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Puri S, Kenyon BM, Hamrah P. Immunomodulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cornea. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1985. [PMID: 36009532 PMCID: PMC9406019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transparency of the cornea along with its dense sensory innervation and resident leukocyte populations make it an ideal tissue to study interactions between the nervous and immune systems. The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue of the body and possesses both immune and vascular privilege, in part due to its unique repertoire of resident immune cells. Corneal nerves produce various neuropeptides that have a wide range of functions on immune cells. As research in this area expands, further insights are made into the role of neuropeptides and their immunomodulatory functions in the healthy and diseased cornea. Much remains to be known regarding the details of neuropeptide signaling and how it contributes to pathophysiology, which is likely due to complex interactions among neuropeptides, receptor isoform-specific signaling events, and the inflammatory microenvironment in disease. However, progress in this area has led to an increase in studies that have begun modulating neuropeptide activity for the treatment of corneal diseases with promising results, necessitating the need for a comprehensive review of the literature. This review focuses on the role of neuropeptides in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface, alterations in disease settings, and the possible therapeutic potential of targeting these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Puri
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brendan M. Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Relationship between Plasma Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Level and Proteome Profile of Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121559. [PMID: 35739894 PMCID: PMC9219453 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic and multifunctional neuropeptide; it takes part in the regulation of various physiological processes, such as feeding, reproduction, catecholamine synthesis, thermoregulation, motor activity, brain development and neuronal survival. Since PACAP plays important regulatory roles, we hypothesized that the level of PACAP in blood is associated with expression of other proteins, which are involved in different metabolic pathways. The objective of the present study was to compare plasma protein profiles of cows with high and low plasma PACAP levels. Differential proteome analyses were performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) followed by tryptic digestion and protein identification by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A total of 210 protein spots were detected, and 16 protein spots showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in the expression levels between groups. Ten spots showed a higher intensity in the high-PACAP-concentration group, while six spots were more abundant in the low-PACAP-concentration group. The functions of the differentially expressed proteins indicate that the PACAP level of plasma is related to the lipid metabolism and immune status of cattle.
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Prisco M, Rosati L, Agnese M, Aceto S, Andreuccetti P, Valiante S. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the testis of the quail Coturnix coturnix: Expression, localization, and phylogenetic analysis. Evol Dev 2019; 21:145-156. [PMID: 30791203 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the involvement of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/receptors system in the control of testis activity, we have investigated the expression and localization of PACAP and the distribution of its receptors in the testis of mature samples of quail Coturnix coturnix, and we have performed a phylogenetic analysis of PACAP in birds. Using histological, molecular, and bioinformatics tools, we demonstrated that (a) PACAP messenger RNA shows a high sequence identity with that reported in other birds studied so far and in other vertebrates. Furthermore, we showed that purifying selection acts on PACAP; (b) the PACAP peptide is present only in Leydig cells, whereas its receptors are localized within both Leydig and germ cells; (c) the synthesis of PACAP does not take place in seminiferous tubules. The role of PACAP in the control of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in birds is discussed. Finally, we talk about the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between PACAP in birds and in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Prisco
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosati
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marisa Agnese
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Immunohistochemical Study on Glucagon-Like Peptide-1(GLP-1) and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide (PACAP) in the Small Intestine of <i>Muscovy </i>Duck during the Prehatching and Posthatching Periods. J Poult Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0120167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Pirone A, Baoan D, Piano I, Santina LD, Baglini A, Lenzi C. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity distribution in the small intestine of the adult New Hampshire chicken. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:477-83. [PMID: 20598353 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a study in which we demonstrated by means of immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence methods the presence of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide 38 (PACAP-38) immunoreactivity in the small intestine of adult New Hampshire chickens and its co-localization with VIP. In particular we describe for the first time the presence of PACAP-positive cells in the epithelium of crypts and villi. Using double immunostaining, we observed that these two peptides were widely co-localized in the nerve structures of duodenum and jejunum with the exception of the ileum, where we noticed a faint co-localization regarding the nerve fibers of the lamina propria of the villi. Furthermore, the two peptides were occasionally co-stored in the epithelial cells of the mucosa. Our findings suggest that in the chicken small intestine, PACAP can be considered, not only as a neuromodulator released by nerve elements, but also as a gut hormone secreted by endocrine cells, and it appears likely to have a role in the regulation of important intestinal physiological functions.
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Du P, Lee CH, Choi JH, Yoo KY, Lee YL, Kang IJ, Hwang IK, Kim JD, Won MH. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-immunoreactive cells in the ageing gerbil hippocampus. Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 40:389-96. [PMID: 21545645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated age-related changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the gerbil hippocampus at various ages using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. In the post-natal month 1 (PM 1) group, PACAP-immunoreactive cells were found in all hippocampal subregions. The number of PACAP-immunoreactive cells was decreased in the PM 3 group and was still more decreased in the PM 6 and 12 groups. Thereafter, in the PM 18 and 24 groups, PACAP-immunoreactive cells were significantly increased again. However, in the mossy fibre zone, PACAP immunostaining was very strong in the adult group, especially in the PM 6 group. In addition, PACAP protein level was highest at PM 6, showing a slight decrease at PM 24. These results indicate that PACAP-immunoreactive cells are lowest in the adult stage and highest in the aged stage. However, PACAP immunoreactivity in the mossy fibre zone and PACAP protein level in the hippocampus are highest in the adult stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Du
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, and Institute of Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Valiante S, Prisco M, De Falco M, Sellitti A, Zambrano I, Sciarrillo R, Capaldo A, Gay F, Andreuccetti P, Laforgia V. Distribution and molecular evolution of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors in the lizard Podarcis sicula (Squamata, Lacertidae). J Mol Neurosci 2009; 39:144-56. [PMID: 19184550 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors PAC(1), VPAC(1), and VPAC(2) was studied in the lizard Podarcis sicula gastrointestinal and respiratory tissues. The expression and distribution of this neuropeptide was investigated using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization techniques. RT-PCR showed that several tissues of this reptile synthesize an mRNA encoding for PACAP. Performing in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we found a wide distribution of PACAP and its mRNA in intestine, stomach, liver, and lung. PACAP receptors possess a specific distribution in both gastrointestinal and respiratory system. Further, we analyzed the conservation of PACAP amino acid sequence demonstrating that this peptide in the lizard is very similar to that of other vertebrates. Our findings suggest that also in reptiles an effective PACAP system is present and that it could be implicated in some essential physiological functions as a result of its high conservation amongst vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Valiante
- Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche--Sezione di Biologia Evolutiva e Comparata, Università Federico II di Napoli, Via Mezzocannone, 8, 80134, Naples, Italy.
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