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Sharlo K, Tyganov SA, Tomilovskaya E, Popov DV, Saveko AA, Shenkman BS. Effects of Various Muscle Disuse States and Countermeasures on Muscle Molecular Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010468. [PMID: 35008893 PMCID: PMC8745071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is capable of changing its structural parameters, metabolic rate and functional characteristics within a wide range when adapting to various loading regimens and states of the organism. Prolonged muscle inactivation leads to serious negative consequences that affect the quality of life and work capacity of people. This review examines various conditions that lead to decreased levels of muscle loading and activity and describes the key molecular mechanisms of muscle responses to these conditions. It also details the theoretical foundations of various methods preventing adverse muscle changes caused by decreased motor activity and describes these methods. A number of recent studies presented in this review make it possible to determine the molecular basis of the countermeasure methods used in rehabilitation and space medicine for many years, as well as to identify promising new approaches to rehabilitation and to form a holistic understanding of the mechanisms of gravity force control over the muscular system.
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Dyar KA, Ciciliot S, Tagliazucchi GM, Pallafacchina G, Tothova J, Argentini C, Agatea L, Abraham R, Ahdesmäki M, Forcato M, Bicciato S, Schiaffino S, Blaauw B. The calcineurin-NFAT pathway controls activity-dependent circadian gene expression in slow skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2015; 4:823-33. [PMID: 26629406 PMCID: PMC4632177 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Physical activity and circadian rhythms are well-established determinants of human health and disease, but the relationship between muscle activity and the circadian regulation of muscle genes is a relatively new area of research. It is unknown whether muscle activity and muscle clock rhythms are coupled together, nor whether activity rhythms can drive circadian gene expression in skeletal muscle. Methods We compared the circadian transcriptomes of two mouse hindlimb muscles with vastly different circadian activity patterns, the continuously active slow soleus and the sporadically active fast tibialis anterior, in the presence or absence of a functional skeletal muscle clock (skeletal muscle-specific Bmal1 KO). In addition, we compared the effect of denervation on muscle circadian gene expression. Results We found that different skeletal muscles exhibit major differences in their circadian transcriptomes, yet core clock gene oscillations were essentially identical in fast and slow muscles. Furthermore, denervation caused relatively minor changes in circadian expression of most core clock genes, yet major differences in expression level, phase and amplitude of many muscle circadian genes. Conclusions We report that activity controls the oscillation of around 15% of skeletal muscle circadian genes independently of the core muscle clock, and we have identified the Ca2+-dependent calcineurin-NFAT pathway as an important mediator of activity-dependent circadian gene expression, showing that circadian locomotor activity rhythms drive circadian rhythms of NFAT nuclear translocation and target gene expression. Activity is a major extrinsic factor driving ∼15% of muscle circadian genes. Calcineurin-NFAT drives activity-dependent circadian gene expression in muscle. The majority of skeletal muscle circadian genes are muscle type-specific. A common set of skeletal muscle circadian genes are clock-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Dyar
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | | | - Guidantonio Malagoli Tagliazucchi
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pallafacchina
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy ; Institute of Neurosciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Jana Tothova
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Carla Argentini
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Lisa Agatea
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Reimar Abraham
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Miika Ahdesmäki
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mattia Forcato
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiaffino
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy ; Institute of Neurosciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Padova, Italy
| | - Bert Blaauw
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Van Dyke JM, Bain JLW, Riley DA. Preserving sarcomere number after tenotomy requires stretch and contraction. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45:367-75. [PMID: 22334171 DOI: 10.1002/mus.22286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Passive stretch therapy is utilized to improve the range of motion of chronically shortened muscles. However, human studies show conflicting results as whether passive stretch is clinically effective. METHODS The soleus muscles of adult rats were tenotomized to induce muscle shortening adaptation. Muscles included were non-treated normal, subjected to daily static stretch, or lengthened and isometrically contracted for 20 min/day. Muscle fiber structure was analyzed histochemically. Sarcomeres per millimeter length were counted to assess the effect of treatment. RESULTS Passive stretch significantly reduced central core lesion formation, but sarcomere loss was not prevented. The addition of isometric contraction during static stretch significantly (P < 0.001) reduced sarcomere loss. CONCLUSIONS Passive stretch alone does not prevent shortening adaptation. Contraction is required in combination with stretch to preserve the number of sarcomeres in series. The combination of stretch and contraction is necessary to maintain proper muscle fiber length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Van Dyke
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Abstract
Active stretch is necessary for regulating muscle fiber length (ie, the number of series sarcomeres). Elevated cytoplasmic calcium is the proposed component of contractile activity required to activate signaling pathways for sarcomere number regulation. Passive stretch reduces muscle tissue stiffness, most likely by signaling connective tissue remodeling via fibroblasts. Passive stretch may induce sarcomere addition if the muscle fibers are lengthened sufficiently to raise cytoplasmic calcium through stretch-activated calcium channels. The magnitude of stretch in vivo is limited by the physiologic range of movement and stretch pain tolerance. The greatest effect of stretching muscle fibers is expected when the lengthening exceeds the optimum fiber length (Lo).
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Manske SL, Boyd SK, Zernicke RF. Muscle changes can account for bone loss after botulinum toxin injection. Calcif Tissue Int 2010; 87:541-9. [PMID: 20967431 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies to date have assumed that botulinum toxin type A (BTX) affects bone indirectly, through its action on muscle. We hypothesized that BTX has no discernable effect on bone morphometry, independent of its effect on muscle. Therefore, we investigated whether BTX had an additional effect on bone when combined with tenotomy compared to tenotomy in isolation. Female BALB/c mice (n = 73) underwent one of the following procedures in the left leg: BTX injection and Achilles tenotomy (BTX-TEN), BTX injection and sham surgery (BTX-sham), Achilles tenotomy (TEN), or sham surgery (sham). BTX groups were injected with 20 μL of BTX (1 U/100 g) in the posterior lower hindlimb. At 4 weeks, muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA) and tibial bone morphometry were assessed using micro-CT. Each treatment, other than sham, resulted in significant muscle and bone loss (P < 0.05). BTX-TEN experienced the greatest muscle loss (23-45% lower than other groups) and bone loss (20-30% lower bone volume fraction than other groups). BTX-sham had significantly lower MCSA and bone volume fraction than TEN and sham. After adjusting for differences in MCSA, there were no significant between-group differences in bone properties. We found that BTX injection resulted in more adverse muscle and bone effects than tenotomy and that effects were amplified when the procedures were combined. However, between-group differences in bone could be accounted for by MCSA. We conclude that any independent effect of BTX on bone morphometry is likely small or negligible compared with the effect on muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Manske
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Baewer DV, van Dyke JM, Bain JLW, Riley DA. Stretch reduces central core lesions and calcium build-up in tenotomized soleus. Muscle Nerve 2008; 38:1563-71. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Eken T, Elder GCB, Lømo T. Development of tonic firing behavior in rat soleus muscle. J Neurophysiol 2008; 99:1899-905. [PMID: 18256168 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00834.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonic firing behavior in soleus muscle of unrestrained rats aged 7 to >or=100 days was studied by chronic single-motor-unit and gross-electromyographic (EMG) recordings. Median motor-unit firing frequency at 10 days was 19-26 Hz and did not change appreciably after this time, whereas interval-to-interval firing variability was reduced with age. Two units with median frequencies 40 and 59 Hz were encountered in one 7-day-old rat. Integrated rectified gross EMG developed from being phasic only to predominantly tonic during the second and third postnatal week. From the end of the third week, rather short tonic periods with irregular amplitude were replaced by longer lasting constant-amplitude periods. Quantitatively, median duration of gross-EMG activity episodes more than doubled, while 90th-percentile values for episode duration increased 19-fold, from 7.4 s at 7 days to 140 s in adults. The main part of this increase took place after 22 days. Previous work in adult rats has indicated that descending monoaminergic innervation is essential for maintained tonic motoneuron activity, which probably is caused by depolarizing plateau potentials. Such innervation of the lumbar spinal cord matures gradually to an adult pattern and density approximately 3-4 wk after birth. The present results, describing a concurrent considerable development of tonic firing behavior, support and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Eken
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Effect of tenotomy on metabosensitive afferent fibers from tibialis anterior muscle. Exp Brain Res 2007; 186:87-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-1210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gerber C, Schneeberger AG, Hoppeler H, Meyer DC. Correlation of atrophy and fatty infiltration on strength and integrity of rotator cuff repairs: a study in thirteen patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2007; 16:691-6. [PMID: 17931904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2007.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In 13 patients, the development of supraspinatus muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration after rotator cuff tendon repair was quantified prospectively via magnetic resonance imaging. Intraoperative electrical nerve stimulation at repair showed that the maximal supraspinatus tension (up to 200 N) strongly correlated with the anatomic cross-sectional muscle area and with muscle fatty infiltration (ranging from 12 N/cm(2) in Goutallier stage 3 to 42 N/cm(2) in Goutallier stage 0). Within 1 year after successful tendon repair (n = 8), fatty infiltration did not recover, and atrophy improved partially at best; however, if the repair failed (n = 5), atrophy and fatty infiltration progressed significantly. The ability of the rotator cuff muscles to develop tension not only correlates with their atrophy but also closely correlates with their degree of fatty infiltration. With current repair techniques, atrophy and fatty infiltration appear to be irreversible, despite successful tendon repair. Unexpectedly, not only weak but also very strong muscles are at risk for repair failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerber
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Kawano F, Ishihara A, Stevens JL, Wang XD, Ohshima S, Horisaka M, Maeda Y, Nonaka I, Ohira Y. Tension- and afferent input-associated responses of neuromuscular system of rats to hindlimb unloading and/or tenotomy. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 287:R76-86. [PMID: 15031139 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00694.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Responses of electromyogram (EMG) in soleus muscle and both afferent and efferent neurograms at the fifth lumbar (L5) segmental level of spinal cord were investigated during acute and chronic unloading induced by hindlimb suspension and/or tenotomy in adult rats. The soleus EMG and afferent neurogram decreased 88 and 37%, respectively, relative to those at quadrupedal posture on the floor after acute hindlimb suspension that causes passive shortening of soleus due to ankle plantarflexion. However, the afferent neurogram ( P < 0.05) and soleus EMG ( P > 0.05) recorded on the floor increased after tenotomy of synergists. Furthermore, the afferent input was inhibited when the soleus EMG disappeared after tenotomy of soleus. The afferent neurogram and EMG of the soleus showed correlated responses to a variety of treatments, suggesting that the afferent neurogram recorded at the L5segmental level reflects the neural input associated with the activity level of the soleus predominantly. The level of efferent neurogram decreased after acute hindlimb suspension but was not influenced significantly by tenotomy of synergists and/or soleus itself. The EMG and afferent neurograms remained low up to the 4th day but recovered to the preexperimental levels within 14 days, due to reorganization of sarcomere number and length, as well as the shortening of muscle fiber length and recovery of tension development. It is suggested that the levels of EMG and afferent neurogram associated with antigravity muscle are closely related to the tension development of the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kawano
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka Univ., Toyonaka City, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Abou Salem EA, Fujimaki N, Ishikawa H, Tashiro T, Komiya Y. Morphological changes and recovery process in the tenotomized soleus muscles of the rat. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2001; 64:127-37. [PMID: 11436983 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.64.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tenotomized soleus muscles of adult rats were analyzed morphologically and biochemically with special reference to the recovery process. Light microscopic observations of semi-thin sections showed that the characteristic central core lesion was most extensive at 1 week after tenotomy and began to diminish in extent at 2 weeks until no trace of lesion could be seen by 6th week, as confirmed by thin-section electron microscopy. Three phases of changes in the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers after tenotomy were demonstrated by morphometry: phase I designated as the initial increase up to the 3rd day, phase II as the progressive decrease until the 4th week, and phase III as the recovery to normal or even hypertrophy. In electron microscopy, the earliest alteration of myofibrils was recognized at 3 days after tenotomy. The Z discs showed a wavy or zigzag profile with frequent longitudinal splitting of myofibrils. From the 2nd week on, muscle fibers underwent a process of recovery, replacing the central core lesion with new myofibrils in which a reassembly of thick filaments into bundles of thin filaments took place, with Z discs being aligned adjacent to the peripheral complete myofibrils. In SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the molar ratio of myosin to actin diminished markedly as the central core lesion developed and gradually returned to normal with time, correlating well with the loss and subsequent reassembly of thick filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Abou Salem
- Department of Anatomy, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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