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Shi J, Yao H, Wang B, Yang J, Liu D, Shang X, Chong H, Fei W, Wang DA. Construction of a Decellularized Multicomponent Extracellular Matrix Interpenetrating Network Scaffold by Gelatin Microporous Hydrogel 3D Cell Culture System. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300508. [PMID: 38049086 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Interface tissue repair requires the construction of biomaterials with integrated structures of multiple protein types. Hydrogels that modulate internal porous structures provide a 3D microenvironment for encapsulated cells, making them promise for interface tissue repair. Currently, reduction of intrinsic immunogenicity and increase of bioactive extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion are issues to be considered in these materials. In this study, gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel is used to encapsulate chondrocytes and construct a phase transition 3D cell culture system (PTCC) by utilizing the thermosensitivity of gelatin microspheres to create micropores within the hydrogel. The types of bioactive extracellular matrix protein formation by chondrocytes encapsulated in hydrogels are investigated in vitro. After 28 days of culture, GelMA PTCC forms an extracellular matrix predominantly composed of collagen type II, collagen type I, and fibronectin. After decellularization, the protein types and mechanical properties are well preserved, fabricating a decellularized tissue-engineered extracellular matrix and GelMA hydrogel interpenetrating network hydrogel (dECM-GelMA IPN) consisting of GelMA hydrogel as the first-level network and the ECM secreted by chondrocytes as the second-level network. This material has the potential to mediate the repair and regeneration of tendon-bone interface tissues with multiple protein types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Dianwei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Shang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Wenyong Fei
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, P. R. China
| | - Dong-An Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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2
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Wytrwal M, Szmajnta K, Kucharski M, Nowak J, Oclon E, Kepczynski M. Kartogenin-loaded liposomes coated with alkylated chondroitin sulfate for cartilage repair. Int J Pharm 2023; 646:123436. [PMID: 37742822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage loss is a common clinical problem, which leads to significant pain, dysfunction, and even disability. As a result, there is growing interest in using small, non-protein molecules to protect or repair cartilage. Kartogenin (KGN), a small hydrophobic molecule, shows chondroprotective and chondrogenic properties. In this study, we embedded KGN in liposomes, and the whole system was stabilized by covering it with n-octadecylated (at two different substitution degrees) chondroitin sulfate (CS) derivatives. We investigated the interactions of empty liposomes and KGN-loaded liposomes with both CS derivatives using various physicochemical techniques, which revealed that hydrophobically modified CSs can interact with both neutral lipid membrane and negatively charged loaded-KGN lipid membrane. The cytotoxicity and chondrogenic properties of the polysaccharides and liposome-CS formulations of KGN were analyzed towards mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The results showed that the alkylated CS exhibited cytotoxic properties. The higher substituted CS self-assembles into stable nanoaggregates that can form a corona on the surface of liposomes, eliminating the overall cytotoxicity of this polymer. However, all tested chondrogenic markers' expression levels are enhanced for KGN-loaded liposomes and coated by lower substituted CS. Furthermore, the undesirable hypertrophy effect for this formulation significantly decreased compared to pure polymeric derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wytrwal
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Szmajnta
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Kucharski
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. A Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Nowak
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Oclon
- Laboratory of Recombinant Proteins Production, Centre for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 1C Redzina Street, 30-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kepczynski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Majood M, Shakeel A, Agarwal A, Jeevanandham S, Bhattacharya R, Kochhar D, Singh A, Kalyanasundaram D, Mohanty S, Mukherjee M. Hydrogel Nanosheets Confined 2D Rhombic Ice: A New Platform Enhancing Chondrogenesis. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 36044885 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac8e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoconfinement within flexible interfaces is a key step towards exploiting confinement effects in several biological and technological systems wherein flexible 2D materials are frequently utilized but are arduous to prepare. Hitherto unreported, the synthesis of 2D Hydrogel nanosheets (HNS) using a template- and catalyst-free process is developed representing a fertile ground for fundamental structure-property investigations. In due course of time, nucleating folds propagating along the edges trigger co-operative deformations of HNS generating regions of nanoconfinement within trapped water islands. These severely constricting surfaces force water molecules to pack within the nanoscale regime of HNS almost parallel to the surface bringing about phase transition into puckered rhombic ice with AA and AB Bernal stacking pattern, which was mostly restricted to Molecular dynamics (MD) studies so far. Interestingly, under high lateral pressure and spatial inhomogeneity within nanoscale confinement, bilayer rhombic ice structures were formed with an in-plane lattice spacing of 0.31 nm. In this work, a systematic exploration of rhombic ice formation within HNS has been delineated using High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and its ultrathin morphology was examined using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images revealed high porosity while mechanical testing presented young's modulus of 155 kPa with ~84% deformation, whereas contact angle suggested high hydrophilicity. The combinations of nanosheets, porosity, nanoconfinement, hydrophilicity, and mechanical strength, motivated us to explore their application as a scaffold for cartilage regeneration, by inducing chondrogenesis of human Wharton Jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ MSCs). HNS promoted the formation of cell aggregates giving higher number of spheroid formation and a marked expression of chondrogenic markers (ColI, ColII, ColX, ACAN and S-100), thereby providing some cues for guiding chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misba Majood
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Adeeba Shakeel
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aakanksha Agarwal
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | | | - Dakshi Kochhar
- Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | - Aarti Singh
- AICCRS, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, INDIA
| | | | - Sujata Mohanty
- Stem Cell Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Cardio-Thoracic Sciences Centre, Orbo Building, first floor,, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110029, INDIA
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Paggi CA, Hendriks J, Karperien M, Le Gac S. Emulating the chondrocyte microenvironment using multi-directional mechanical stimulation in a cartilage-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1815-1828. [PMID: 35352723 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01069g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The multi-directional mechanical stimulation experienced by articular cartilage during motion is transferred to the chondrocytes through a thin layer of pericellular matrix around each cell; chondrocytes in turn respond by releasing matrix proteins and/or matrix-degrading enzymes. In the present study we investigated how different types of mechanical stimulation can affect a chondrocyte's phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. To this end, we employed a cartilage-on-chip system which allows exerting well-defined compressive and multi-directional mechanical stimulation on a 3D chondrocyte-laden agarose hydrogel using a thin deformable membrane and three individually addressed actuation chambers. First, the 3D chondrocyte culture in agarose responded to exposure to mechanical stimulation by an initial increase in IL-6 production and little-to-no change in IL-1β and TNF-α secretion after one day of on-chip culture. Exposure to mechanical stimulation enhanced COL2A1 (hyaline cartilage marker) and decreased COL1A1 (fibrotic cartilage) expression, this being more marked for the multi-directional stimulation. Remarkably, the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), one of the main components of native cartilage ECM, was significantly increased after 15 days of on-chip culture and 14 days of mechanical stimulation. Specifically, a thin pericellular matrix shell (1-5 μm) surrounding the chondrocytes as well as an interstitial matrix, both reminiscent of the in vivo situation, were deposited. Matrix deposition was highest in chips exposed to multi-directional mechanical stimulation. Finally, exposure to mechanical cues enhanced the production of essential cartilage ECM markers, such as aggrecan, collagen II and collagen VI, a marker for the pericellular matrix. Altogether our results highlight the importance of mechanical cues, and using the right type of stimulation, to emulate in vitro, the chondrocyte microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Paggi
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, TechMed Centre, and Organ-on-chip Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & TechMed Centre, and Organ-on-chip Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Hendriks
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, TechMed Centre, and Organ-on-chip Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, TechMed Centre, and Organ-on-chip Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology & TechMed Centre, and Organ-on-chip Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Pereira DR, Silva-Correia J, Oliveira JM, Reis RL, Pandit A. Macromolecular modulation of a 3D hydrogel construct differentially regulates human stem cell tissue-to-tissue interface. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 133:112611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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6
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Owida HA, Kuiper NL, Yang Y. Maintenance and Acceleration of Pericellular Matrix Formation within 3D Cartilage Cell Culture Models. Cartilage 2021; 13:847S-861S. [PMID: 31455088 PMCID: PMC8804781 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519870839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In native articular cartilage, chondrocytes are surrounded by a thin pericellular matrix (PCM) forming chondrons. The PCM is exclusively rich in type VI collagen. The retention of the PCM has a significant influence on the metabolic activity of the chondrocytes. DESIGN This study investigated the influence of 2 hydrogels (hyaluronic acid [HA] and agarose) and 2 media compositions (basal and chondrogenic) on the preservation/maintenance and acceleration of PCM formation over a 21-day time course. Different combinations of chondrocytes, chondrons, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were studied. RESULTS Both hydrogels preserved chondrons PCM from day 1 up to 21-day culture regardless of media composition. Type VI collagen immunostaining of the cultured chondrons appeared both dense and homogenous. The presence of MSCs did not influence this outcome. At day 1, type VI collagen was not present around chondrocytes alone or their co-culture with MSCs. In the HA hydrogel, type VI collagen was located within the PCM after 7 days in both mono- and co-cultures. In the agarose hydrogel, collagen VI was located within the PCM at 7 days (co-cultures) and 14 days (monocultures). In both hydrogel systems, chondrogenic media enhanced the production of key extracellular matrix components in both mono- and co-cultures in comparison to basal media (11.5% and 14% more in glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen for chondrocytes samples at day 21 culture samples, respectively). However, the media types did not enhance type VI collagen synthesis. CONCLUSION Altogether, a 3D chondrogenic hydrogel environment is the primary condition for maintenance and acceleration of PCM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza A. Owida
- Institute of Science & Technology in
Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Nicola L. Kuiper
- Institute of Science & Technology in
Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, UK,Arthritis Research Centre, Robert Jones
& Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Science & Technology in
Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, UK,Ying Yang, Institute of Science &
Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent
ST4 7QB, UK.
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7
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Li X, Dai B, Guo J, Zheng L, Guo Q, Peng J, Xu J, Qin L. Nanoparticle-Cartilage Interaction: Pathology-Based Intra-articular Drug Delivery for Osteoarthritis Therapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:149. [PMID: 34160733 PMCID: PMC8222488 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent chronic and debilitating joint disease, resulting in huge medical and socioeconomic burdens. Intra-articular administration of agents is clinically used for pain management. However, the effectiveness is inapparent caused by the rapid clearance of agents. To overcome this issue, nanoparticles as delivery systems hold considerable promise for local control of the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic agents. Given the therapeutic programs are inseparable from pathological progress of osteoarthritis, an ideal delivery system should allow the release of therapeutic agents upon specific features of disorders. In this review, we firstly introduce the pathological features of osteoarthritis and the design concept for accurate localization within cartilage for sustained drug release. Then, we review the interactions of nanoparticles with cartilage microenvironment and the rational design. Furthermore, we highlight advances in the therapeutic schemes according to the pathology signals. Finally, armed with an updated understanding of the pathological mechanisms, we place an emphasis on the development of "smart" bioresponsive and multiple modality nanoparticles on the near horizon to interact with the pathological signals. We anticipate that the exploration of nanoparticles by balancing the efficacy, safety, and complexity will lay down a solid foundation tangible for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Orthopedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyang Dai
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Orthopedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Guo
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Orthopedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
- Innovative Orthopedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiankun Xu
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Innovative Orthopedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Joint Laboratory of Chinese Academic of Science and Hong Kong for Biomaterials, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
- Innovative Orthopedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Oncofetal Chondroitin Sulfate: A Putative Therapeutic Target in Adult and Pediatric Solid Tumors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040818. [PMID: 32231047 PMCID: PMC7226838 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors remain a major challenge for targeted therapeutic intervention strategies such as antibody-drug conjugates and immunotherapy. At a minimum, clear and actionable solid tumor targets have to comply with the key biological requirement of being differentially over-expressed in solid tumors and metastasis, in contrast to healthy organs. Oncofetal chondroitin sulfate is a cancer-specific secondary glycosaminoglycan modification to proteoglycans expressed in a variety of solid tumors and metastasis. Normally, this modification is found to be exclusively expressed in the placenta, where it is thought to facilitate normal placental implantation during pregnancy. Informed by this biology, oncofetal chondroitin sulfate is currently under investigation as a broad and specific target in solid tumors. Here, we discuss oncofetal chondroitin sulfate as a potential therapeutic target in childhood solid tumors in the context of current knowhow obtained over the past five years in adult cancers.
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Jung YK, Park HR, Cho HJ, Jang JA, Lee EJ, Han MS, Kim GW, Han S. Degrading products of chondroitin sulfate can induce hypertrophy-like changes and MMP-13/ADAMTS5 production in chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15846. [PMID: 31676809 PMCID: PMC6825126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the most abundant glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in articular cartilage and the loss of CS-GAG occurs early in OA. As a major component of perichondral matrix interacting directly with chondrocytes, the active turnover of CS can affect to break the homeostasis of chondrocytes. Here we employ CS-based 3-dimensional (3D) hydrogel scaffold system to investigate how the degradation products of CS affect the catabolic phenotype of chondrocytes. The breakdown of CS-based ECM by the chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) resulted in a hypertrophy-like morphologic change in chondrocytes, which was accompanied by catabolic phenotypes, including increased MMP-13 and ADAMTS5 expression, nitric oxide (NO) production and oxidative stress. The inhibition of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4 with OxPAPC (TLR2 and TLR4 dual inhibitor) and LPS-RS (TLR4-MD2 inhibitor) ameliorated these catabolic phenotypes of chondrocytes by CS-ECM degradation, suggesting a role of CS breakdown products as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). As downstream signals of TLRs, MAP kinases, NF-kB, NO and STAT3-related signals were responsible for the catabolic phenotypes of chondrocytes associated with ECM degradation. NO in turn reinforced the activation of MAP kinases as well as NFkB signaling pathway. Thus, these results propose that the breakdown product of CS-GAG can recapitulate the catabolic phenotypes of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Kwan Jung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ri Park
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Cho
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Jang
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Su Han
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Woo Kim
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal medicine, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Han
- Laboratory for arthritis and bone biology, Fatima Research Institute, Daegu Fatima hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Owida HA, Yang R, Cen L, Kuiper NJ, Yang Y. Induction of zonal-specific cellular morphology and matrix synthesis for biomimetic cartilage regeneration using hybrid scaffolds. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2018.0310. [PMID: 29950515 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is anisotropic in nature and organized into distinct zones. Our goal was to develop zonal-specific three-dimensional hybrid scaffolds which could induce the generation of zonal-specific cellular morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. The superficial and middle zones comprised two layers of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel which enveloped specifically orientated or randomly arranged polylactic acid nanofibre meshes. The deep zone comprised a HA hydrogel with multiple vertical channels. Primary bovine chondrocytes were seeded into the individual zonal scaffolds, cultured for 14 days and then the ECM was analysed. The aligned nanofibre mesh used in the superficial zone induced an elongated cell morphology, lower glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen II production, and higher cell proliferation and collagen I production than the cells in the middle zone scaffold. Within the middle zone scaffold, which comprised a randomly orientated nanofibre mesh, the cells were clustered and expressed more collagen II. The deep zone scaffold induced the highest GAG production, the lowest cell proliferation and the lowest collagen I expression of the three zones. Assembling the three zones and stabilizing the arrangement with a HA hydrogel generated aligned, randomly aggregated and columnar cells in the superficial, middle and deep zones. This study presents a method to induce zonal-specific chondrocyte morphology and ECM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Owida
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - R Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - L Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - N J Kuiper
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK.,Arthritis Research Centre, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Y Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 7QB, UK
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11
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Regenerative Medicine: A Review of the Evolution of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) Therapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6010022. [PMID: 30871236 PMCID: PMC6466051 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is composed of chondrons within a territorial matrix surrounded by a highly organized extracellular matrix comprising collagen II fibrils, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and non-collagenous proteins. Damaged articular cartilage has a limited potential for healing and untreated defects often progress to osteoarthritis. High hopes have been pinned on regenerative medicine strategies to meet the challenge of preventing progress to late osteoarthritis. One such strategy, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), was first reported in 1994 as a treatment for deep focal articular cartilage defects. ACI has since evolved to become a worldwide well-established surgical technique. For ACI, chondrocytes are harvested from the lesser weight bearing edge of the joint by arthroscopy, their numbers expanded in monolayer culture for at least four weeks, and then re-implanted in the damaged region under a natural or synthetic membrane via an open joint procedure. We consider the evolution of ACI to become an established cell therapy, its current limitations, and on-going strategies to improve its efficacy. The most promising developments involving cells and natural or synthetic biomaterials will be highlighted.
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12
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Age-Correlated Phenotypic Alterations in Cells Isolated From Human Degenerated Intervertebral Discs With Contained Hernias. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E274-E284. [PMID: 28678109 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Human intervertebral disc (hIVD) cells were isolated from 41 surgically excised samples and assessed for their phenotypic alterations with age. OBJECTIVE Toward the design of novel anti-aging strategies to overcome degenerative disc disease (DDD), we investigated age-correlated phenotypic alterations that occur on primary hIVD cells. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Although regenerative medicine holds great hope, much is still to be unveiled on IVD cell biology and its intrinsic signaling pathways, which can lead the way to successful therapies for IDD. A greater focus on age-related phenotypic changes at the cell level would contribute to establish more effective anti-aging/degeneration targets. METHODS The study was subdivided in four main steps: i) optimization of primary cells isolation technique; ii) high-throughput cell morphology analysis, by imaging flow cytometry (FC) and subsequent validation by histological analysis; iii) analysis of progenitor cell surface markers expression, by conventional FC; and iv) statistical analysis and correlation of cells morphology and phenotype with donor age. RESULTS Three subsets of cells were identified on the basis of their diameter: small cell (SC), large cell (LC), and super LC (SLC). The frequency of SCs decreased nearly 50% with age, whereas that of LCs increased nearly 30%. Interestingly, the increased cells size was due to an enlargement of the pericellular matrix (PCM). Moreover, the expression pattern for CD90 and CD73 was a reflexion of age, where older individuals show reduced frequencies of positive cells for those markers. Nevertheless, the elevated percentages of primary positive cells for the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) marker CD146 found, even in some older donors, refreshed hope for the hypothetical activation of the self-renewal potential of the IVD. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the remarkable morphological alterations that occur on hIVD cells with aging and degeneration, while reinforcing previous reports on the gradual disappearance of an endogenous progenitor cell population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Wang QG, Wimpenny I, Dey RE, Zhong X, Youle PJ, Downes S, Watts DC, Budd PM, Hoyland JA, Gough JE. The unique calcium chelation property of poly(vinyl phosphonic acid-co-acrylic acid) and effects on osteogenesis in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:168-179. [PMID: 28884508 PMCID: PMC5725684 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a clear clinical need for a bioactive bone graft substitute. Poly(vinyl phosphonic acid-co-acrylic acid) (PVPA-co-AA) has been identified as a promising candidate for bone regeneration but there is little evidence to show its direct osteogenic effect on progenitor or mature cells. In this study mature osteoblast-like cells (SaOS-2) and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) were cultured with PVPA-co-AA polymers with different VPA:AA ratio and at different concentrations in vitro. We are the first to report the direct osteogenic effect of PVPA-co-AA polymer on bone cells and, more importantly, this effect was dependent on VPA:AA ratio and concentration. Under the optimized conditions, PVPA-co-AA polymer not only has an osteoconductive effect, enhancing SaOS-2 cell mineralization, but also has an osteoinductive effect to promote hBM-MSCs' osteogenic differentiation. Notably, the same PVPA-co-AA polymer at different concentrations could lead to differential osteogenic effects on both SaOS-2 and hBM-MSCs in vitro. This study furthers knowledge of the PVPA-co-AA polymer in osteogenic studies, which is critical when utilizing the PVPA-co-AA polymer for the design of novel bioactive polymeric tissue engineering scaffolds for future clinical applications. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 168-179, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Guang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for BiomaterialsSichuan UniversityChengdu610064China
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian Wimpenny
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E. Dey
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Xia Zhong
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Youle
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Sandra Downes
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - David C. Watts
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences and Photon Science InstituteUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Budd
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Judith A. Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Julie E. Gough
- School of MaterialsThe University of ManchesterManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
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Rothdiener M, Uynuk-Ool T, Südkamp N, Aurich M, Grodzinsky AJ, Kurz B, Rolauffs B. Human osteoarthritic chondrons outnumber patient- and joint-matched chondrocytes in hydrogel culture-Future application in autologous cell-based OA cartilage repair? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1206-e1220. [PMID: 28714570 DOI: 10.1002/term.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is used in 34-60% for osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage defects, although ACI is neither recommended nor designed for OA. Envisioning a hydrogel-based ACI for OA that uses chondrons instead of classically used chondrocytes, we hypothesized that human OA chondrons may outperform OA chondrocytes. We compared patient- and joint surface-matched human OA chondrons with OA chondrocytes cultured for the first time in a hydrogel, using a self-assembling peptide system. We determined yield, viability, cell numbers, mRNA expression, GAPDH mRNA enzyme activity, Collagen II synthesis (CPII) and degradation (C2C), and sulfated glycosaminoglycan. Ex vivo, mRNA expression was comparable. Over time, significant differences in survival led to 3.4-fold higher OA chondron numbers in hydrogels after 2 weeks (p = .002). Significantly, more enzymatically active GAPDH protein indicated higher metabolic activity. The number of cultures that expressed mRNA for Collagen Types I and VI, COMP, aggrecan, VEGF, TGF-β1, and FGF-2 (but not Collagen Types II and X) was different, resulting in a 3.5-fold higher number of expression-positive OA chondron cultures (p < .05). Measuring CPII and C2C per hydrogel, OA chondron hydrogels synthesized more than they degraded Collagen Type II, the opposite was true for OA chondrocytes. Per cell, OA chondrons but not OA chondrocytes displayed more synthesis than degradation. Thus, OA chondrons displayed superior biosynthesis and mRNA expression of tissue engineering and phenotype-relevant genes. Moreover, human OA chondrons displayed a significant survival advantage in hydrogel culture, whose presence, drastic extent, and timescale was novel and is clinically significant. Collectively, these data highlight the high potential of human OA chondrons for OA ACI, as they would outnumber and, thus, surpass OA chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rothdiener
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tatiana Uynuk-Ool
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Clinic, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Südkamp
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Aurich
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Sana Kliniken Leipziger Land, Borna, Germany.,Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bodo Kurz
- Department of Anatomy, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Owida HA, De Las Heras Ruiz T, Dhillon A, Yang Y, Kuiper NJ. Co-culture of chondrons and mesenchymal stromal cells reduces the loss of collagen VI and improves extracellular matrix production. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 148:625-638. [PMID: 28821957 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adult articular chondrocytes are surrounded by a pericellular matrix (PCM) to form a chondron. The PCM is rich in hyaluronan, proteoglycans, and collagen II, and it is the exclusive location of collagen VI in articular cartilage. Collagen VI anchors the chondrocyte to the PCM. It has been suggested that co-culture of chondrons with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) might enhance extracellular matrix (ECM) production. This co-culture study investigates whether MSCs help to preserve the PCM and increase ECM production. Primary bovine chondrons or chondrocytes or rat MSCs were cultured alone to establish a baseline level for ECM production. A xenogeneic co-culture monolayer model using rat MSCs (20, 50, and 80%) was established. PCM maintenance and ECM production were assessed by biochemical assays, immunofluorescence, and histological staining. Co-culture of MSCs with chondrons enhanced ECM matrix production, as compared to chondrocyte or chondron only cultures. The ratio 50:50 co-culture of MSCs and chondrons resulted in the highest increase in GAG production (18.5 ± 0.54 pg/cell at day 1 and 11 ± 0.38 pg/cell at day 7 in 50:50 co-culture versus 16.8 ± 0.61 pg/cell at day 1 and 10 ± 0.45 pg/cell at day 7 in chondron monoculture). The co-culture of MSCs with chondrons appeared to decelerate the loss of the PCM as determined by collagen VI expression, whilst the expression of high-temperature requirement serine protease A1 (HtrA1) demonstrated an inverse relationship to that of the collagen VI. Together, this implies that MSCs directly or indirectly inhibited HtrA1 activity and the co-culture of MSCs with chondrons enhanced ECM synthesis and the preservation of the PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Owida
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - T De Las Heras Ruiz
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - A Dhillon
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Y Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK.
| | - N J Kuiper
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, University of Keele, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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Tangerino Filho EP, Fachi JL, Vasconcelos IC, Dos Santos GMT, Mendonça FAS, de Aro AA, Pimentel ER, Esquisatto MAM. Effects of microcurrent therapy on excisional elastic cartilage defects in young rats. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:224-34. [PMID: 27138327 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of microcurrent application on the elastic cartilage defects in the outer ear of young animals were analyzed. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into a control (CG) and a treated group (TG). An excisional lesion was created in the right outer ear of each animal. Daily treatment was started after 24h and consisted of the application of a low-intensity (20μA) continuous electrical current to the site of injury for 5min. The animals were euthanized after 7, 14 and 28 days of injury and the samples were submitted to analyses. In CG, areas of newly formed cartilage and intense basophilia were seen at 28 days, while in TG the same observations were made already at 14 days. The percentage of birefringent collagen fibers was higher in CG at 28 days. The number of connective tissue cells and granulocytes was significantly higher in TG. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of chondrocytes in TG at 14 days, while these cells were observed in CG only at 28 days. Cuprolinic blue staining and the amount of glycosaminoglycans were significantly higher in TG at 14 days and 28 days. The amount of hydroxyproline was significantly higher in TG at all time points studied. The active isoform of MMP-2 was higher activity in TG at 14 days. Immunoblotting for type II collagen and decorin was positive in both groups and at all time points. The treatment stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of connective tissue cells, the deposition of glycosaminoglycans and collagen, and the structural reorganization of these elements during elastic cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Pereira Tangerino Filho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - José Luis Fachi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Israel Costa Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Maria Tech Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Aparecida Sampaio Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Aparecida de Aro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Rosa Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Charles Darwin, s/n. CxP 6109, 13083-863 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Augusto Marretto Esquisatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biomédicas, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500 Jd. Universitário, 13607-339 Araras, SP, Brazil.
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Fontana G, Thomas D, Collin E, Pandit A. Microgel microenvironment primes adipose-derived stem cells towards an NP cells-like phenotype. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:2012-22. [PMID: 25100329 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapy of the degenerated intervertebral disc is limited by the lack of appropriate cell sources, thus new strategies for the differentiation of stem cells towards a nucleus pulposus (NP)-like phenotype need investigation. In the current study, it is hypothesized that spherical niche-like structures composed of type II collagen and hyaluronan (HA) mimic the NP microenvironment and promote the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) towards an NP-like phenotype. ADSCs are embedded in microgels of different concentrations of collagen II/HA. Cells' response to the different environments is studied by characterizing differences in cells' viability, morphology, and gene expression. After 21 days of culture, ADSCs maintain ± 80% viability in all the conditions tested. Moreover, microgels with higher concentration of collagen are stable and maintain cells in a rounder shape. In presence of differentiation media, cells are able to differentiate in all the conditions tested, but in a more pronounced manner in the microgel with a higher concentration of collagen. By tuning microgels' properties, it is possible to influence ADSCs' phenotype and ability to differentiate. Indeed, when cultured in high concentrations of collagen, ADSCs expresses high levels of collagen II, aggrecan, SOX9, and low levels of collagen I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Fontana
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Dilip Thomas
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Estelle Collin
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
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18
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Goude MC, McDevitt TC, Temenoff JS. Chondroitin sulfate microparticles modulate transforming growth factor-β1-induced chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. Cells Tissues Organs 2014; 199:117-30. [PMID: 25413333 DOI: 10.1159/000365966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been previously explored as a part of cell-based therapies for the repair of damaged cartilage. Current MSC chondrogenic differentiation strategies employ large pellets; however, we have developed a technique to form small MSC aggregates (500-1,000 cells) that can reduce transport barriers while maintaining a multicellular structure analogous to cartilaginous condensations. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of incorporating chondroitin sulfate methacrylate (CSMA) microparticles (MPs) within small MSC spheroids cultured in the presence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 on chondrogenesis. Spheroids with MPs induced earlier increases in collagen II and aggrecan gene expression (chondrogenic markers) than spheroids without MPs, although no large differences in immunostaining for these matrix molecules were observed by day 21 between these groups. Collagen I and X were also detected in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of all spheroids by immunostaining. Interestingly, histology revealed that CSMA MPs clustered together near the center of the MSC spheroids and induced circumferential alignment of cells and ECM around the material core. This study demonstrates the use of CSMA materials to further examine the effects of matrix molecules on MSC phenotype as well as potentially direct differentiation in a more spatially controlled manner that better mimics the architecture of specific musculoskeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Goude
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Ga., USA
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19
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McLeod MA, Wilusz RE, Guilak F. Depth-dependent anisotropy of the micromechanical properties of the extracellular and pericellular matrices of articular cartilage evaluated via atomic force microscopy. J Biomech 2012; 46:586-92. [PMID: 23062866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of articular cartilage is structurally and mechanically inhomogeneous and anisotropic, exhibiting variations in composition, collagen fiber architecture, and pericellular matrix (PCM) morphology among the different zones (superficial, middle, and deep). Joint loading exposes chondrocytes to a complex biomechanical environment, as the microscale mechanical environment of the chondrocyte depends on the relative properties of its PCM and local ECM. ECM anisotropy and chondrocyte deformation are influenced by the split-line direction, the preferred collagen fiber orientation parallel to the articular surface. While previous studies have demonstrated that cartilage macroscale properties vary with depth and the direction of loading relative to the split-line direction, the potential anisotropic behavior of the ECM and PCM at the microscale has yet to be examined. The goal of this study was to characterize the depth and directional dependence of the microscale biomechanical properties of porcine cartilage ECM and PCM in situ. Cartilage was cryosectioned to generate samples oriented parallel and perpendicular to the split-line direction and normal to the articular surface. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based stiffness mapping was utilized to measure ECM and PCM microscale elastic properties in all three directions within each zone. Distinct anisotropy in ECM elastic moduli was observed in the superficial and deep zones, while the middle zone exhibited subtle anisotropy. PCM elastic moduli exhibited zonal uniformity with depth and directional dependence when pooled across the zones. These findings provide new evidence for mechanical inhomogeneity and anisotropy at the microscale in articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A McLeod
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Taylor DW, Ahmed N, Hayes AJ, Ferguson P, Gross AE, Caterson B, Kandel RA. Hyaline cartilage tissue is formed through the co-culture of passaged human chondrocytes and primary bovine chondrocytes. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:576-87. [PMID: 22610463 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412449018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To circumvent the problem of a sufficient number of cells for cartilage engineering, the authors previously developed a two-stage culture system to redifferentiate monolayer culture-expanded dedifferentiated human articular chondrocytes by co-culture with primary bovine chondrocytes (bP0). The aim of this study was to analyze the composition of the cartilage tissue formed in stage 1 and compare it with bP0 grown alone to determine the optimal length of the co-culture stage of the system. Biochemical data show that extracellular matrix accumulation was evident after 2 weeks of co-culture, which was 1 week behind the bP0 control culture. By 3 to 4 weeks, the amounts of accumulated proteoglycans and collagens were comparable. Expression of chondrogenic genes, Sox 9, aggrecan, and collagen type II, was also at similar levels by week 3 of culture. Immunohistochemical staining of both co-culture and control tissues showed accumulation of type II collagen, aggrecan, biglycan, decorin, and chondroitin sulfate in appropriate zonal distributions. These data indicate that co-cultured cells form cartilaginous tissue that starts to resemble that formed by bP0 after 3 weeks, suggesting that the optimal time to terminate the co-culture stage, isolate the now redifferentiated cells, and start stage 2 is just after 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew W Taylor
- CIHR-BioEngineering of Skeletal Tissues Team, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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Peters HC, Otto TJ, Enders JT, Jin W, Moed BR, Zhang Z. The protective role of the pericellular matrix in chondrocyte apoptosis. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2017-24. [PMID: 21457093 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was designed to quantify the role of the pericellular matrix (PCM) in chondrocyte apoptosis using chondrons, which are a cartilage functional unit including a chondrocyte and its associated PCM. METHODS Chondrocytes and chondrons were enzymatically isolated from human articular cartilage and exposed to monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) and staurosporine for apoptosis induction. Chondrons were defined by the presence of type VI collagen, a basic component of the PCM. Apoptosis of chondrocytes and chondrons was measured with annexin V binding by flow cytometry and verified with terminal dUTP nick end-labeling staining. In a separate experiment, isolated chondrocytes were treated with soluble type VI collagen, before or after apoptosis induction with MIA, and cell death was measured by the activity of LDH and terminal dUTP nick end-labeling staining. RESULTS Chondrocytes treated with MIA incurred 27% cell death, compared with 12% in chondrons. On treating with MIA, 9% of chondrocytes underwent apoptosis, compared with only 1.6% of chondrons. Similarly, staurosporine induced 13% apoptosis in chondrocytes, whereas it was 3% in chondrons. Preincubation of type VI collagen effectively prevented chondrocytes from MIA-induced cell death. After apoptosis was induced with MIA, however, treatment with type VI collagen failed to rescue chondrocytes from death. CONCLUSION The PCM, a native microenvironment of chondrocytes, protects chondrocytes from apoptosis. Type VI collagen is a functional component of the PCM that contributes to the survival of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Charlie Peters
- Center for Anatomical Science and Education, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Clarkin CE, Allen S, Kuiper NJ, Wheeler BT, Wheeler-Jones CP, Pitsillides AA. Regulation of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase is sufficient to modulate hyaluronan production and release, control sulfated GAG synthesis, and promote chondrogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:749-61. [PMID: 20717929 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are critical for extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity in cartilage but mechanisms regulating their synthesis are not defined. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) catalyses UDP-glucose oxidation to UDP-glucuronic acid, an essential monosaccharide in many GAGs. Our previous studies in articular surface (AS) cells from embryonic joints have established pivotal roles for mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in synthesis of the unsulfated GAG, hyaluronan (HA). We investigated the functional significance of UGDH in GAG production and chondrogenesis, and determined roles for MEK-ERK and p38MAPK pathways in regulating UGDH expression and function. Inhibitors of MEK and p38MAPK reduced UGDH protein in AS cells. Treatment with TGF-β (archetypal growth factor) increased UGDH expression, sulfated (s)-GAG/HA release and pericellular matrix formation in a p38MAPK-dependent manner. Retroviral overexpression of UGDH augmented HA/sGAG release and pericellular matrix elaboration, which were blocked by inhibiting MEK but not p38MAPK. UGDH overexpression increased cartilage nodule size in bone marrow culture, promoted chondrogenesis in limb bud micromass culture and selectively suppressed medium HA levels and modified GAG sulfation, as assessed by FACE analysis. Our data provide evidence that: (i) TGF-β regulates UGDH expression via p38MAPK to modulate sGAG/HA secretion, (ii) MEK-ERK, but not p38MAPK facilitates UGDH-induced HA and sGAG release, and (iii) increased UGDH expression promotes chondrogenesis directly and differential modifies GAG levels and sulfation. These results indicate a more diverse role for UGDH in the support of selective GAG production than previously described. Factors regulating UGDH may provide novel candidates for restoring ECM integrity in degenerative cartilage diseases, such as osteoarthritis.Arthritis Research Campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Clarkin
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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Nguyen BV, Wang QG, Kuiper NJ, El Haj AJ, Thomas CR, Zhang Z. Biomechanical properties of single chondrocytes and chondrons determined by micromanipulation and finite-element modelling. J R Soc Interface 2010; 7:1723-33. [PMID: 20519215 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A chondrocyte and its surrounding pericellular matrix (PCM) are defined as a chondron. Single chondrocytes and chondrons isolated from bovine articular cartilage were compressed by micromanipulation between two parallel surfaces in order to investigate their biomechanical properties and to discover the mechanical significance of the PCM. The force imposed on the cells was measured directly during compression to various deformations and then holding. When the nominal strain at the end of compression was 50 per cent, force relaxation showed that the cells were viscoelastic, but this viscoelasticity was generally insignificant when the nominal strain was 30 per cent or lower. The viscoelastic behaviour might be due to the mechanical response of the cell cytoskeleton and/or nucleus at higher deformations. A finite-element analysis was applied to simulate the experimental force-displacement/time data and to obtain mechanical property parameters of the chondrocytes and chondrons. Because of the large strains in the cells, a nonlinear elastic model was used for simulations of compression to 30 per cent nominal strain and a nonlinear viscoelastic model for 50 per cent. The elastic model yielded a Young's modulus of 14 ± 1 kPa (mean ± s.e.) for chondrocytes and 19 ± 2 kPa for chondrons, respectively. The viscoelastic model generated an instantaneous elastic modulus of 21 ± 3 and 27 ± 4 kPa, a long-term modulus of 9.3 ± 0.8 and 12 ± 1 kPa and an apparent viscosity of 2.8 ± 0.5 and 3.4 ± 0.6 kPa s for chondrocytes and chondrons, respectively. It was concluded that chondrons were generally stiffer and showed less viscoelastic behaviour than chondrocytes, and that the PCM significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the cells.
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Molecular profiling of single cells in response to mechanical force: comparison of chondrocytes, chondrons and encapsulated chondrocytes. Biomaterials 2009; 31:1619-25. [PMID: 19954841 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A chondrocyte and its surrounding pericellular matrix (PCM) are defined as a chondron. The PCM plays a critical role in enhancing matrix production, protecting the chondrocyte during loading and transducing mechanical signals. Tissue engineering involves the design of artificial matrices which aim to mimic PCM function for mechanical strength and signalling motifs. We compare the mechanical performance and mechanoresponsiveness of chondrocytes with and without PCM, and encapsulated by alternate adsorption of two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes; chitosan and hyaluronan. Zeta potential measurements confirmed the success of the encapsulation. Encapsulation did not influence chondrocyte viability or metabolic activity. Cells were compressed by micromanipulation with final deformations to 30%, 50% and 70%. Force-displacement data showed that the larger the deformation at the end of compression, the greater the force on the cell. Mechanoresponsiveness of cells was studied by combining single cell PCR with dynamic compression at 20% and 40%. Aggrecan and Type II collagen gene expression were significantly increased in encapsulated chondrocytes and chondrons compared to chondrocytes whereas dynamic compression had no effect on SOX9 or lubricin gene expression. Our results demonstrate that although encapsulation can mimic responses of chondrocytes to biomechanical compression the molecular profile did not reach the enhanced levels observed with chondrons.
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Nguyen BV, Wang Q, Kuiper NJ, El Haj AJ, Thomas CR, Zhang Z. Strain-dependent viscoelastic behaviour and rupture force of single chondrocytes and chondrons under compression. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:803-9. [PMID: 19205892 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-9939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chondron in articular cartilage includes the chondrocyte and its surrounding pericellular matrix (PCM). Single chondrocytes and chondrons were compressed between two parallel surfaces by a micromanipulation technique to investigate their biomechanical properties and to discover the mechanical significance of the PCM. The force imposed on the cells was measured directly during deformation at various compression speeds and deformations up to cell rupture. When the deformation at the end of compression was 50%, relaxation showed that the cells were viscoelastic, but this viscoelasticity was generally insignificant at 30% deformation or lower. When the deformation was 70%, the cells had deformed plastically. Chondrons ruptured at a mean deformation of 85 +/- 1%, whilst chondrocytes ruptured at a mean deformation of 78 +/- 1%. Chondrons were generally stiffer than chondrocytes and showed less viscoelastic behaviour than chondrocytes. Thus, the PCM significantly influences the mechanical properties of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bac V Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Gene expression profiles of dynamically compressed single chondrocytes and chondrons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 379:738-42. [PMID: 19118531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A chondrocyte produces a hydrated pericellular matrix (PCM); together they form a chondron. Previous work has shown that the presence of the PCM influences the biological response of chondrocytes to loading. The objective of this study was to determine the gene expression profiles of enzymatically isolated single chondrocytes and chondrons in response to dynamic compression. Cartilage specific extracellular matrix components and transcription factors were examined. Following dynamic compression, chondrocytes and chondrons showed variations in gene expression profiles. Aggrecan, Type II collagen and osteopontin gene expression were significantly increased in chondrons. Lubricin gene expression decreased in both chondrons and chondrocytes. Dynamic compression had no effect on SOX9 gene expression. Our results demonstrate a clear role for the PCM in interfacing the mechanical signalling in chondrocytes in response to dynamic compression. Further investigation of single chondrocytes and chondrons from different zones within articular cartilage may further our understanding of cartilage mechanobiology.
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