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Vodjerek L, Erixon F, Mendes Ferreira C, Fickel J, Eccard JA. The role of male quality in sequential mate choice: pregnancy replacement in small mammals? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240189. [PMID: 39076357 PMCID: PMC11285816 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Females mainly increase their reproductive success by improving the quality of their mates and need to be discriminative in their mate choices. Here, we investigate whether female mammals can trade up sire quality in sequential mate choice during already progressed pregnancies. A male-induced pregnancy termination (functional 'Bruce effect') could thus have an adaptive function in mate choice as a functional part of a pregnancy replacement. We used bank voles (Myodes glareolus) as a model system and exchanged the breeding male in the early second trimester of a potential pregnancy. Male quality was determined using urine marking values. Females were offered a sequence of either high- then low-quality male (HL) or a low- then high-quality male (LH). The majority of females bred with high-quality males independent of their position in the sequence, which may indicate a pregnancy replacement in LH but not in HL. The body size of the second male, which could have been related to the coercion of females by males into remating, did not explain late pregnancies. Thus, pregnancy replacement, often discussed as a counterstrategy to infanticide, may constitute adaptive mate choice in female mammals, and female choice may induce pregnancy replacement in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Vodjerek
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Filippa Erixon
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Clara Mendes Ferreira
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana A. Eccard
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
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2
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Bravo JC, Ugartemendia L, Barman A, Rodríguez AB, Pariente JA, Bravo R. Bibliometric analysis on cannibalism/infanticide and maternal aggression towards pups in laboratory rodents. Lab Anim 2024; 58:240-251. [PMID: 38353042 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231192030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Animal welfare has evolved during the past decades to improve not only the quality of life of laboratory rodents but also the quality and reproducibility of scientific investigations. Bibliometric analysis has become an important tool to complete the current knowledge with academic databases. Our objective was to investigate whether scientific research on cannibalism/infanticide is connected with maternal aggression towards the offspring in laboratory rodents. To carry out our research, we performed a specific search for published articles on each concept. Results were analyzed in the open-source environment RStudio with the package Bibliometrix. We obtained 253 and 134 articles for the first search (cannibalism/infanticide) and the second search (maternal aggression towards the pups) respectively. We observed that the interest in infanticide/cannibalism started in the 1950s, while researchers started showing interest in maternal aggression towards the pups 30 years later. Our analyses indicated that maternal aggression had better citations in scientific literature. In addition, although our results showed some common features (e.g. oxytocin or medial preoptic area in the brain), we observed a gap between cannibalism/infanticide and maternal aggression towards the pups with only 14 published articles in common for both the searches. Therefore, we recommend researchers to combine both concepts in further investigations in the context of cannibalism for better dissemination and higher impact in laboratory rodents' welfare research.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Bravo
- Animal facility of University of Extremadura, University of Extremadura, Spain
- Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - Lierni Ugartemendia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, USA
| | - Arko Barman
- D2K Lab & Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, USA
| | - Ana B Rodríguez
- Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - José A Pariente
- Neuroimmunophysiology and Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - Rafael Bravo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, USA
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3
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Reynolds-Hogland M, Brooks C, Ramsey AB, Hogland JS, Pilgrim KL, Engkjer C, Ramsey PW. Long-term video and genetic data yield insights into complex sociality of a solitary large carnivore. Behav Processes 2024; 214:104972. [PMID: 38016596 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
American black bears (Ursus americanus) may be more social than currently understood. We used long-term video and genetic data to evaluate social interactions among wild, independent-aged black bear on a conservation property in western Montana, USA. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate predictions about male-male interactions within the context of individual fitness, female-female interactions within the context of inclusive fitness, and male-female interactions within the context of female counterstrategies to infanticide. Overall, our findings challenged the assumption that independent-aged bears interact only during the mating season or when concentrated feeding sites are present. We documented 169 interaction events by at least 66 bear pairs, 92 (54%) of which occurred outside of the peak mating season and in the absence of concentrated feeding sites. The probability that male-male pairs engaged in play and other non-agonistic behaviours was higher than that for female-female pairs. Conversely, the probability that female-female pairs engaged in chase behaviour was higher than that for male-male and male-female pairs. We documented evidence of female mate choice, female resource defense, sexually selected infanticide (SSI), and female counterstrategies to avoid SSI. Our findings improve our understanding of ursid ethology and underscore the complexity of ursid sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John S Hogland
- USDA Forest Service, USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Kristine L Pilgrim
- USDA National Genomics Center, USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Cory Engkjer
- USDA National Genomics Center, USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
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4
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Fragoso CE, Rampim LE, Quigley H, Buhrke Haberfeld M, Ayala Espíndola W, Cabral Araújo V, Rodrigues Sartorello L, May Júnior JA. Unveiling demographic and mating strategies of Panthera onca in the Pantanal, Brazil. J Mammal 2023; 104:239-251. [PMID: 37032705 PMCID: PMC10075339 DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We conducted the first long-term and large-scale study of demographic characteristics and reproductive behavior in a wild jaguar (Panthera onca) population. Data were collected through a combination of direct observations and camera trapping on a study area that operates both as a cattle ranch and ecotourism destination. Jaguars exhibited two birth peaks: April/May and October/November, that are the end and the beginning of the wet season in the Pantanal, respectively. The average litter size was 1.43 ± 0.65. Single cubs made up a total of 65.7% of the births, and we found a slight predominance of females (1.15:1 ratio) in litters. The mean age at independence was 17.6 ± 0.98 months, with sex-biased dispersal, with all males (n = 27) leaving the natal home range and 63.6% of females exhibiting philopatry. The interbirth intervals were 21.8 ± 3.2 months and the mean age at first parturition was 31.8 ± 4.2 months. Our results estimated a lifetime reproductive success for female jaguars of 8.13 cubs. Our observations also indicate that female jaguars can display mating behavior during cub rearing or pregnancy, representing 41.4% of the consorts and copulations recorded. We speculate that this behavior has evolved as a defense against infanticide and physical harm to the female. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such behavior is described for this species. All aggressive interactions between females involved the presence of cubs, following the offspring–defense hypothesis, that lead to territoriality among females in mammals, regardless of food availability. In the face of growing threats to this apex predator, this work unveils several aspects of its natural history, representing a baseline for comparison with future research and providing critical information for population viability analysis and conservation planning in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Fragoso
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lilian Elaine Rampim
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Howard Quigley
- Panthera Corporation , 8 West 40th Street 18th Floor, New York, New York 10018 , USA
| | - Mario Buhrke Haberfeld
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
- Panthera Corporation , 8 West 40th Street 18th Floor, New York, New York 10018 , USA
- Instituto SOS Pantanal , Rua Alberto Neder, 328, Centro, 79002-160 Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul , Brazil
| | - Wellyngton Ayala Espíndola
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Valquíria Cabral Araújo
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Leonardo Rodrigues Sartorello
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Joares Adenilson May Júnior
- Associação Onçafari , Rua Ferreira de Araújo, 153, Conjunto 14, Sala 4, Pinheiros, 05428-000 São Paulo, São Paulo , Brazil
- Panthera Corporation , 8 West 40th Street 18th Floor, New York, New York 10018 , USA
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brazil
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5
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Repnik A, Skok J. A case of male filicide in farmed European fallow deer (Dama dama). BEHAVIOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Male infanticide is a widespread phenomenon in mammals and is usually directed against non-filial infants. In cervids, reports on male infanticide remain very rare. This article reports a case of male filicide (filial infanticide) in farmed European fallow deer (Dama dama). The conflict between the buck and his male offspring took place at the feeding station during the rut and was recorded on camera. Several times (about 7) a fawn entered the feeding station but was repeatedly chased away by the buck. On the last occasion, the buck struck/stabbed the fawn with his antlers. Post-mortem examination revealed penetrating abdominal trauma with gastrointestinal perforation. This is the first record of male infanticide in fallow deer, although it differs from other cases in cervids where the attacks were clearly intentional. Therefore, we cannot provide a firm explanation, although it was likely a non-adaptive/pathological behaviour under the specific (unnatural) circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Repnik
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia
| | - Janko Skok
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia
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6
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Carrillo E, Fuller TK. Heterospecific infanticide among sympatric peccaries in Costa Rica. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Carrillo
- Instituto Internacional en Conservación y Manejo de Vida Silvestre Universidad Nacional Heredia Costa Rica
| | - Todd K. Fuller
- Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts USA
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7
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Lamamy C, Delgado MM, Kojola I, Heikkinen S, Penteriani V. Does moonlight affect movement patterns of a non‐obligate carnivore? Brown bears do not mind that the moon exists. J Zool (1987) 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lamamy
- Forest is life, TERRA Research Unit Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech Université de Liège Gembloux Belgium
| | - M. M. Delgado
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)‐University of Oviedo‐Principality of Asturias), Campus Mieres Mieres Spain
| | - I. Kojola
- LUKE, Natural Resources Institute Rovaniemi Finland
| | - S. Heikkinen
- LUKE, Natural Resources Institute Rovaniemi Finland
| | - V. Penteriani
- Biodiversity Research Institute (IMIB, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)‐University of Oviedo‐Principality of Asturias), Campus Mieres Mieres Spain
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8
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Stasiukynas DC, Boron V, Hoogesteijn R, Barragán J, Martin A, Tortato F, Rincón S, Payán E. Hide and flirt: observed behavior of female jaguars (Panthera onca) to protect their young cubs from adult males. Acta Ethol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-021-00384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Pluháček J, Blahutová B, Bartoš L. A case of male infanticide in captive sika deer (Cervus nippon). BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Male infanticide has been reported in wide range of mammalian taxa however it remains very rare in even-toed ungulates where it was documented in two species only. Among six hypotheses explaining this phenomenon, the sexual selection hypothesis is supported by the largest evidence in mammals. Here, we report the first case of male infanticide in sika deer (Cervus nippon) which occurred at Ostrava Zoo. At the end of rutting season, new male had been joined with two pregnant females that successfully gave birth and reared offspring in his presence then. However, in the next season, the same male attacked and killed his own newborn female offspring. Since this male was separated from the herd for most of the time in the rut, we argue that he could be confused about paternity. Therefore, this case of infanticide might be driven by the same mechanism as that which is in line with the sexual selection hypothesis. In addition, based on our evidence we cannot reject the social pathology hypothesis as an alternative explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pluháček
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00 Praha — Uhříněves, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Ostrava Zoo, Michálkovická 2081/197, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Blahutová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Ostrava Zoo, Michálkovická 2081/197, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Bartoš
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 00 Praha — Uhříněves, Czech Republic
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10
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Kulick NK, Cheves S, Chaves-Cordero C, Lopez R, Morales SR, Fedigan LM, Jack KM. Female-committed infanticide followed by juvenile-enacted cannibalism in wild white-faced capuchins. Primates 2021; 62:1037-1043. [PMID: 34626294 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
On 5 February 2021, we observed the first instance of female-committed infanticide followed by cannibalism in a long-studied (> 35 years) population of wild white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) in the Santa Rosa Sector of the Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The events leading up to and including the infanticide and cannibalism were observed and documented ad libitum, with segments digitally recorded, and a post-mortem necropsy performed. Here we detail our observations and evaluate the events within the framework of leading adaptive explanations. The infanticide may have been proximately motivated by resource competition or group instability. The circumstances of the observed infanticide provided support for the resource competition, adoption avoidance, and social status hypotheses of infanticide, but not for the exploitation hypothesis, as neither the perpetrator nor her kin consumed the deceased infant. The subsequent cannibalism was performed by juveniles who observed the infanticide and may have been stimulated by social facilitation and their prior experience of meat consumption as omnivores. To our knowledge, cannibalism has been documented only once before in C. imitator, in an adjacent study group, with the two cases sharing key similarities in the context of occurrence and manner of consumption. These observations add to our growing knowledge of the evolutionary significance of infanticide and its importance as a reproductive strategy in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelle K Kulick
- Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Saul Cheves
- Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
| | - Catalina Chaves-Cordero
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Ronald Lopez
- Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
| | | | - Linda M Fedigan
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Katharine M Jack
- Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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11
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Berg JE, Reimer J, Smolko P, Bohm H, Hebblewhite M, Merrill EH. Mothers' Movements: Shifts in Calving Area Selection by Partially Migratory Elk. J Wildl Manage 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.22099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi E. Berg
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Jody Reimer
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Peter Smolko
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Holger Bohm
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation University of Montana Missoula MT 59812 USA
| | - Evelyn H. Merrill
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
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12
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Paternal Finasteride Treatment Can Influence the Testicular Transcriptome Profile of Male Offspring-Preliminary Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:868-886. [PMID: 34449557 PMCID: PMC8929076 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Hormone-dependent events that occur throughout spermatogenesis during postnatal testis maturation are significant for adult male fertility. Any disturbances in the T/DHT ratio in male progeny born from females fertilized by finasteride-treated male rats (F0:Fin) can result in the impairment of testicular physiology. The goal of this work was to profile the testicular transcriptome in the male filial generation (F1:Fin) from paternal F0:Fin rats. (2) Methods: The subject material for the study were testis from immature and mature male rats born from females fertilized by finasteride-treated rats. Testicular tissues from the offspring were used in microarray analyses. (3) Results: The top 10 genes having the highest and lowest fold change values were mainly those that encoded odoriferous (Olfr: 31, 331, 365, 633, 774, 814, 890, 935, 1109, 1112, 1173, 1251, 1259, 1253, 1383) and vomeronasal (Vmn1r: 50, 103, 210, 211; Vmn2r: 3, 23, 99) receptors and RIKEN cDNA 5430402E10, also known as odorant-binding protein. (4) Conclusions: Finasteride treatment of male adult rats may cause changes in the testicular transcriptome of their male offspring, leading to a defective function of spermatozoa in response to odorant-like signals, which are recently more and more often noticed as significant players in male fertility.
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13
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Britnell J, Vorster L, Shultz S. Evidence of infanticide in the Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra). BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Infanticide has been described across mammal species. Infanticide is thought to be a tactic which increases reproductive opportunities or reduces competition over local resources. Species of the genus Equus exhibit life history traits such as expensive young, long gestation, lactation and dependency, extended inter-birth interval when there is a foal at foot and strong male reproductive skew. These traits suggest infanticide may be present throughout the genus. However, most documented cases of infanticide attempts come from captive populations and rely heavily on indirect accounts in free-roaming populations. Here, we report an infanticide attempt in Cape mountain zebra (Equus zebra zebra). The aggression was perpetrated by multiple bachelor males on two foals belonging to the same family group. The foals were separated from the parent group, chased and harried for a total of 45 minutes before the mothers and herd stallion were able to regain their offspring. We also report three cases of infanticide from necropsy. The injuries sustained by the foals are consistent with infanticide-based injuries documented in other equids species. The timing of these deaths occurs after a stallion turnover. These two cases provide the most conclusive evidence to date that infanticide takes place within mountain zebra.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Britnell
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
- North of England Zoological Society (Chester Zoo), Caughall Road, Upton-by-Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - L. Vorster
- Sanbona Wildlife Reserve, Barrydale 6720, South Africa
| | - S. Shultz
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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14
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Bartoš L, Dušek A, Bartošová J, Pluháček J, Putman R. How to escape male infanticide: mechanisms for avoiding or terminating pregnancy in mammals. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luděk Bartoš
- Department of Ethology Institute of Animal Science Praha Uhříněves10400 Czech Republic
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague Praha 6‐Suchdol16500 Czech Republic
| | - Adam Dušek
- Department of Ethology Institute of Animal Science Praha Uhříněves10400 Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Bartošová
- Department of Ethology Institute of Animal Science Praha Uhříněves10400 Czech Republic
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague Praha 6‐Suchdol16500 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pluháček
- Department of Ethology Institute of Animal Science Praha Uhříněves10400 Czech Republic
| | - Rory Putman
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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15
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Abstract
AbstractMammals usually adjust behavioral patterns when exposed to disturbances. Elusiveness and low-risk time selection may reduce their stress in periods of highest risk. In Europe, brown bears (Ursus arctos) coexist with humans in densely populated and modified landscapes and, consequently, are exposed to human-caused disturbances during the daytime hours. Furthermore, intraspecific interactions might also influence their behavioral responses, especially during the mating season. Activity patterns of several large carnivores have been thoroughly studied; however, research is scarce for relocated populations. Here, we report the activity patterns in the reintroduced brown bear population in the Pyrenees. We expected the bears to reduce their activity depending on the type and level of disturbances. We analyzed individual behavior of both sexes (males, solitary females, and females with offspring) and age groups (adults and subadults) using camera-trap surveys under different types of intraspecific and anthropogenic disturbances. In general, bears were more active during the night (2200–0600 h) and avoided peaks of human activity (1000–1800 h). Furthermore, with the increasing nocturnal disturbance of adult males during the mating season, females with offspring and subadults were more active during daylight. This suggests that vulnerable individuals showed high tolerance for human presence. These results contribute to improve our knowledge of how a threatened and relocated bear population behaves in a human-modified landscape of southern Europe. Further research on this population will be crucial to establish optimal management interventions during translocations, and the prevention of human-bear encounters and conflicts.
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16
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Sorum MS, Joly K, Wells AG, Cameron MD, Hilderbrand GV, Gustine DD. Den‐site characteristics and selection by brown bears (
Ursus arctos
) in the central Brooks Range of Alaska. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew S. Sorum
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska 99709 USA
| | - Kyle Joly
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska 99709 USA
| | - Adam G. Wells
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844 USA
| | - Matthew D. Cameron
- Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve National Park Service Fairbanks Alaska 99709 USA
| | | | - David D. Gustine
- Grand Teton National Park National Park Service Moose Wyoming 83012 USA
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17
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Schlägel UE, Signer J, Herde A, Eden S, Jeltsch F, Eccard JA, Dammhahn M. Estimating interactions between individuals from concurrent animal movements. Methods Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike E. Schlägel
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation University of Potsdam Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Johannes Signer
- Faculty of Forest Science and Forest Ecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Antje Herde
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation University of Potsdam Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Sophie Eden
- Animal Ecology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
| | - Florian Jeltsch
- Department of Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation University of Potsdam Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
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18
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Gantchoff MG, Beyer D, Belant JL. Reproductive class influences risk tolerance during denning and spring for American black bears (
Ursus americanus
). Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Gantchoff
- Camp Fire Program in Wildlife Conservation College of Environmental Science and Forestry State University of New York New York New York 13210 USA
| | - D. Beyer
- Wildlife Division Michigan DNR Marquette Michigan 49855 USA
| | - J. L. Belant
- Camp Fire Program in Wildlife Conservation College of Environmental Science and Forestry State University of New York New York New York 13210 USA
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19
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Haines JA, Coltman DW, Dantzer B, Gorrell JC, Humphries MM, Lane JE, McAdam AG, Boutin S. Sexually selected infanticide by male red squirrels in advance of a mast year. Ecology 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Haines
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - David W. Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Jamieson C. Gorrell
- Biology Department Vancouver Island University Nanaimo British Columbia V9R 5S5 Canada
| | - Murray M. Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue Quebec H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Jeffrey E. Lane
- Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 Canada
| | - Andrew G. McAdam
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
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20
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Jindal S, Bose APH, O'Connor CM, Balshine S. A test of male infanticide as a reproductive tactic in a cichlid fish. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:160891. [PMID: 28405376 PMCID: PMC5383833 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Infanticide and offspring cannibalism are taxonomically widespread phenomena. In some group-living species, a new dominant individual taking over a group can benefit from infanticide if doing so induces potential mates to become reproductively available sooner. Despite widespread observations of infanticide (i.e. egg cannibalism) among fishes, no study has investigated whether egg cannibalism occurs in fishes as a result of group takeovers, or how this type of cannibalism might be adaptive. Using the cooperatively breeding cichlid, Neolamprologus pulcher, we tested whether new unrelated males entering the dominant position in a social group were more likely to cannibalize eggs, and whether such cannibalism would shorten the interval until the female's next spawning. Females spawned again sooner if their broods were removed than if they were cared for. Egg cannibalism occurred frequently after a group takeover event, and was rarer if the original male remained with the group. While dominant breeder females were initially highly aggressive towards newcomer males that took over the group, the degree of resistance depended on relative body size differences between the new pair and, ultimately, female aggression did not prevent egg cannibalism. Egg cannibalism, however, did not shorten the duration until subsequent spawning, or increase fecundity during subsequent breeding in our laboratory setting. Our results show that infanticide as mediated through group takeovers is a taxonomically widespread behaviour.
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21
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Steyaert SMJG, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A. Litter loss triggers estrus in a nonsocial seasonal breeder. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:300-10. [PMID: 24558586 PMCID: PMC3925432 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually selected infanticide (SSI) is often presumed to be rare among seasonal breeders, because it would require a near immediate return to estrus after the loss of an entire litter during the mating season. We evaluated changes in reproductive strategies and the reproductive fate of females that experienced litter loss during the mating season in a seasonal breeder with strong evidence for SSI, the brown bear. First, we used a long-term demographic dataset (1986-2011) to document that a large majority of females (>91%) that lose their entire litter during the mating season in fact do enter estrus, mate, and give birth during the subsequent birthing season. Second, we used high-resolution movement data (2005-2011) to evaluate how females changed reproductive strategies after losing their entire litter during the mating season. We hypothesized that females would shift from the sedentary lifestyle typical for females with cubs-of-the-year to a roam-to-mate behavior typical for receptive females in no more than a few (∼3) days after litter loss. We found that females with cubs-of-the-year moved at about 1/3 of the rate and in a less bimodal diurnal pattern than receptive females during the mating season. The probability of litter loss was positively related with movement rate, suggesting that being elusive and sedentary is a strategy to enhance cub survival rather than a relic of cub mobility itself. The movement patterns of receptive females and females after litter loss were indistinguishable within 1-2 days after the litter loss, and we illustrate that SSI can significantly reduce the female interbirth interval (50-85%). Our results suggest that SSI can also be advantageous for males in seasonally breeding mammals. We propose that infanticide as a male reproductive strategy is more prevalent among mammals with reproductive seasonality than observed or reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam MJG Steyaert
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, A-1180, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheim, NO-7485, Norway
- Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University CollegeBø, NO-3800, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, A-1180, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
- Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University CollegeBø, NO-3800, Norway
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22
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MyD88 signaling is directly involved in the development of murine placental malaria. Infect Immun 2013; 82:830-8. [PMID: 24478096 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01288-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a widespread infectious disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium. During pregnancy, malaria infection leads to a range of complications that can affect both the mother and fetus, including stillbirth, infant mortality, and low birth weight. In this study, we utilized a mouse model of placental malaria (PM) infection to determine the importance of the protein MyD88 in the host immune response to Plasmodium during pregnancy. Initially, we demonstrated that Plasmodium berghei NK65GFP adhered to placental tissue via chondroitin sulfate A and induced PM in mice with a C57BL/6 genetic background. To evaluate the involvement of MyD88 in the pathology of PM, we performed a histopathological analysis of placentas obtained from MyD88(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice following infection on the 19th gestational day. Our data demonstrated that the detrimental placental alterations observed in the infected mice were correlated with the expression of MyD88. Moreover, in the absence of this protein, production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was significantly reduced in the infected mice. More importantly, in contrast to fetuses from infected WT mice, which exhibited a reduction in body weight, the fetuses from infected MyD88(-/-) mice did not display significant weight loss compared to their noninfected littermates. In addition, we observed a decrement of maternal care associated with malaria infection, which was attenuated in the MyD88-deficient mice. Collectively, the results of this study illustrate the pivotal importance of the MyD88 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of placental malaria, thus presenting new possibilities for targeting MyD88 in therapeutic interventions.
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23
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Rémy A, Le Galliard JF, Odden M, Andreassen HP. Concurrent effects of age class and food distribution on immigration success and population dynamics in a small mammal. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:813-22. [PMID: 24256406 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the settlement stage of dispersal, the outcome of conflicts between residents and immigrants should depend on the social organization of resident populations as well as on individual traits of immigrants, such as their age class, body mass and/or behaviour. We have previously shown that spatial distribution of food influences the social organization of female bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Here, we aimed to determine the relative impact of food distribution and immigrant age class on the success and demographic consequences of female bank vole immigration. We manipulated the spatial distribution of food within populations having either clumped or dispersed food. After a pre-experimental period, we released either adult immigrants or juvenile immigrants, for which we scored sociability and aggressiveness prior to introduction. We found that immigrant females survived less well and moved more between populations than resident females, which suggest settlement costs. However, settled juvenile immigrants had a higher probability to reproduce than field-born juveniles. Food distribution had little effects on the settlement success of immigrant females. Survival and settlement probabilities of immigrants were influenced by adult female density in opposite ways for adult and juvenile immigrants, suggesting a strong adult-adult competition. Moreover, females of higher body mass at release had a lower probability to survive, and the breeding probability of settled immigrants increased with their aggressiveness and decreased with their sociability. Prior to the introduction of immigrants, resident females were more aggregated in the clumped food treatment than in the dispersed food treatment, but immigration reversed this relationship. In addition, differences in growth trajectories were seen during the breeding season, with populations reaching higher densities when adult immigrants were introduced in a plot with dispersed food, or when juvenile immigrants were introduced in a plot with clumped food. These results indicate the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on immigration success and demographic consequences of dispersal and are of relevance to conservation actions, such as reinforcement of small populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rémy
- Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Hedmark University College, Anne Evenstadsvei 80, No-2480, Koppang, Norway
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- CNRS - UMR 7625, Laboratoire Ecologie-Evolution, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Case 237, 7 Quai St Bernard, 75005, Paris, France.,CNRS/ENS UMS 3194, CEREEP - Ecotron IleDeFrance, École Normale Supérieure, 78 rue du Château, 77140, St-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Morten Odden
- Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Hedmark University College, Anne Evenstadsvei 80, No-2480, Koppang, Norway
| | - Harry P Andreassen
- Faculty of Applied Ecology and Agricultural Sciences, Hedmark University College, Anne Evenstadsvei 80, No-2480, Koppang, Norway
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24
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Steyaert SMJG, Kindberg J, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A. Male reproductive strategy explains spatiotemporal segregation in brown bears. J Anim Ecol 2013; 82:836-45. [PMID: 23461483 PMCID: PMC3757318 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal segregation is often explained by the risk for offspring predation or by differences in physiology, predation risk vulnerability or competitive abilities related to size dimorphism. Most large carnivores are size dimorphic and offspring predation is often intraspecific and related to nonparental infanticide (NPI). NPI can be a foraging strategy, a strategy to reduce competition, or a male reproductive strategy. Spatiotemporal segregation is widespread among large carnivores, but its nature remains poorly understood. We evaluated three hypotheses to explain spatiotemporal segregation in the brown bear, a size-dimorphic large carnivore in which NPI is common; the 'NPI - foraging/competition hypothesis', i.e. NPI as a foraging strategy or a strategy to reduce competition, the 'NPI - sexual selection hypothesis', i.e. infanticide as a male reproductive strategy and the 'body size hypothesis', i.e. body-size-related differences in physiology, predation risk vulnerability or competitive ability causes spatiotemporal segregation. To test these hypotheses, we quantified spatiotemporal segregation among adult males, lone adult females and females with cubs-of-the-year, based on GPS-relocation data (2006-2010) and resource selection functions in a Scandinavian population. We found that spatiotemporal segregation was strongest between females with cubs-of-the-year and adult males during the mating season. During the mating season, females with cubs-of-the-year selected their resources, in contrast to adult males, in less rugged landscapes in relative close proximity to certain human-related variables, and in more open habitat types. After the mating season, females with cubs-of-the-year markedly shifted their resource selection towards a pattern more similar to that of their conspecifics. No strong spatiotemporal segregation was apparent between females with cubs-of-the-year and conspecifics during the mating and the postmating season. The 'NPI - sexual selection hypothesis' best explained spatiotemporal segregation in our study system. We suggest that females with cubs-of-the-year alter their resource selection to avoid infanticidal males. In species exhibiting NPI as a male reproductive strategy, female avoidance of infanticidal males is probably more common than observed or reported, and may come with a fitness cost if females trade safety for optimal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam MJG Steyaert
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, A-1180, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheim, NO-7485, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, A-1180, Austria
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅs, NO-1432, Norway
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Environmental and Health Studies, Telemark University CollegeBø, NO-3800, Norway
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25
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Clutton-Brock T, Huchard E. Social competition and its consequences in female mammals. J Zool (1987) 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Huchard
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
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26
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Abstract
One of the most important assumptions of kin selection theory is that individuals behave differently towards kin than non-kin. In mammals, there is strong evidence that maternal kin are distinguished from non-kin via familiarity. However, little is known about whether or not mammals can also recognize paternal kin as many female mammals, including primates, mate with multiple males near the time of conception, potentially concealing paternal kinship. Genetic data in several mammalian species with a promiscuous mating system and male-biased dispersal reveal a high skew in male reproduction which leads to co-residing paternal half-siblings. In most primates, individuals also form stable bisexual groups creating opportunities for males to interact with their offspring. Here I consider close paternal kin co-resident in the same social group, such as father-offspring and paternal half-siblings (i.e. animals sharing the same father but who were born to different mothers) and review mammalian studies of paternal kin discrimination. Furthermore, I summarize the most likely mechanisms of paternal kin discrimination (familiarity and phenotype matching). When familiarity is the underlying mechanism, mothers and/or the sire could mediate familiarity among paternal half-siblings as well as between fathers and offspring assuming mothers and/or fathers can assess paternity. When animals use phenotype matching, they might use their fathers' template (when the father is present) or self (when the father is absent) to assess paternal kinship in others. Available evidence suggests that familiarity and phenotype matching might be used for paternal kin discrimination and that both mechanisms might apply to a wide range of social mammals characterized by a high skew in male reproduction and co-residence of paternal kin. Among primates, suggested evidence for phenotype matching can often have an alternative explanation, which emphasizes the crucial importance of controlling for familiarity as a potential confounding variable. However, the mechanism/s used to identify paternal kin might differ within a species (as a function of each individual's specific circumstances) as well as among species (depending upon the key sensory modalities of the species considered). Finally, I discuss the possible cues used in paternal kin discrimination and offer suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Widdig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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27
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28
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Edelman AJ, Koprowski JL. Communal Nesting in Asocial Abert's Squirrels: the Role of Social Thermoregulation and Breeding Strategy. Ethology 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Persson J, Willebrand T, Landa A, Andersen R, Segerström P. The role of intraspecific predation in the survival of juvenile wolverinesGulo gulo. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.2003.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Persson
- Jens Persson & Tomas Willebrand, Department of Animal Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden - e-mail addresses: (Jens Persson); (Tomas Willebrand)
| | - Tomas Willebrand
- Jens Persson & Tomas Willebrand, Department of Animal Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden - e-mail addresses: (Jens Persson); (Tomas Willebrand)
| | - Arild Landa
- Arild Landa & Roy Andersen, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway - e-mail addresses: (Arild Landa); (Roy Andersen)
| | - Roy Andersen
- Arild Landa & Roy Andersen, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway - e-mail addresses: (Arild Landa); (Roy Andersen)
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