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Bishop PJ, Pierce SE. The fossil record of appendicular muscle evolution in Synapsida on the line to mammals: Part I-Forelimb. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1764-1825. [PMID: 37726984 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the first in a two-part series that charts the evolution of appendicular musculature along the mammalian stem lineage, drawing upon the exceptional fossil record of extinct synapsids. Here, attention is focused on muscles of the forelimb. Understanding forelimb muscular anatomy in extinct synapsids, and how this changed on the line to mammals, can provide important perspective for interpreting skeletal and functional evolution in this lineage, and how the diversity of forelimb functions in extant mammals arose. This study surveyed the osteological evidence for muscular attachments in extinct mammalian and nonmammalian synapsids, two extinct amniote outgroups, and a large selection of extant mammals, saurians, and salamanders. Observations were integrated into an explicit phylogenetic framework, comprising 73 character-state complexes covering all muscles crossing the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints. These were coded for 33 operational taxonomic units spanning >330 Ma of tetrapod evolution, and ancestral state reconstruction was used to evaluate the sequence of muscular evolution along the stem lineage from Amniota to Theria. In addition to producing a comprehensive documentation of osteological evidence for muscle attachments in extinct synapsids, this work has clarified homology hypotheses across disparate taxa and helped resolve competing hypotheses of muscular anatomy in extinct species. The evolutionary history of mammalian forelimb musculature was a complex and nonlinear narrative, punctuated by multiple instances of convergence and concentrated phases of anatomical transformation. More broadly, this study highlights the great insight that a fossil-based perspective can provide for understanding the assembly of novel body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Bishop
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Geosciences Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephanie E Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Keeffe R, Blackburn DC. Diversity and function of the fused anuran radioulna. J Anat 2022; 241:1026-1038. [PMID: 35962544 PMCID: PMC9482697 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In tetrapods, fusion between elements of the appendicular skeleton is thought to facilitate rapid movements during running, flying, and jumping. Although such fusion is widespread, frogs stand out because adults of all living species exhibit fusion of the zeugopod elements (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula), regardless of jumping ability or locomotor mode. To better understand what drives the maintenance of limb bone fusion in frogs, we use finite element modeling methods to assess the functional consequences of fusion in the anuran radioulna, the forearm bone of frogs that is important to both locomotion and mating behavior (amplexus). Using CT scans of museum specimens, measurement tools, and mesh‐editing software, we evaluated how different degrees of fusion between the radius and ulna affect the von Mises stress and bending resistance of the radioulna in three loading scenarios: landing, amplexus, and long‐axis loading conditions. We find that the semi‐fused state observed in the radioulna exhibits less von Mises stress and more resistance to bending than unfused or completely fused models in all three scenarios. Our results suggest that radioulna morphology is optimized to minimize von Mises stress across different loading regimes while also minimizing volume. We contextualize our findings in an evaluation of the diversity of anuran radioulnae, which reveals unique, permanent pronation of the radioulna in frogs and substantial variation in wall thickness. This work provides new insight into the functional consequences of limb bone fusion in anuran evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Keeffe
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David C Blackburn
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Blotto BL, Biju SD, Pereyra MO, Araujo-Vieira K, Faivovich J, Grant T. Hand and foot musculature of Sooglossoidea: synapomorphies, convergences and hind limb digging behaviour in anurans. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We describe the hand and foot musculature of the fossorial Indian purple frog, Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis, and compare it to other members of Sooglossoidea: the Seychellean sooglossid genera Sechellophryne and Sooglossus. Due to the key phylogenetic position of Sooglossoidea, we compare its members with the diversity of Anura and define 52 characters from the hand and foot musculature, among which 26 are novel hypotheses of homology. We found several synapomorphies for Sooglossus, Sooglossidae, Nasikabatrachidae and Sooglossoidea. Additionally, we (1) propose synapomorphies for diverse anuran clades at different taxonomic levels, (2) re-evaluate the identity of some conflicting plantar and palmar muscles in the context of Batrachia and (3) discuss putative adaptations to hind limb digging behaviour resulting from morphological convergences. The lack of a clear pattern of convergences among hind limb digging species suggests the occurrence of a phenomenon of many-to-one mapping from form to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris L Blotto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’–CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S D Biju
- Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Martín O Pereyra
- Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva ‘Claudio J. Bidau’, Instituto de Biología Subtropical–CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, N3300LQF Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Katyuscia Araujo-Vieira
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’–CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’–CONICET, Av. Angel Gallardo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Taran Grant
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Coleção de Anfíbios, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Blotto BL, Pereyra MO, Grant T, Faivovich J. Hand and Foot Musculature of Anura: Structure, Homology, Terminology, and Synapomorphies for Major Clades. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2020. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.443.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris L. Blotto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín O. Pereyra
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva “Claudio J. Bidau,” Instituto de Biología Subtropical–CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químic
| | - Taran Grant
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Coleção de Anfíbios, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Associate, Herpetology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, A
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”–CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos
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5
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Vanhoof MJM, van Leeuwen T, Vereecke EE. The forearm and hand musculature of semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (Fam. Hylobatidae). Part I. Description and comparison of the muscle configuration. J Anat 2020; 237:774-790. [PMID: 32511764 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates live in very diverse environments and, as a consequence, show an equally diverse locomotor behaviour. During locomotion, the primate hand interacts with the superstrate and/or substrate and will therefore probably show adaptive signals linked with this locomotor behaviour. Whereas the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, the functional adaptations in the hand musculature have been documented only scarcely. To evaluate whether there are potential adaptations in forelimb musculature to locomotor behaviour, we investigated the forearm and hand musculature of the highly arboreal gibbons (including Hylobates lar, Hylobates pileatus, Nomascus leucogenys, Nomascus concolor, Symphalangus syndactylus) and compared this with the musculature of the semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) by performing complete and detailed dissections on a sample of 15 unembalmed specimens. We found that the overall configuration of the upper arm and hand musculature is highly comparable between arboreal gibbons and semi-terrestrial macaques, and follows the general primate condition. Most of the identified differences in muscle configuration are located in the forearm. In macaques, a prominent m. epitrochleoanconeus is present, which potentially helps to extend the forearm and/or stabilize the elbow joint during quadrupedal walking. The m. flexor carpi radialis shows a more radial insertion in gibbons, which might be advantageous during brachiation, as it can aid radial deviation. The fingers of macaques are controlled in pairs by the m. extensor digiti secondi et tertii proprius and the m. extensor digiti quarti et quinti proprius-a similar organization can also be found in their flexors-which might aid in efficient positioning of the hand and fingers on uneven substrates during quadrupedal walking. In contrast, extension of the little finger in gibbons is controlled by a separate m. extensor digiti minimi, whereas digits 2 to 4 are extended by the m. extensor digitorum brevis, suggesting that simultaneous extension of digits 2-4 in gibbons might be important when reaching or grasping an overhead support during brachiation. In conclusion, the overall configuration of the forelimb and hand musculature is very similar in gibbons and macaques, with some peculiarities which can be linked to differences in forelimb function and which might be related to the specific locomotor behaviour of each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J M Vanhoof
- Dept. of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Timo van Leeuwen
- Dept. of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Evie E Vereecke
- Dept. of Development & Regeneration, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
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6
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Diogo R, Siomava N, Gitton Y. Development of human limb muscles based on whole-mount immunostaining and the links between ontogeny and evolution. Development 2019; 146:146/20/dev180349. [PMID: 31575609 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We provide the first detailed ontogenetic analysis of human limb muscles using whole-mount immunostaining. We compare our observations with the few earlier studies that have focused on the development of these muscles, and with data available on limb evolution, variations and pathologies. Our study confirms the transient presence of several atavistic muscles - present in our ancestors but normally absent from the adult human - during normal embryonic human development, and reveals the existence of others not previously described in human embryos. These atavistic muscles are found both as rare variations in the adult population and as anomalies in human congenital malformations, reinforcing the idea that such variations/anomalies can be related to delayed or arrested development. We further show that there is a striking difference in the developmental order of muscle appearance in the upper versus lower limbs, reinforcing the idea that the similarity between various distal upper versus lower limb muscles of tetrapod adults may be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Natalia Siomava
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Yorick Gitton
- Sorbonne Universites, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 17 Rue Moreau, 75012 Paris, France
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7
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Esteve-Altava B, Molnar JL, Johnston P, Hutchinson JR, Diogo R. Anatomical network analysis of the musculoskeletal system reveals integration loss and parcellation boost during the fins-to-limbs transition. Evolution 2019; 72:601-618. [PMID: 29363112 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrapods evolved from within the lobe-finned fishes around 370 Ma. The evolution of limbs from lobe-fins entailed a major reorganization of the skeletal and muscular anatomy of appendages in early tetrapods. Concurrently, a degree of similarity between pectoral and pelvic appendages also evolved. Here, we compared the anatomy of appendages in extant lobe-finned fishes (Latimeria and Neoceratodus) and anatomically plesiomorphic amphibians (Ambystoma, Salamandra) and amniotes (Sphenodon) to trace and reconstruct the musculoskeletal changes that took place during the fins-to-limbs transition. We quantified the anatomy of appendages using network analysis. First, we built network models-in which nodes represent bones and muscles, and links represent their anatomical connections-and then we measured network parameters related to their anatomical integration, heterogeneity, and modularity. Our results reveal an evolutionary transition toward less integrated, more modular appendages. We interpret this transition as a diversification of muscle functions in tetrapods compared to lobe-finned fishes. Limbs and lobe-fins show also a greater similarity between their pectoral and pelvic appendages than ray-fins do. These findings on extant species provide a basis for future quantitative and comprehensive reconstructions of the anatomy of limbs in early tetrapod fossils, and a way to better understand the fins-to-limbs transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Esteve-Altava
- Structure and Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom.,Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20059
| | - Julia L Molnar
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20059
| | - Peter Johnston
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20059
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8
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Molnar JL, Diogo R, Hutchinson JR, Pierce SE. Reconstructing pectoral appendicular muscle anatomy in fossil fish and tetrapods over the fins-to-limbs transition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:1077-1107. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia L. Molnar
- Department of Anatomy; New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Boulevard; Old Westbury NY U.S.A
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St. NW, Numa Adams Building; Washington DC 20059 U.S.A
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Lab; Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield; Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK
| | - Stephanie E. Pierce
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street; Cambridge MA 02138 U.S.A
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9
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Wu CH, Chen YJ, Wang MH, Chiou LL, Tseng WYI, Lee HS. Diffusion tensor tractography reveals muscle reconnection during axolotl limb regeneration. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173425. [PMID: 28253344 PMCID: PMC5333890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axolotls have amazing ability to regenerate their lost limbs. Our previous works showed that after amputation the remnant muscle ends remained at their original location whilst sending satellite cells into the regenerating parts to develop into early muscle fibers in the late differentiation stage. The parental and the newly formed muscle fibers were not connected until very late stage. The present study used non-invasive diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to monitor weekly axolotl upper arm muscles after amputation of their upper arms. DTI tractography showed that the regenerating muscle fibers became visible at 9-wpa (weeks post amputation), but a gap was observed between the regenerating and parental muscles. The gap was filled at 10-wpa, indicating reconnection of the fibers of both muscles. This was confirmed by histology. The DTI results indicate that 23% of the muscle fibers were reconnected at 10-wpa. In conclusion, DTI can be used to visualize axolotls' skeletal muscles and the results of muscle reconnection were in accordance with our previous findings. This non-invasive technique will allow researchers to identify the timeframe in which muscle fiber reconnection takes place and thus enable the study of the mechanisms underlying this reconnection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hui Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chiou
- Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WYIT); (HSL)
| | - Hsuan-Shu Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WYIT); (HSL)
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10
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Diogo R, Johnston P, Molnar JL, Esteve-Altava B. Characteristic tetrapod musculoskeletal limb phenotype emerged more than 400 MYA in basal lobe-finned fishes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37592. [PMID: 27886207 PMCID: PMC5122878 DOI: 10.1038/srep37592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous accounts of the origin of tetrapod limbs have postulated a relatively sudden change, after the split between extant lobe-finned fish and tetrapods, from a very simple fin phenotype with only two muscles to the highly complex tetrapod condition. The evolutionary changes that led to the muscular anatomy of tetrapod limbs have therefore remained relatively unexplored. We performed dissections, histological sections, and MRI scans of the closest living relatives of tetrapods: coelacanths and lungfish. Combined with previous comparative, developmental and paleontological information, our findings suggest that the characteristic tetrapod musculoskeletal limb phenotype was already present in the Silurian last common ancestor of extant sarcopterygians, with the exception of the autopod (hand/foot) structures, which have no clear correspondence with fish structures. Remarkably, the two major steps in this long process – leading to the ancestral fin anatomy of extant sarcopterygians and limb anatomy of extant tetrapods, respectively – occurred at the same nodes as the two major similarity bottlenecks that led to the striking derived myological similarity between the pectoral and pelvic appendages within each taxon. Our identification of probable homologies between appendicular muscles of sarcopterygian fish and tetrapods will allow more detailed reconstructions of muscle anatomy in early tetrapods and their relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Peter Johnston
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julia L Molnar
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, USA
| | - Borja Esteve-Altava
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, USA.,Structure &Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, UK
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12
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Diogo R, Smith CM, Ziermann JM. Evolutionary developmental pathology and anthropology: A new field linking development, comparative anatomy, human evolution, morphological variations and defects, and medicine. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1357-74. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
| | | | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
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13
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Abdala V, Grizante MB, Diogo R, Molnar J, Kohlsdorf T. Musculoskeletal anatomical changes that accompany limb reduction in lizards. J Morphol 2015; 276:1290-310. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, CONICET-UNT; Miguel Lillo 251 Tucumán (4000) Argentina
| | - Mariana B. Grizante
- Department of Biology; FFCLRP, University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington, District of Columbia 20059
| | - Julia Molnar
- Department of Biology; Coastal Carolina University; Conway South Carolina 29526
| | - Tiana Kohlsdorf
- Department of Biology; FFCLRP, University of São Paulo; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
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Diogo R, Ziermann J. Muscles of Chondrichthyan Paired Appendages: Comparison With Osteichthyans, Deconstruction of the Fore-Hindlimb Serial Homology Dogma, and New Insights on the Evolution of the Vertebrate Neck. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:513-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
| | - J.M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
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Diogo R, Ziermann JM, Linde-Medina M. Specialize or risk disappearance - empirical evidence of anisomerism based on comparative and developmental studies of gnathostome head and limb musculature. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:964-78. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 U.S.A
| | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059 U.S.A
| | - Marta Linde-Medina
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester; Manchester M3 9PT U.K
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16
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Diogo R, Ziermann JM, Linde-Medina M. Is evolutionary biology becoming too politically correct? A reflection on the scala naturae, phylogenetically basal clades, anatomically plesiomorphic taxa, and 'lower' animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:502-21. [PMID: 24917249 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The notion of scala naturae dates back to thinkers such as Aristotle, who placed plants below animals and ranked the latter along a graded scale of complexity from 'lower' to 'higher' animals, such as humans. In the last decades, evolutionary biologists have tended to move from one extreme (i.e. the idea of scala naturae or the existence of a general evolutionary trend in complexity from 'lower' to "higher" taxa, with Homo sapiens as the end stage) to the other, opposite, extreme (i.e. to avoid using terms such as 'phylogenetically basal' and 'anatomically plesiomorphic' taxa, which are seen as the undesired vestige of old teleological theories). The latter view tries to avoid any possible connotations with the original anthropocentric idea of a scala naturae crowned by man and, in that sense, it can be regarded as a more politically correct view. In the past years and months there has been renewed interest in these topics, which have been discussed in various papers and monographs that tend to subscribe, in general, to the points defended in the more politically correct view. Importantly, most evolutionary and phylogenetic studies of tetrapods and other vertebrates, and therefore most discussions on the scala naturae and related issues have been based on hard tissue and, more recently, on molecular data. Here we provide the first discussion of these topics based on a comparative myological study of all the major vertebrate clades and of myological cladistic and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of bony fish and tetrapods, including Primates. We specifically (i) contradict the notions of a scala naturae or evolutionary progressive trends leading to more complexity in 'higher' animals and culminating in Homo sapiens, and (ii) stress that the refutation of these old notions does not necessarily mean that one should not keep using the terms 'phylogenetically basal' and particularly 'anatomically plesiomorphic' to refer to groups such as the urodeles within the Tetrapoda, or the strepsirrhines and lemurs within the Primates, for instance. This review will contribute to improving our understanding of these broad evolutionary issues and of the evolution of the vertebrate Bauplans, and hopefully will stimulate future phylogenetic, evolutionary and developmental studies of these clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, U.S.A
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Diogo R, Molnar J. Comparative Anatomy, Evolution, and Homologies of Tetrapod Hindlimb Muscles, Comparison with Forelimb Muscles, and Deconstruction of the Forelimb-Hindlimb Serial Homology Hypothesis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1047-75. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Anatomy Department; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059
| | - Julia Molnar
- Anatomy Department; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC 20059
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Diogo R, Nacu E, Tanaka E. Is Salamander Limb Regeneration Really Perfect? Anatomical and Morphogenetic Analysis of Forelimb Muscle Regeneration in GFP-Transgenic Axolotls as a Basis for Regenerative, Developmental, and Evolutionary Studies. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1076-89. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington DC
| | - E. Nacu
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - E.M. Tanaka
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; 01307 Dresden Germany
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19
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Diogo R, Murawala P, Tanaka EM. Is salamander hindlimb regeneration similar to that of the forelimb? Anatomical and morphogenetic analysis of hindlimb muscle regeneration in GFP-transgenic axolotls as a basis for regenerative and developmental studies. J Anat 2013; 224:459-68. [PMID: 24325444 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum is one of the most used model organisms in developmental and regenerative studies because it is commonly said that it can reconstitute a normal and fully functional forelimb/hindlimb after amputation. However, there is not a publication that has described in detail the regeneration of the axolotl hindlimb muscles. Here we describe and illustrate, for the first time, the regeneration of the thigh, leg and foot muscles in transgenic axolotls that express green fluorescent protein in muscle fibers and compare our results with data obtained by us and by other authors about axolotl forelimb regeneration and about fore- and hindlimb ontogeny in axolotls, frogs and other tetrapods. Our observations and comparisons point out that: (1) there are no muscle anomalies in any regenerated axolotl hindlimbs, in clear contrast to our previous study of axolotl forelimb regeneration, where we found muscle anomalies in 43% of the regenerated forelimbs; (2) during axolotl hindlimb regeneration there is a proximo-distal and a tibio-fibular morphogenetic gradient in the order of muscle regeneration and differentiation, but not a ventro-dorsal gradient, whereas our previous studies showed that in axolotl forelimb muscle regeneration there are proximo-distal, radio-ulnar and ventro-dorsal morphogenetic gradients. We discuss the broader implications of these observations for regenerative, evolutionary, developmental and morphogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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20
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Diogo R, Tanaka EM. Development of fore- and hindlimb muscles in GFP-transgenic axolotls: Morphogenesis, the tetrapod bauplan, and new insights on the Forelimb-Hindlimb Enigma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 322:106-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Elly M. Tanaka
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden; Dresden Germany
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21
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Diogo R, Ziermann JM. Development of fore- and hindlimb muscles in frogs: Morphogenesis, homeotic transformations, digit reduction, and the forelimb-hindlimb enigma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2013; 322:86-105. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Janine M. Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; Washington District of Columbia
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22
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Ziermann JM, Diogo R. Cranial muscle development in the model organism ambystoma mexicanum: implications for tetrapod and vertebrate comparative and evolutionary morphology and notes on ontogeny and phylogeny. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1031-48. [PMID: 23650269 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is still confusion about the homology of several cranial muscles in salamanders with those of other vertebrates. This is true, in part, because of the fact that many muscles present in early ontogeny of amphibians disappear during development and specifically during metamorphosis. Resolving this confusion is important for the understanding of the comparative and evolutionary morphology of vertebrates and tetrapods because amphibians are the phylogenetically most plesiomorphic tetrapods, concerning for example their myology, and include two often used model organisms, Xenopus laevis (anuran) and Ambystoma mexicanum (urodele). Here we provide the first detailed report of the cranial muscle development in axolotl from early ontogenetic stages to the adult stage. We describe different and complementary types of general muscle morphogenetic gradients in the head: from anterior to posterior, from lateral to medial, and from origin to insertion. Furthermore, even during the development of neotenic salamanders such as axolotls, various larval muscles become indistinct, contradicting the commonly accepted view that during ontogeny the tendency is mostly toward the differentiation of muscles. We provide an updated comparison between these muscles and the muscles of other vertebrates, a discussion of the homologies and evolution, and show that the order in which the muscles appear during axolotl ontogeny is in general similar to their appearance in phylogeny (e.g. differentiation of adductor mandibulae muscles from one anlage to four muscles), with only a few remarkable exceptions, as for example the dilatator laryngis that appears evolutionary later but in the development before the intermandibularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Ziermann
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC 20059, USA.
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