colmenarez
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Mayeli Caviedes
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Yamilet Mendez
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Sandry Herrera
- Servicio de Dermatología Sanitaria del Estado Lara, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Alberto E Paniz-Mondolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB/Emerging Pathogens Network-Incubadora Venezolana de la Ciencia, Cabudare, 3023, Venezuela; Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Müller A, Frickmann H, Tannich E, Poppert S, Hagen RM. Colitis caused by Entamoeba histolytica identified by real-time-PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2022; 12:84-91. [PMID: 36136732 PMCID: PMC9530678 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2022.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal amoebiasis in a 35-year-old German patient with a 3 weeks travel history in Indonesia was initially misidentified as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory-drug associated colitis in colonoscopy and histopathological analysis. Furthermore, initial stool examination by microscopy and Entamoeba faecal antigen ELISA did not reveal any protozoan infection. When cessation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and mesalazine treatment did not lead to clinical improvement, the patient presented to a specialist for tropical diseases. An intensive reinvestigation including a workup of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded colonic biopsies by molecular analysis with real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) proofed the diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica colitis. Molecular methods including real-time PCR and FISH for the diagnosis of amoebiasis from histopathological samples are rarely used for the diagnosis of E. histolytica infections. Bloody diarrhoea vanished after the onset of metronidazole treatment. In conclusion, the here-presented case demonstrates how modern molecular diagnostics may help to diagnose E. histolytica-associated colitis, even from difficult specimens like paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Müller
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Missioklinik, 97074Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057Rostock, Germany
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Poppert
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, 56070Koblenz, Germany
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Thomaz C, de Mello CX, Espíndola ODM, Shubach ADO, Quintella LP, de Oliveira RVC, Duarte ACG, Pimentel MIF, Lyra MR, Marzochi MCDA. Comparison of parasite load by qPCR and histopathological changes of inner and outer edge of ulcerated cutaneous lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243978. [PMID: 33476320 PMCID: PMC7819606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious vector-borne disease caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus that affects humans and animals. The distribution of parasites in the lesion is not uniform, and there are divergences in the literature about the choice of the better sampling site for diagnosis–inner or outer edge of the ulcerated skin lesion. In this context, determining the region of the lesion with the highest parasite density and, consequently, the appropriate site for collecting samples can define the success of the laboratory diagnosis. Hence, this study aims to comparatively evaluate the parasite load by qPCR, quantification of amastigotes forms in the direct exam, and the histopathological profile on the inner and outer edges of ulcerated CL lesions. Methods Samples from ulcerated skin lesions from 39 patients with confirmed CL were examined. We performed scraping of the ulcer inner edge (base) and outer edge (raised border) and lesion biopsy for imprint and histopathological examination. Slides smears were stained by Giemsa and observed in optical microscopy, the material contained on the smears was used to determine parasite load by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) with primers directed to the Leishmania (Viannia) minicircle kinetoplast DNA. The histopathological exam was performed to evaluate cell profile, tissue alterations and semi-quantitative assessment of amastigote forms in inner and outer edges. Principal findings Parasite loads were higher on the inner edge compared to the outer edge of the lesions, either by qPCR technique (P<0.001) and histopathological examination (P< 0.003). There was no significant difference in the parasite load between the imprint and scraping on the outer edge (P = 1.0000). Conclusion/Significance The results suggest that clinical specimens from the inner edge of the ulcerated CL lesions are the most suitable for both molecular diagnosis and direct parasitological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Thomaz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Cintia Xavier de Mello
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Otávio de Melo Espíndola
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Neuroinfecções, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Armando de Oliveira Shubach
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Pereira Quintella
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Adriane Corrêa Gomes Duarte
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Inês Fernandes Pimentel
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Rosandiski Lyra
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mauro Celio de Almeida Marzochi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas (INI), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Lima T, Martínez-Sogues L, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Solano-Gallego L, Ordeix L. Diagnostic performance of a qPCR for Leishmania on stained cytological specimens and on filter paper impressions obtained from cutaneous lesions suggestive of canine leishmaniosis. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:318-e89. [PMID: 31135082 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of Leishmania in cutaneous lesions is possible by visualization of amastigotes. Detection of Leishmania DNA by PCR presents greater sensitivity, and PCR has been used to diagnose cutaneous leishmaniosis in humans using noninvasive clinical specimens. OBJECTIVES Study I: to determine if Leishmania DNA could be efficiently extracted and amplified from archived Diff-Quik® -stained slides of cytological specimens from canine cutaneous lesions. Study II: to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a Leishmania-quantitative (q)PCR on stained cytological specimens and on filter paper impressions (FPI) obtained from cutaneous lesions suggestive of canine leishmaniosis (CanL). ANIMALS Samples from cutaneous lesions of 54 dogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS Study I: Leishmania-qPCR was performed on 19 glass slides (from nine dogs) with cytologically visible amastigotes. Fifteen slides with no visible amastigotes, obtained from 12 dogs seronegative for Leishmania by ELISA, served as controls. Study II: Leishmania-qPCR was performed on glass slides and FPI from cutaneous lesions compatible with clinical leishmaniosis in 33 dogs. RESULTS Study I: all slides with visible amastigotes had positive qPCR, whereas all control slides yielded negative results. Study II: of 13 dogs definitively diagnosed with clinical leishmaniosis, eight had visible amastigotes on cytology, whereas Leishmania-qPCR was positive on 11 glass slides and 13 FPI. Leishmaniosis was ruled out by standard methods in 20 dogs, four of which yielded positive qPCR on FPI and/or glass slides. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Leishmania-DNA can be detected efficiently by qPCR from cutaneous cytological specimens and FPI to diagnose Leishmania infection in dogs with cutaneous lesions suggestive of CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lima
- Servei de Dermatologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Sogues
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Patologia Clínica, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Patologia Clínica, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Servei de Dermatologia, Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Carrer del Hospital, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Campus de la Uab, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Almazán MC, Hoyos CL, Krolewiecki AJ, Cajal SP, Copa GN, Fleitas PE, Barroso PA, Marco JD, Nasser JR, Gil JF. Molecular Identification of Leishmania spp. DNA from Archived Giemsa-Stained Slides of Patients from Salta, Argentina. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1156-1161. [PMID: 30255828 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in Salta province, which belongs to the northwest of Argentina. Leishmania spp. DNA from Giemsa-stained slides of up to 12 years in storage of patients from Salta was characterized through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). One hundred smears positive for microscopy, classified in a semiquantitative scale for amastigote density, were analyzed. Also, Leishmanin skin test (LST) results were included. DNA extraction was carried out applying lysis buffer with proteinase K, and then DNA was amplified with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 primers. PCR products were digested with HaeIII enzyme. All PCR-positive smears (74/100) belonged to Viannia subgenus. A statistically significant, directly proportional relationship between semiquantitative microscopy and PCR results was detected. All patients had LST-positive results (induration ≥ 5 mm), and the smears of those with smaller induration (LST < 19 mm) gave a higher proportion of positive PCR results. This study determined that smear age did not affect PCR positivity, which allows retrospective analyzes and suggests smears might be useful for molecular complementary diagnosis. Because Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main circulating species in the study area, determining Viannia subgenus in all analyzed samples confirms previous findings. PCR positivity showed statistically significant differences according to semiquantitative microscopy, highlighting the importance of parasite burden in the diagnostic sensitivity of the method. Considering that smears of patients with smaller LST induration were more positive in PCR, a negative smear from patients with positive LST response, but < 19 mm, could actually represent a false-negative result.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cristina Almazán
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lorenzo Hoyos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Krolewiecki
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Silvana Pamela Cajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Griselda Noemí Copa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Pedro Emanuel Fleitas
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Paola Andrea Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Jorge Diego Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET, Salta, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - Julio Rubén Nasser
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina
| | - José Fernando Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía No Convencional, CONICET, Salta, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Orán, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Salta, Argentina
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Characterization of Leishmania species from Central-West Region of Brazil. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1839-1845. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Huber D, Beck A, Anzulović Ž, Jurković D, Polkinghorne A, Baneth G, Beck R. Microscopic and molecular analysis of Babesia canis in archived and diagnostic specimens reveal the impact of anti-parasitic treatment and postmortem changes on pathogen detection. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:495. [PMID: 29047398 PMCID: PMC5648450 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classification of Babesia parasites has traditionally relied on morphological differentiation based on piroplasm size and shape. Molecular typing has subsequently revealed a more complex taxonomy for these piroplasms than previously thought. To evaluate the factors that influence the morphology of Babesia species upon microscopic examination and hence, their taxonomic classification, we performed detailed characterizations of piroplasms from archival and prospective collections of cytological samples of dogs with piroplasmosis before and after death. Merozoite morphology and time of parasite disappearance following imidocarb dipropionate was also investigated. METHODS The study was divided into a (i) review of archived cytological slides from confirmed cases of canine piroplasmosis, and (ii) a prospective study of smears and tissue imprints from 15 recently necropsied dogs. The latter group could be further sub-divided into a non-treated group and an imidocarb dipropionate-treated group. Exact times of treatment before death were reviewed. Additional blood smears prepared from the live dogs and taken before therapy were also evaluated in the latter group. Parasite burden per each slide was determined in both studies. The shape and size of merozoites were described from blood smears taken while the dogs were alive and from different organs during necropsy. The results of all measurements were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The morphology and size of merozoites from live dogs corresponded to that of previously described 'large' Babesia. The morphology and size of merozoites were significantly different (P < 0.001) in postmortem samples, however, and more consistent in shape and size with piroplasm cells previously referred to as 'small' Babesia. PCR and sequencing confirmed B. canis as the causative agent of disease in all investigated dogs, including in postmortem negative tissue imprints from dogs treated at least 24 h before death. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the morphology of 'large' B. canis to 'small'-like Babesia observed by light microscopy appear to represent a common postmortem change. Classification of Babesia parasites into 'large' and 'small' Babesia using only microscopy of postmortem slides should be treated with caution. PCR-based methodologies for detection and molecular typing of Babesia spp. may prove valuable for investigating suspected cases of babesiosis following necropsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteja Huber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Vjekoslava Heinzela 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Beck
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Vjekoslava Heinzela 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Željka Anzulović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Vjekoslava Heinzela 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daria Jurković
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Centre for Animal Health Innovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Relja Beck
- Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Beldi N, Mansouri R, Bettaieb J, Yaacoub A, Souguir Omrani H, Saadi Ben Aoun Y, Saadni F, Guizani I, Guerbouj S. Molecular Characterization of Leishmania Parasites in Giemsa-Stained Slides from Cases of Human Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis, Eastern Algeria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:416-424. [PMID: 28301305 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Algeria, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is due to Leishmania (L.) infantum, while three cutaneous forms (CL) are caused by Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum. In this study, the use of Giemsa-stained slides was evaluated with two PCR techniques, in Eastern Algeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 136 samples corresponding to 100 CL smears (skin scrapings) and 36 VL slides (bone marrow aspirates) collected from 2008 to 2014 were tested. Upon DNA extraction, two PCRs were used to amplify the ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) and mini-exon genes. Amplified products were digested (PCR-RFLP) and profiles analyzed for Leishmania species identification. A statistical analysis was also performed. RESULTS ITS1-PCR was found significantly more sensitive than mini-exon-PCR (77.95% positives vs. 67.65%; p = 0.001). Comparison of PCR positivity showed statistically significant differences between old and recently prepared slides suggesting a better use of recent slides in PCR analyses. For species identification, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) results of ITS1 and mini-exon were concordant. L. infantum was identified from VL cases and L. infantum, L. major, and L. tropica from CL ones. According to geographical origin, L. infantum was found in North-Eastern provinces, while L. major was distributed from the North to the Center-East of Algeria. Interestingly, two L. tropica samples were identified in Annaba, located far North-East Algeria. CONCLUSION Distribution of leishmaniasis in Eastern parts of Algeria, besides finding of L. tropica in the far North, is in this study described for the first time using molecular tools, thus confirming the usefulness of slides for PCR identification of Leishmania parasites in retrospective epidemiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Beldi
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia .,2 Laboratoire de Parasitologie , CHU Annaba, Algeria .,3 Département de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Badji Mokhtar , Annaba, Algeria
| | - Roukaya Mansouri
- 2 Laboratoire de Parasitologie , CHU Annaba, Algeria .,4 Faculté de Médecine de Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Jihene Bettaieb
- 5 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Tunis , Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alia Yaacoub
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hejer Souguir Omrani
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yusr Saadi Ben Aoun
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Farida Saadni
- 2 Laboratoire de Parasitologie , CHU Annaba, Algeria .,4 Faculté de Médecine de Annaba, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Ikram Guizani
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheila Guerbouj
- 1 Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire et Pathologie Expérimentale Appliquée aux Maladies Infectieuses (LR11IPT04), Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar , Tunis, Tunisia
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Özkeklikçi A, Karakuş M, Özbel Y, Töz S. The new situation of cutaneous leishmaniasis after Syrian civil war in Gaziantep city, Southeastern region of Turkey. Acta Trop 2017; 166:35-38. [PMID: 27983970 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an important public health problem with around 2.000 autochthonous reported cases each year in Turkey. Due to the civil war in Syria, Turkey received around three million refugees and they are mainly located at either camps or homes in south/southeastern part of Turkey. In the present study, we aimed to collect samples from CL suspected patients admitting to State Hospital in Gaziantep City and perform parasitological and DNA-based techniques for diagnosis as well as species identification of the parasite for better understanding the prevalence of each species among Turkish and Syrian patients in the region. The collection of samples was carried out between January 2009 and July 2015. The lesion aspiration samples were taken and stained with Giemsa stain followed by microscopical examination for parasitological diagnosis. After the DNA extraction from Giemsa stained slides, real time and semi-nested PCRs both targeting ITS1 region were performed for molecular diagnosis and species identification. A total of 567 people were admitted to the hospital with the suspicion of CL and 263 (46.4%) of them were found to be positive by parasitological examination. One hundred seventy-four (66.15%), 88 (33.46%) and 1 (0.38%) of them were Turkish, Syrians and Afghan, respectively. Slide samples obtained from 34 CL suspected patients were analyzed by PCR and 20 of them were found positive. Eighteen (13 Turkish and 13 Syrians) of the positive samples were identified as L. tropica, while two (1 Turkish and 1 Syrian) of them were L. infantum. In conclusion, the effects of Syrian civil war on the epidemiology of CL in Gaziantep city is demonstrated in the present study. The use of molecular tool in the diagnosis of leishmaniasis is effective, sensitive and time saving which will enable the species typing. Species typing of the causative agent in endemic areas will bring valuable data to epidemiological knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Özkeklikçi
- Dr. Ersin Arslan State Hospital, Microbiology Department, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karakuş
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Yusuf Özbel
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Töz
- Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
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Schwarz NG, Loderstaedt U, Hahn A, Hinz R, Zautner AE, Eibach D, Fischer M, Hagen RM, Frickmann H. Microbiological laboratory diagnostics of neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs). Acta Trop 2017; 165:40-65. [PMID: 26391646 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review reports on laboratory diagnostic approaches for selected, highly pathogenic neglected zoonotic diseases, i.e. anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, rabies, Taenia solium-associated diseases (neuro-/cysticercosis & taeniasis) and trypanosomiasis. Diagnostic options, including microscopy, culture, matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry, molecular approaches and serology are introduced. These procedures are critically discussed regarding their diagnostic reliability and state of evaluation. For rare diseases reliable evaluation data are scarce due to the rarity of samples. If bio-safety level 3 is required for cultural growth, but such high standards of laboratory infrastructure are not available, serological and molecular approaches from inactivated sample material might be alternatives. Multiple subsequent testing using various test platforms in a stepwise approach may improve sensitivity and specificity. Cheap and easy to use tests, usually called "rapid diagnostic tests" (RDTs) may impact disease control measures, but should not preclude developing countries from state of the art diagnostics.
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Koarashi Y, Cáceres AG, Saca FMZ, Flores EEP, Trujillo AC, Alvares JLA, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J, Katakura K, Hashiguchi Y, Kato H. Identification of causative Leishmania species in Giemsa-stained smears prepared from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru using PCR-RFLP. Acta Trop 2016; 158:83-87. [PMID: 26943992 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) targeting the mannose phosphate isomerase gene was established to differentiate Leishmania species distributed near the Department of Huanuco, Peru. The technique was applied to 267 DNA samples extracted from Giemsa-stained smears of cutaneous lesions taken from patients suspected for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the area, and the present status of causative Leishmania species was identified. Of 114 PCR-amplified samples, 22, 19, 24 and 49 samples were identified to be infected by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, L. (V.) peruviana, L. (V.) guyanensis, and a hybrid of L. (V.) braziliensis/L. (V.) peruviana, respectively, and the validity of PCR-RFLP was confirmed by sequence analysis. Since PCR-RFLP is simple and rapid, the technique will be a useful tool for the epidemiological study of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Koarashi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Abraham G Cáceres
- Sección de Entomología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Daniel A. Carrión" y Departamento Académico de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru; Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | - José Luis Abanto Alvares
- Vigilancia Entomológica y Control Vectorial, Dirección de Saneamiento Ambiental, DIRESA Huánuco, Peru
| | - Kumiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jiro Arikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Katakura
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Parasitologia y Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Catolica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Kumar D, Dhiman S, Rabha B, Goswami D, Yadav K, Deka M, Veer V, Baruah I. Typing of Plasmodium falciparum DNA from 2 years old Giemsa-stained dried blood spots using nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:210-2. [PMID: 27080775 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.176841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A panel of 129 Giemsa-stained thick blood spots (TBS) confirmed for Plasmodium falciparum infection having different levels of parasite density were collected from a malaria endemic area. DNA was extracted and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was performed to amplify P. falciparum DNA. Nested PCR assay successfully amplified P. falciparum DNA at a very low parasitaemia of ~10 parasites/μl of blood. Current PCR assay is very simple and can be used retrospectively to monitor the invasion and prevalence of different Plasmodium species in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Dhiman
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, Assam, India
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Karadjian G, Chavatte JM, Landau I. Systematic revision of the adeleid haemogregarines, with creation of Bartazoon n. g., reassignment of Hepatozoon argantis Garnham, 1954 to Hemolivia, and molecular data on Hemolivia stellata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:31. [PMID: 26551414 PMCID: PMC4639712 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Life cycles and molecular data for terrestrial haemogregarines are reviewed in this article. Collection material was re-examined: Hepatozoon argantis Garnham, 1954 in Argas brumpti was reassigned to Hemolivia as Hemolivia argantis (Garnham, 1954) n. comb.; parasite DNA was extracted from a tick crush on smear of an archived slide of Hemolivia stellata in Amblyomma rotondatum, then the 18S ssrRNA gene was amplified by PCR. A systematic revision of the group is proposed, based on biological life cycles and phylogenetic reconstruction. Four types of life cycles, based on parasite vector, vertebrate host and the characteristics of their development, are defined. We propose combining species, based on their biology, into four groups (types I, II, III and IV). The characters of each type are defined and associated with a type genus and a type species. The biological characters of each type are associated with a different genus and a type species. The phylogenetic reconstruction with sequences deposited in the databases and our own new sequence of Hemolivia stellata is consistent with this classification. The classification is as follows: Type I, Hepatozoon Miller, 1908, type species H. perniciosum Miller, 1908; Type II, Karyolysus Labbé, 1894, type species K. lacertae (Danilewsky, 1886) Reichenow, 1913; Type III Hemolivia Petit et al., 1990, type species H. stellata, Petit et al., 1990; and Type IV: Bartazoon n. g., type species B. breinli (Mackerras, 1960).
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Karadjian
- UMR 7245 MCAM MNHN CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 rue Buffon, CP 52, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chavatte
- Malaria Reference Centre - National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, 3 Biopolis Drive, Synapse #05-14/16, Singapore 138623
| | - Irène Landau
- UMR 7245 MCAM MNHN CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 61 rue Buffon, CP 52, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Abdolmajid F, Ghodratollah SS, Hushang R, Mojtaba MB, Ali MM, Abdolghayoum M. Identification of Leishmania species by kinetoplast DNA-polymerase chain reaction for the first time in Khaf district, Khorasan-e-Razavi province, Iran. Trop Parasitol 2015; 5:50-4. [PMID: 25709953 PMCID: PMC4326994 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.145587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic parasitic skin disease in many parts of Iran including Khorasan province. Both clinical forms of the disease, anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) are present in this province. However, leishmaniasis molecular map is determined in four cities of Khorasan, but several foci still are remained unknown. Aim: The aim was to identify the species of Leishmania causing CL in Khaf, a District in Khorasan-e-Razavi province. Materials and Methods: Slide smears obtained from skin lesions of 120 patients suspected to leishmaniasis. Direct microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed using specific kinetoplast DNA primers. Data were analyzed with the use of SPSS. Results: Among 120 persons with skin ulcers suspected to CL, the results of direct smear of 54 (45%) samples were positive. PCR band were observed in 66 (55%) of examined samples in which 46 bands identified for Leishmania tropica and 20 for Leishmania major. Conclusion: Both ACL and ZCL are present in Khaf. L. tropica is the dominant causative species for ACL. Further study is recommended to discover probable reservoir and vector for L. major in Khaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fata Abdolmajid
- Skin Diseases and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Research Center, Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ; Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Salehi Sangani Ghodratollah
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rafatpanah Hushang
- Department of Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mousavi Bazzaz Mojtaba
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaghegh Mohammad Ali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Movahedi Abdolghayoum
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Cássia-Pires R, Boité MC, D'Andrea PS, Herrera HM, Cupolillo E, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Distinct Leishmania species infecting wild caviomorph rodents (Rodentia: Hystricognathi) from Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3389. [PMID: 25503973 PMCID: PMC4263410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caviomorph rodents, some of the oldest Leishmania spp. hosts, are widely dispersed in Brazil. Despite both experimental and field studies having suggested that these rodents are potential reservoirs of Leishmania parasites, not more than 88 specimens were analyzed in the few studies of natural infection. Our hypothesis was that caviomorph rodents are inserted in the transmission cycles of Leishmania in different regions, more so than is currently recognized. Methodology We investigated the Leishmania infection in spleen fragments of 373 caviomorph rodents from 20 different species collected in five Brazilian biomes in a period of 13 years. PCR reactions targeting kDNA of Leishmania sp. were used to diagnose infection, while Leishmania species identification was performed by DNA sequencing of the amplified products obtained in the HSP70 (234) targeting. Serology by IFAT was performed on the available serum of these rodents. Principal findings In 13 caviomorph rodents, DNA sequencing analyses allowed the identification of 4 species of the subgenus L. (Viannia): L. shawi, L. guyanensis, L. naiffi, and L. braziliensis; and 1 species of the subgenus L. (Leishmania): L. infantum. These include the description of parasite species in areas not previously included in their known distribution: L. shawi in Thrichomys inermis from Northeastern Brazil and L. naiffi in T. fosteri from Western Brazil. From the four other positive rodents, two were positive for HSP70 (234) targeting but did not generate sequences that enabled the species identification, and another two were positive only in kDNA targeting. Conclusions/Significance The infection rate demonstrated by the serology (51.3%) points out that the natural Leishmania infection in caviomorph rodents is much higher than that observed in the molecular diagnosis (4.6%), highlighting that, in terms of the host species responsible for maintaining Leishmania species in the wild, our current knowledge represents only the “tip of the iceberg.” Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem expanding in Brazil and one of the reasons is that we still have poor knowledge of some aspects of the biology and epidemiology of Leishmania species, including the role of wild mammals. Caviomorph rodents, some of the oldest Leishmania spp. hosts, are widely dispersed in Brazil and reported as potential reservoirs of Leishmania parasites. Spleen fragments of 373 brazilian caviomorph rodents from 20 species were investigated for Leishmania infection. The molecular algorithm proposed to diagnose the infection associate the sensitivity of a molecular target with multiple copies with the specificity of another marker with discriminatory taxonomic ability between species. These demonstrated their usefulness in identifying most of the parasite species infecting the rodents, including the description of species in previously unknown hosts and in areas not previously included in their known distribution, such as L. shawi in Thrichomys inermis from Northeastern Brazil and L. naiffi in T. fosteri from Western Brazil. Although the percent of infection by molecular diagnosis was 4.6%, the serology demonstrated that about 51% of them had been exposed to Leishmania parasites pointing that caviomorph rodents are inserted in enzootic cycles of Leishmania, to a higher extent than currently recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Cássia-Pires
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Boité
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. D'Andrea
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor M. Herrera
- Dom Bosco Catholic University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz R. Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Santos T, Carreira V, Ferrari H, Moreira M, Luvizotto M. Comparison of PCR with stained slides of bone marrow and lymph nodes aspirates with suspect diagnosis for leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2014; 140:137-40. [PMID: 25159534 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a disseminated protozoan infection caused by Leishmania donovani complex. Traditionally the definite diagnosis is made by amastigote detection in the tissue. The aim this study was to evaluate the PCR technique in stained slides of bone marrow and lymph nodes aspirates with suspect diagnosis for leishmaniasis. Slides were selected totaling 62 suspect cases (33 bone marrow samples and 29 lymph node samples) and 17 positive cases (8 bone marrow and 9 lymph node). From 62 suspect cases, 39 (62.90%) were confirmed to be positive being 17 (n=29) lymph node aspirates and 22 (n=33) bone marrow. This finding is in agreement with the higher sensitivity of the PCR assay compared to direct microscopic observation. In conclusion, the findings of this study supports the use of PCR on archive cytological preparation stained slides for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis, emphasizing the higher sensitivity of this technique when compared to direct microscopic examination and mostly the use of the suspect status for the cytology samples that presents the previously mentioned particularities with focus on detecting the oligosymptomatic or assymptomatic dogs in endemic areas functioning as potential reservoirs for this disease.
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17
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Ghodratollah S, Abdolmajid F, Ali MM, Mojtaba MBS, Hushang R, Abdolghayom M. Molecular identification of Leishmania species in Taybad district, Iran. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Alves CF, Alves CF, Figueiredo MM, Souza CC, Machado-Coelho GLL, Melo MN, Tafuri WL, Raso P, Soares RP, Tafuri WL. American tegumentary leishmaniasis: effectiveness of an immunohistochemical protocol for the detection of Leishmania in skin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63343. [PMID: 23704900 PMCID: PMC3660443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is endemic in Latin America, where Brazil has over 27 thousand cases per year. The aim of the present study was to develop an immunohistochemical method (IHC) for ATL diagnosis. For this purpose, we used serum from a dog naturally infected with Leishmania (L) infantum (canine hyperimmune serum) as the primary antibody, followed by a detection system with a secondary biotinylated antibody. Methodology Skin samples were obtained from 73 patients in an endemic area of Caratinga, Minas Gerais (MG) State, Brazil all testing positive for ATL with the Montenegro skin test, microscopy, and PCR. Canine hyperimmune serum of a dog naturally infected with Leishmania (L.) infantum was employed as a primary antibody in an immunohistochemical diagnostic method using streptavidin-biotin peroxidase. To assess the specificity of this reaction, IHC assays employing two monoclonal antibodies were carried out. As the polymer-based technology is less time-consuming and labor intensive than the IHC labeled streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method, we compared the two methods for all samples. Results The IHC method detected ATL in 67 of the 73 cases (91.8%). Immunolabeled parasites were primarily detected inside macrophages either in the superficial or the deep dermis. Detection was facilitated by the high contrast staining of amastigotes (dark brown) against the light blue background. A lower detection rate (71.2%) was observed with the both of the monoclonal Leishmania antibodies compared to the canine hyperimmune serum. This may have been due to a non-specific background staining observed in all histological samples rendering positive detection more difficult. The higher efficacy of the canine hyperimmune serum in the IHC method was confirmed by the method using streptavidin-biotin peroxidase as well as that with the polymer-based technology (biotin-avidin-free system). Conclusions The data are encouraging with regard to validating IHC as a standard alternative method for ATL diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Fontes Alves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Cintia Fontes Alves
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Maria Marta Figueiredo
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carolina Carvalho Souza
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Maria Norma Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Washington Luiz Tafuri
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Pedro Raso
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Wagner Luiz Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Paz C, Samake S, Anderson JM, Faye O, Traore P, Tall K, Cisse M, Keita S, Valenzuela JG, Doumbia S. Leishmania major, the predominant Leishmania species responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mali. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88:583-5. [PMID: 23324218 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania major is the only species of Leishmania known to cause cutaneous leishmanisis (CL) in Mali. We amplified Leishmania DNA stored on archived Giemsa-stained dermal scraping slides obtained from self-referral patients with clinically suspected CL seen in the Center National d'Appui A La Lutte Contre La Maladie (CNAM) in Bamako, Mali, to determine if any other Leishmania species were responsible for CL in Mali and evaluate its geographic distribution. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed using a Leishmania species-specific primer pair that can amplify DNA from L. major, L. tropica, L. infantum, and L. donovani parasites, possible causative agents of CL in Mali. L. major was the only species detected in 41 microscopically confirmed cases of CL from five regions of Mali (Kayes, Koulikoro, Ségou, Mopti, and Tombouctou). These results implicate L. major as the predominant, possibly exclusive species responsible for CL in Mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Paz
- Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Yangzom T, Cruz I, Bern C, Argaw D, den Boer M, Vélez ID, Bhattacharya SK, Molina R, Alvar J. Endemic transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in Bhutan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 87:1028-37. [PMID: 23091191 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis was first reported in Bhutan in 2006. We conducted studies of the parasite, possible vectors and reservoirs, and leishmanin skin test and risk factor surveys in three villages. Nineteen cases were reported from seven districts. Parasite typing yielded two novel microsatellite sequences, both related to Indian L. donovani. In one case village, 40 (18.5%) of 216 participants had positive leishmanin skin test results, compared with 3 (4.2%) of 72 in the other case village and 0 of 108 in the control village. Positive results were strongly associated with the village and increasing age. None of the tested dogs were infected. Eighteen sand flies were collected, 13 Phlebotomus species and 5 Sergentomyia species; polymerase chain reaction for leishmanial DNA was negative. This assessment suggests that endemic visceral leishmaniasis transmission has occurred in diverse locations in Bhutan. Surveillance, case investigations, and further parasite, vector, and reservoir studies are needed. The potential protective impact of bed nets should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinley Yangzom
- JDWNR-Hospital and Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Timphu, Bhutan.
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Silva JGLD, Silva TMD, Peloso EDF, Machado-Coelho GLL, Mayrink W, Ariosa MCF, Silva PMDFE, Marques MJ. Comparison among three polymerase chain reaction assays on detection of DNA from Leishmania in biological samples from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 45:257-9. [PMID: 22535003 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822012000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study analyzed positivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on detection of DNA from Leishmania in patients' samples. METHODS Extracted DNA was submitted to L150/L152, 13Y/13Z, and seminested PCR (snPCR). RESULTS Results were evidenced by bands of approximately 120, 720, and 670 bp for L150/L152, 13Y/13Z, and snPCR, respectively. L150/L152, 13Y/13Z, and snPCR positivity indexes were 76.9, 56.4, and 9.2 (p>0.05), respectively, for suspected and 93.7, 68.7, and 84.4 (p<0.05), respectively, for confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results showed that these assays, mainly L150/L152 and snPCR, can detect Leishmania DNA and carry potential on laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis.
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Frickmann H, Alnamar Y, Essig A, Clos J, Racz P, Barth TF, Hagen RM, Fischer M, Poppert S. Rapid identification ofLeishmaniaspp. in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples by fluorescencein situhybridization. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:1117-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Saito-Nakano Y, Tanabe K, Mita T. Identification of pyrimethamine- and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 1984 and 1998: genotyping of archive blood samples. Malar J 2011; 10:388. [PMID: 22208458 PMCID: PMC3309963 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the geographical distribution of drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum is important for the effective treatment of malaria. Drug resistance has previously been inferred mainly from records of clinical resistance. However, clinical resistance is not always consistent with the parasite's genetic resistance. Thus, molecular identification of the parasite's drug resistance is required. In Africa, clinical resistance to pyrimethamine (Pyr) and chloroquine (CQ) was evident before 1980 but few studies investigating the genetic resistance to these drugs were conducted before the late 1990s. In this study, genotyping of genes involved in resistance to Pyr and CQ was performed using archive blood samples from Africa between 1984 and 1998. METHODS Parasite DNA was extracted from P. falciparum-infected blood smears collected from travellers returning to Japan from Africa between 1984 and 1998. Genotypes of the dihydrofolate reductase gene (dhfr) and CQ-resistance transporter gene (pfcrt) were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing. RESULTS Genotyping of dhfr and pfcrt was successful in 59 and 80 samples, respectively. One wild-type and seven mutant dhfr genotypes were identified. Three dhfr genotypes lacking the S108N mutation (NRSI, ICSI, IRSI; amino acids at positions 51, 59, 108, and 164 with mutations underlined) were highly prevalent before 1994 but reduced after 1995, accompanied by an increase in genotypes with the S108N mutation. The dhfr IRNI genotype was first identified in Nigeria in 1991 in the present samples, and its frequency gradually increased. However, two double mutants (ICNI and NRNI), the latter of which was exclusively found in West Africa, were more frequent than the IRNI genotype. Only two pfcrt genotypes were found, the wild-type and a Southeast Asian type (CVIET; amino acids at positions 72-76 with mutations underlined). The CVIET genotype was already present as early as 1984 in Tanzania and Nigeria, and appeared throughout Africa between 1984 and 1998. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to report the molecular identification of Pyr- and CQ-resistant genotypes of P. falciparum in Africa before 1990. Genotyping of dhfr and pfcrt using archive samples has revealed new aspects of the evolutionary history of Pyr- and CQ-resistant parasites in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Saito-Nakano
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Cnops L, Boderie M, Gillet P, Van Esbroeck M, Jacobs J. Rapid diagnostic tests as a source of DNA for Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR. Malar J 2011; 10:67. [PMID: 21435256 PMCID: PMC3075219 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) as a source of DNA for Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR. Methods First, the best method to recover DNA from RDTs was investigated and then the applicability of this DNA extraction method was assessed on 12 different RDT brands. Finally, two RDT brands (OptiMAL Rapid Malaria Test and SDFK60 malaria Ag Plasmodium falciparum/Pan test) were comprehensively evaluated on a panel of clinical samples submitted for routine malaria diagnosis at ITM. DNA amplification was done with the 18S rRNA real-time PCR targeting the four Plasmodium species. Results of PCR on RDT were compared to those obtained by PCR on whole blood samples. Results Best results were obtained by isolating DNA from the proximal part of the nitrocellulose component of the RDT strip with a simple DNA elution method. The PCR on RDT showed a detection limit of 0.02 asexual parasites/μl, which was identical to the same PCR on whole blood. For all 12 RDT brands tested, DNA was detected except for one brand when a low parasite density sample was applied. In RDTs with a plastic seal covering the nitrocellulose strip, DNA extraction was hampered. PCR analysis on clinical RDT samples demonstrated correct identification for single species infections for all RDT samples with asexual parasites of P. falciparum (n = 60), Plasmodium vivax (n = 10), Plasmodium ovale (n = 10) and Plasmodium malariae (n = 10). Samples with only gametocytes were detected in all OptiMAL and in 10 of the 11 SDFK60 tests. None of the negative samples (n = 20) gave a signal by PCR on RDT. With PCR on RDT, higher Ct-values were observed than with PCR on whole blood, with a mean difference of 2.68 for OptiMAL and 3.53 for SDFK60. Mixed infections were correctly identified with PCR on RDT in 4/5 OptiMAL tests and 2/5 SDFK60 tests. Conclusions RDTs are a reliable source of DNA for Plasmodium real-time PCR. This study demonstrates the best method of RDT fragment sampling for a wide range of RDT brands in combination with a simple and low cost extraction method, allowing RDT quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium.
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Cnops L, Van Esbroeck M, Bottieau E, Jacobs J. Giemsa-stained thick blood films as a source of DNA for Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR. Malar J 2010; 9:370. [PMID: 21176207 PMCID: PMC3016375 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study describes the use of thick blood films (TBF) as specimens for DNA amplification with the Plasmodium species-specific real-time PCR that was recently validated on whole blood samples. Methods The panel of 135 Giemsa-stained clinical TBFs represented single infections of the four Plasmodium species with varying parasite densities or only gametocytes, mixed infections, and negative samples and was stored for up to 12 years. Half of the Giemsa-stained TBF was scraped off by a sterile scalpel and collected into phosphate buffered saline. DNA was extracted with the Qiagen DNA mini kit with minor modifications. DNA was amplified with the 18S rRNA real-time PCR targeting the four Plasmodium species with four species-specific primers and probes in combination with one genus-specific reverse primer. Results of the PCR on TBF were compared to those of the PCR on whole blood and to microscopy. Results Correct identification for single species infections was obtained for all TBF samples with Plasmodium falciparum (n = 50), Plasmodium vivax (n = 25), Plasmodium ovale (n = 25) and in all but one samples with Plasmodium malariae (n = 10). Compared to whole blood samples, higher Ct-values were observed by PCR on TBF with a mean difference of 5.93. Four out of five mixed infections were correctly identified with PCR on TBF. None of the negative samples (n = 20) gave a PCR signal. PCR on TBF showed a detection limit of 0.2 asexual parasites/μl compared to 0.02/μl for whole blood. Intra-run variation was higher for PCR on TBF (%CV 1.90) compared to PCR on whole blood (%CV 0.54). Compared to microscopy, PCR on TBF generated three more species identifications in samples containing a single species and detected the same four mixed-infections. Conclusions Giemsa-stained TBFs are a reliable source of DNA for Plasmodium real-time PCR analysis, allowing applications in reference and research settings in case whole blood samples are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte Cnops
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis by identifying DNA from cerebrospinal fluid-impregnated filter paper strips. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:111-4. [PMID: 20135828 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181b4f041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial meningitis remains often etiologically unconfirmed, especially in resource-poor settings. We tested the potential of real-time polymerase chain reaction to identify Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) from cerebrospinal fluid impregnated on filter paper strips. METHODS Pnc and Hib genome equivalents were blindly quantified by polymerase chain reaction from 129 liquid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples-the standard-and strips stored at room temperature for months. Genome counts were compared by simple regression. RESULTS The strips showed a sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 99% for Pnc, and of 70% and 100% for Hib, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 94% and 97% for Pnc, and 100% and 89% for Hib, respectively. For Pnc, the positive and negative likelihood ratio was 92 and 0.08, and the overall accuracy 98%, whereas for Hib they were 70 and 0.30, and 91%, respectively. Genome counting showed good correlation between the filter paper and liquid CSF samples, r(2) being 0.87 for Pnc and 0.68 for Hib (P < 0.0001 for both). CONCLUSION Although not replacing bacterial culture, filter paper strips offer an easy way to collect and store CSF samples for later bacteriology. They can also be transported in standard envelops by regular mail.
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Chagas-Junior AD, McBride AJA, Athanazio DA, Figueira CP, Medeiros MA, Reis MG, Ko AI, McBride FWC. An imprint method for detecting leptospires in the hamster model of vaccine-mediated immunity for leptospirosis. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1632-1637. [PMID: 19679685 PMCID: PMC2887544 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.014050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In determining the efficacy of new vaccine candidates for leptospirosis, the primary end point is death and an important secondary end point is sterilizing immunity. However, evaluation of this end point is often hampered by the time-consuming demands and complexity of methods such as culture isolation (CI). In this study, we evaluated the use of an imprint (or touch preparation) method (IM) in detecting the presence of leptospires in tissues of hamsters infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni. In a dissemination study, compared to CI, the IM led to equal or improved detection of leptospires in kidney, liver, lung and blood samples collected post-infection and overall concordance was good (kappa=0.61). Furthermore, in an evaluation of hamsters immunized with a recombinant leptospiral protein-based vaccine candidate and subsequently challenged, the agreement between the CI and IM was very good (kappa=0.84). These findings indicate that the IM is a rapid method for the direct observation of Leptospira spp. that can be readily applied to evaluating infection in experimental animals and determining sterilizing immunity when screening potential vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenizar D. Chagas-Junior
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Alan J. A. McBride
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel A. Athanazio
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Biointeraction, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Cláudio P. Figueira
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Medeiros
- Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Flávia W. C. McBride
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Department of Biointeraction, Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Luz ZMP, Silva ARD, Silva FDO, Caligiorne RB, Oliveira E, Rabello A. Lesion aspirate culture for the diagnosis and isolation of Leishmania spp. from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:62-6. [PMID: 19274378 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of Leishmania spp. in skin lesion aspirates, using a puncture technique, was evaluated in 76 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) who were referred to a Leishmaniasis Reference Centre in Brazil. CL was defined based on skin lesions suggestive of the disease and on a positive result of the Montenegro skin test or Giemsa-stained imprints of biopsy fragments. The aspirates were cultured using a vacuum tube device containing culture medium and evaluated for the presence of Leishmania spp. The biphasic medium culture was examined once a week for three weeks. Promastigotes were observed in 53/76 (69.7%) cultures. Stained smears from 60 of the 76 patients were evaluated using PCR-RFLP to detect the conserved minicircle region of Leishmania spp. and to classify the parasite. Of these patients, 45 (75%) showed positive results in aspirate culture and 15 presented negative results. The PCR was positive in 80% (53/60) samples. The PCR-RFLP profile was determined in 49 samples, of which 45 (92%) showed a pattern compatible with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. The aspirate culture is a sensitive and feasible method for diagnosing CL and may be routinely adopted by health services for L. (V.) braziliensis isolation and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zélia Maria Profeta Luz
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Referência em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 30190-002.
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Romero GAS, Noronha EF, Pirmez C, Pires FDESS, Fernandes O, Nehme NS, Cupolillo E, Firoozmand L, da Graça GC, Volpini A, Santos SL, Romanha AJ. Sensitivity and reproducibility of a PCR assay for Leishmania detection using skin biopsy imprints on filter paper. Acta Trop 2009; 109:74-7. [PMID: 18996076 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity and reproducibility of a PCR targeted to amplify the conserved 120 base-pair region of minicircles from Leishmania kDNA was defined using DNA extracted from skin biopsy imprints on filter paper. Seventy-seven patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis from an endemic region of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in Brazil underwent skin biopsy of the ulcer border. Tissue samples were imprinted on filter paper and then, they were stored at -20 degrees C. Imprints on filter paper were stored at 4 degrees C. Samples were processed at three laboratories; Lab1 and Lab2 performed the PCR-kDNA assay using DNA extracted from the filter paper, and Lab3 processed PCR-kDNA using DNA from fresh-frozen tissue used as a gold standard. All samples were codified to maintain blinding during lab processing. Fifty-three (68.8%) patients had parasites isolated and identified by isoenzymes as L. (V.) braziliensis. The positivity of PCR-kDNA was similar between the three laboratories: 87.0, 85.7 and 88.3% (Lab1, Lab2 and Lab3, respectively). The sensitivity of PCR-kDNA in culture-proven cases was better, and showed similar results in all laboratories: 95.8, 95.8 and 97.9% (Lab1, Lab2 and Lab3, respectively). Data from the 77 enrolled patients showed an overall percent agreement of 80.5% (Kappa=0.173) for the filter-paper approach between Lab1 and Lab2. Percent agreement between Lab1 and Lab3 was 83.1% (Kappa=0.22), and it was 94.8% between Lab2 and Lab3 (Kappa=0.77). Fifteen patients were diagnosed in just one of the two laboratories that used DNA extracted from filter paper. We conclude that the sensitivity of the filter paper approach is satisfactory and could be used in clinical trials and field work. Reproducibility could be improved using two separate imprints from the same biopsy sample.
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Selvapandiyan A, Duncan R, Mendez J, Kumar R, Salotra P, Cardo LJ, Nakhasi HL. A Leishmania minicircle DNA footprint assay for sensitive detection and rapid speciation of clinical isolates. Transfusion 2008; 48:1787-98. [PMID: 18564397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diversity in clinical outcome, due to different species of Leishmania, and its presence in asymptomatic blood donors in endemic areas warrant development of methods that are sensitive and can rapidly identify infecting species. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The kinetoplast minicircle DNA is known to have heterogeneity in sequence and is present in many thousands of copies in Leishmania. Fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify minicircle DNA from six Leishmania species from different geographic locations. The sequences were then used to construct a phylogenetic tree. Speciation of 46 blinded parasite clinical isolates from various geographic regions was validated using the assay. RESULTS Analysis displayed a distinct cluster for each species or strain. Forty-three of 46 isolates were correctly assigned to the same species identified by isoenzyme electrophoresis. The three untyped isolates were all either new species or samples from a unique geographic region. The minicircles of the three isolates formed new clusters in the tree analysis. Using minicircle DNA as PCR target, the sensitivity of the parasite detection in the spiked blood samples was five parasites per mL. CONCLUSION Increased sensitivity and speciation without the need for parasite culture will be useful for diagnosis and treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angamuthu Selvapandiyan
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
São apresentados conceitos básicos sobre célula, código genético e síntese protéica, e sobre algumas técnicas de biologia molecular, tais como PCR, PCR-RFLP, seqüenciamento de DNA, RT-PCR e immunoblotting. São fornecidos protocolos de extração de nucleotídeos e de proteínas, como salting out no sangue periférico e métodos do fenol-clorofórmio e do trizol em tecidos. Seguem-se exemplos comentados da aplicação de técnicas de biologia molecular para o diagnóstico etiológico e pesquisa em dermatoses tropicais, com ênfase na leishmaniose tegumentar americana e hanseníase.
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de Andrade HM, Reis AB, dos Santos SL, Volpini AC, Marques MJ, Romanha AJ. Use of PCR–RFLP to identify Leishmania species in naturally-infected dogs. Vet Parasitol 2006; 140:231-8. [PMID: 16682124 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2005] [Revised: 03/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue imprints on Giemsa stained slides from dogs were used to investigate the presence of Leishmania amastigotes by either optical microscopy (OM) or Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of DNA. Samples from skin, spleen, lymph node, liver and bone marrow from a Leishmaniasis endemic area dogs where Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis are sympatric were studied. Dogs were initially diagnosed by Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF), as which 39 were IIF positive (> or = 1:40) and 16 negative. The IIF positive dogs were clinically grouped as symptomatic (n = 15), oligosymptomatic (n = 12) and asymptomatic (n = 12). Although PCR positivity was higher in symptomatic dogs, specially their skin samples, there was no significant difference among clinical groups or organs examined. Ten (62.5%) out of 16 IIF and OM negative animals were positive for PCR in at least one organ. Forty-eight positive PCR amplicons were further submitted to RFLP for Leishmania identification. All dogs were infected with L. (L.) chagasi except one, infected with L. (V.) braziliensis. PCR was more efficient than IIF and OM to diagnose canine visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL), regardless of the organ examined and the clinical form present. The use of PCR together with serology helps determining the extension of sub clinical infection in CVL endemic areas and provides a better estimate of the number of dogs to be targeted for control measures. In conclusion, our data reinforce the need for a specific diagnosis of canine infection in areas where diverse Leishmania species are sympatric and demonstrate that PCR-RFLP can be used to identify Leishmania species in dog tissue imprint stained slides.
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